Yedza Kutyaira Mota YeTire Nhoroondo III: Chemist in Motion

Tai chigadzirwa chepamusoro-soro, mhedzisiro yemakumi emakore ekushanduka-shanduka.

Pakutanga, vagadziri verabha kana vekemesitiri vaisaziva maumbirwo chaiwo emakemikari uye magadzirirwo emamorekuru emidziyo yavaishanda nayo, uye matayi aive emhando inopokana. Dambudziko ravo guru nderokuputira nyore uye kupfeka, izvo zvinoreva hupenyu hupfupi kwazvo hwebasa. Nguva pfupi Hondo Yenyika I isati yatanga, nyanzvi dzemakemikari dzakaona kuti kuwedzera kabhoni dema sechinhu kune chimiro kwakawedzera simba, kusimba, uye kusagadzikana kweabrasion. Sarufa, kabhoni dema, zinc, pamwe neinonzi silicon dioxide kana iyo inozivikanwa quartz (silicon dioxide), iyo ichangobva kushandiswa sekuwedzera, inoita basa rakakosha mukushandura chimiro chemakemikari yerabha nekuvandudza kwayo. zvivakwa, uye kushandiswa kwavo kwechinangwa ichi kunodzokera kunguva dzakasiyana dzekuvandudza tekinoroji yematayi. Asi, sezvatakataura, pakutanga, chimiro chemorekuru chevhiri chaive chakavanzika chakakwana.

Zvisinei, chaizvoizvo, kare muna 1829, Michael Faraday akatsanangura chivako chekutanga cherabha nemakemikari formula C5H8, kana nemamwe mazwi, isoprene. Muna 1860, kemisiti Williams akawana mvura yemhando imwechete. Muna 1882, synthetic isoprene yakatanga kugadzirwa, uye muna 1911, nyanzvi dzemakemikari Francis Matthews naCarl Harris vakazvimiririra vakawana kuti isoprene inogona kuve polymerized, maitiro ari kumashure kwekubudirira kusikwa kwerabha yakagadzirwa. Kutaura zvazviri, kubudirira kwemasayendisiti kunouya panguva iyo vanoramba kukopa zvachose chimiro chemakemikari yerabha yechisikigo.

Oiri Yakajairwa uye IG Farben

Kudzoka muna 1906, nyanzvi kubva kukambani yeGerman Bayer vakatanga chirongwa chakasimba chekugadzira rabha yekugadzira. Munguva Yekutanga Hondo Yenyika, nekuda kwekushomeka kwezvisikwa zvakasikwa zvigadzirwa, kugadzirwa kwematai kwakavakirwa pane inonzi methyl rabha, yakagadzirwa naBayer, yakatanga. Nekudaro, mushure meHondo Yenyika I, yakamiswa nekuda kwemutengo wayo wepamusoro uye mutengo unodhura wechisikigo uripo. Zvisinei, muma20, kushomeka kwerabha chaiyo kwakamuka zvakare, izvo zvakatungamira kutanga kwekutsvagisa kwakadzama muUSSR, USA neGerman.

Kare muchirimo cha1907, Fritz Hoffmann naDr. Karl Kutel, vachishandisa tara yemarasha, vakagadzira tekinoroji yekuwana zvigadzirwa zvekutanga zveisoprene, methyl isoprene uye gaseous butadiene, uye danho rinotevera mukusimudzira basa raive polymerization mamorekuru ezviro izvi. Mushure meHondo Yenyika I, vatsvakurudzi veGiant IG Farben, iyo ikozvino inosanganisira Bayer, yakatarisa pa polymerization ye butadiene monomer uye vakabudirira mukugadzira rabha yekugadzira inonzi Buna, ipfupi yebutadiene uye sodium. Muna 1929, kunetseka kwave kutogadzira matai kubva kune inonzi Buna S, umo soot yakawedzerwa. Du Pont, zvakare, yakagadzira neoprene, yakazonzi duprene. Mumakore ekuma30, maStandard Oil chemist kubva kuNew Jersey, akatangira Exxon, akabudirira kugadzira nzira yekugadzira butadiene vachishandisa oiri sechigadzirwa chikuru. Chinoshamisa munyaya iyi ndechekuti kubatana kweAmerican Standard neGermany IG Farben kunobvumira kambani yeAmerica kugadzira nzira yekugadzira rabha yekugadzira yakafanana neBuna S uye kuva chinhu chikuru muchibvumirano chakataurwa kugadzirisa dambudziko rerabha. USA panguva yeHondo Yenyika II. Kakawanda, zvakadaro, makambani makuru mana anotonga kutsvagisa nekuvandudzwa kweanotsiva matayi akawanda munyika: Firestone Tire & Rubber Company, BF Goodrich Company, Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company, United States Rubber Company (Uniroyal). Kuedza kwavo pamwe chete panguva yehondo kwaive kwakakosha kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro. Muna 1941, ivo neStandard vakasaina chibvumirano chekuchinjana patents uye ruzivo pasi pekutonga kweRubber Reserve Company, yakavambwa naRoosevelt, uye ikava muenzaniso wekuti bhizinesi rakakura sei uye nyika inogona kubatana muzita rezvigadzirwa zvemauto. Nekuda kwebasa rakakura uye mari yeruzhinji, zvidyarwa makumi mashanu neshanu zvekugadzirwa kwemamonomers uye mapolymers akagadzirwa navo, anodiwa pakugadzirwa kwematai ekugadzira, akavakwa munguva pfupi pfupi. Iyo tekinoroji inoshandiswa pachinangwa ichi yakavakirwa paBuna S kugadzira maitiro nekuti inogona kunyatso kusanganisa yakasikwa uye yekugadzira rabha uye kushandisa iripo yekugadzirisa michina.

MuSoviet Union, panguva yehondo, mazana emapurazi akabatana akakura mhando mbiri dzedandelion, uye kunyangwe kugadzirwa kwanga kusingakwanise uye goho padunhu rega rega raive rakaderera, rabha rakagadzirwa rakabatsira mukukunda. Nhasi, iyi dandelion inoonekwa seimwe yeanogona kuita mahevea. Ichi chigadzirwa chinowedzerwa neyakagadzirwa butadiene kana iyo inonzi soprene, yakagadzirwa naSergei Lebedev, umo doro rakawanikwa kubva kumatatata rinoshandiswa sechinhu chisina kugadzirwa.

(kutevera)

Chinyorwa: Georgy Kolev