Nhoroondo yeInventions - Nanotechnology

Atova kuma600 BC. vanhu vaigadzira nanotype zvimiro, kureva tambo dzesimende musimbi, dzinonzi Wootz. Izvi zvakaitika muIndia, uye izvi zvinogona kunzi kutanga kwenhoroondo ye nanotechnology.

VI-XV p. Madhayi anoshandiswa panguva ino kupenda mahwindo egirazi ane mavara anoshandisa goridhe chloride nanoparticles, machlorides emamwe masimbi, pamwe nesimbi oxides.

IX-XVII mazana emakore Munzvimbo dzakawanda muEurope, "glitters" nezvimwe zvinhu zvinogadzirwa kuti zvipe kupenya kune ceramics nezvimwe zvigadzirwa. Dzaive nanoparticles dzesimbi, kazhinji sirivha kana mhangura.

XIII-xviii w. Iyo "Dhamasiko simbi" yakabudiswa mumazana emakore aya, kubva pakaitwa zvombo zvichena zvakakurumbira pasi rose, ine carbon nanotubes uye cementite nanofibers.

1857 Michael Faraday anowana ruby-ruvara colloidal goridhe, hunhu hwegoridhe nanoparticles.

1931 Max Knoll naErnst Ruska vanovaka maikorosikopu erekitironi muBerlin, chishandiso chekutanga kuona chimiro chenanoparticles padanho reatomu. Kuwanda kwesimba remaerekitironi, kupfupika kwewavelength yawo uye kunowedzera kugadziriswa kwemaikorosikopu. Sample iri muvacuum uye kazhinji kacho yakavharwa nesimbi firimu. Iyo electron danda inopfuura nepakati pechinhu chakaedzwa uye inopinda muma detectors. Zvichienderana nemasaini akayerwa, zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinogadzirazve mufananidzo weyedzo sampuli.

1936 Erwin Müller, achishanda kuSiemens Laboratories, anogadzira maikorosikopu yemunda, iyo yakapfava nzira yeemission electron maikorosikopu. Iyi maikorosikopu inoshandisa munda wakasimba wemagetsi kuburitsa mumunda uye kufungidzira.

1950 Victor La Mer naRobert Dinegar vanogadzira hwaro hwedzidziso yehunyanzvi hwekuwana monodisperse colloidal zvinhu. Izvi zvakabvumira kugadzirwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzepepa, pendi uye mafirimu matete pachiyero cheindasitiri.

1956 Arthur von Hippel weMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) akatanga izwi rekuti "molecular engineering".

1959 Richard Feynman hurukuro pa "Pane nzvimbo yakawanda pazasi." Akatanga nokufungidzira zvaizodiwa kuti akwane mavhoriyamu 24 Encyclopædia Britannica pamusoro wepini, akatanga pfungwa yeminiaturization uye mukana wokushandisa michina inogona kushanda pamwero wenanometer. Pachiitiko ichi, akatanga mibayiro miviri (inonzi Feynman Prizes) yekubudirira munharaunda iyi - chiuru chemadhora chimwe nechimwe.

1960 Kubhadharwa kwemubairo wekutanga kwakaodza mwoyo Feynman. Akafunga kuti kubudirira kworuzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kwaizodiwa kuti aite zvinangwa zvake, asi panguva iyoyo akarerutsa zvingaita ma<em>microelectronics. Akakunda aiva injiniya ane makore 35 William H. McLellan. Akasika injini inorema 250 micrograms, ine simba re1 mW.

1968 Alfred Y. Cho naJohn Arthur vanogadzira nzira ye epitaxy. Iyo inobvumira kuumbwa kwepamusoro monoatomic layers uchishandisa semiconductor tekinoroji - kukura kweimwe-crystal layers pane iripo crystalline substrate, kudzokorora chimiro cheiyo iripo crystalline substrate substrate. Musiyano we epitaxy ndiyo epitaxy yemamolecular compounds, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuisa crystalline layers nehukobvu hweimwe atomic layer. Iyi nzira inoshandiswa mukugadzira quantum dots uye anonzi matete layer.

1974 Nhanganyaya yezwi rokuti "nanotechnology". Yakatanga kushandiswa neYunivhesiti yeTokyo muongorori Norio Taniguchi pamusangano wesainzi. Tsanangudzo yefizikisi yeJapan ichiri kushandiswa nanhasi uye inonzwika seizvi: "Nanotechnology chigadzirwa chinoshandisa tekinoroji inobvumira kuwana huchokwadi hwepamusoro uye hukuru hudiki kwazvo, i.e. kurongeka kweiyo 1 nm.

Kuona kudonha kwe quantum

80s uye 90s Iyo nguva yekukurumidza kukura kweiyo lithographic tekinoroji uye kugadzirwa kweiyo ultrathin layers yemakristasi. Yekutanga, MOCVD (), inzira yekuisa zvidimbu pamusoro pezvinhu uchishandisa gaseous organometallic compounds. Iyi ndiyo imwe yenzira dze epitaxial, saka zita rayo rakasiyana - MOSFE (). Yechipiri nzira, MBE, inoita kuti zvikwanisike kuisa zvidimbu zvakatetepa zvenanometer zvine chimiro chemakemikari chakanyatsotsanangurwa uye kugovera kwakaringana kwehuwandu hwekusachena. Izvi zvinogoneka nekuda kwekuti zvikamu zvemukati zvinopihwa kune substrate neakaparadzana molecular matanda.

1981 Gerd Binnig naHeinrich Rohrer vanogadzira iyo scanning tunneling microscope. Uchishandisa masimba ekudyidzana kweinteratomic, zvinokutendera kuti uwane mufananidzo wepamusoro nekugadzirisa kwehurongwa hwehukuru hweatomu imwe, nekupfuura blade pamusoro kana pasi pepamusoro peiyo sampuli. Muna 1989, mudziyo uyu wakashandiswa kushandura maatomu ega ega. Binnig naRohrer vakapihwa mubairo weNobel muFizikisi muna 1986.

1985 Louis Brus weBell Labs anowana colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots). Iwo anotsanangurwa senzvimbo diki yenzvimbo yakasungwa mumativi matatu nezvipingamupinyi zvinokwanisika kana chidimbu chine wavelength inofananidzwa nehukuru hwedoti ichipinda.

Kavha yebhuku rinonzi Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology naC. Eric Drexler

1985 Robert Floyd Curl, Jr., Harold Walter Kroto, naRichard Erret Smalley vanowana fullerenes, mamorekuru anoumbwa nenhamba yakatodzana yemaatomu ecarbon (kubva pa28 kusvika 1500) anoumba muviri wakavharika usina mhango. Iyo makemikari emhando ye fullerenes mune zvakawanda zvinhu zvakafanana neaya eanonhuwirira hydrocarbons. Fullerene C60, kana buckminsterfullerene, kufanana nemamwe fullerenes, is a allotropic form of carbon.

1986-1992 C. Eric Drexler anodhindisa mabhuku maviri anokosha ezvenguva yemberi ayo anokurudzira nanotechnology. Yekutanga, yakaburitswa muna 1986, inonzi Injini dzeKusika: Iyo Kuuya Era yeNanotechnology. Anofanotaura, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuti matekinoroji emunguva yemberi achakwanisa kushandura maatomu ega ega nenzira inodzorwa. Muna 1992, akaburitsa Nanosystems: Molecular Hardware, Manufacturing, uye Computational Idea, iyo yakazofanotaura kuti nanomachines inogona kuzvibereka.

1989 Donald M. Aigler weIBM anoisa izwi rekuti "IBM" - rakagadzirwa kubva ku35 xenon maatomu - pane nickel surface.

1991 Sumio Iijima weNEC muTsukuba, Japan, anoona kabhoni nanotubes, hollow cylindrical zvimiro. Kusvika iye zvino, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa kabhoni nanotubes, madziro ayo akagadzirwa negraphene yakakungurutswa. Kune zvakare asiri-kabhoni nanotubes uye DNA nanotubes. Iwo thinnest kabhoni nanotubes ari pahurongwa hwenanomita imwe mudhayamita uye anogona kuita mamirioni enguva kureba. Vane simba rinoshamisa rekusimba uye akasiyana emagetsi emagetsi, uye akanakisa conductor ekupisa. Izvi zvivakwa zvinovaita zvinhu zvinovimbisa zvekushandisa mu nanotechnology, zvemagetsi, optics, uye zvinhu sainzi.

1993 Warren Robinett weUniversity of North Carolina naR. Stanley Williams weUCLA vari kuvaka a virtual reality system yakabatana nescanning tunneling microscope inobvumira mushandisi kuona uye kunyange kubata maatomu.

1998 Chikwata cheCees Dekker chekuDelft University of Technology kuNetherlands chiri kuvaka transistor inoshandisa kabhoni nanotubes. Parizvino, masayendisiti ari kuyedza kushandisa yakasarudzika kabhoni nanotubes kugadzira zvirinani uye nekukurumidza zvemagetsi zvinodya mashoma magetsi. Izvi zvakaderedzwa nehuwandu hwezvinhu, zvimwe zvacho zvishoma nezvishoma zvakakundwa, izvo muna 2016 zvakatungamirira vatsvakurudzi paYunivhesiti yeWisconsin-Madison kuti vagadzire carbon transistor ine zviri nani parameters kupfuura zvakanakisisa silicon prototypes. Tsvagiridzo yakaitwa naMichael Arnold naPadma Gopalan yakatungamira mukugadzirwa kwekabhoni nanotube transistor inogona kutakura zvakapetwa kaviri zvazvino zvesilicon mukwikwidzi wayo.

2003 Samsung patents tekinoroji yepamusoro yakavakirwa pakuita kweiyo microscopic sirivheri ion kuuraya hutachiona, mold uye anopfuura mazana matanhatu marudzi ebhakitiriya uye kudzivirira kupararira kwawo. Sirivha zvimedu zvakaunzwa mune akanyanya kukosha kusefa masisitimu mune yekambani vacuum cleaner - ese mafirita uye guruva muunganidzi kana bhegi.

2004 IBritish Royal Society neRoyal Academy yeUinjiniya inoburitsa chirevo "Nanoscience uye Nanotechnology: Mikana uye Kusavimbika", inodaidzira kutsvagisa nezvenjodzi dzinogona kuitika dzenanotechnology kune hutano, zvakatipoteredza uye nzanga, tichifunga nezvehutsika uye zvemutemo.

Nanomotor modhi pane fullerene mavhiri

2006 James Tour, pamwe chete neboka revasayendisiti kubva kuRice University, vanogadzira microscopic "van" kubva kune oligo (phenyleneethynylene) molecule, ma axles ayo anogadzirwa neatomu yealuminium, uye mavhiri anogadzirwa neC60 fullerenes. Iyo nanovehicle yakafamba pamusoro pepamusoro, inosanganisira maatomu egoridhe, pasi pesimba rekuwedzera kwekushisa, nekuda kwekutenderera kwe fullerene "mavhiri". Pamusoro petembiricha ye300 ° C, yakakwirisa zvekuti vemakemikari havachakwanisa kuitevera ...

2007 Technion nanotechnologists inokodzera iyo yese yechiJudha "Testamente Yekare" munzvimbo ingori 0,5 mm.² goridhe-yakaputirwa nesilicon wafer. Rugwaro rwacho rwakatemerwa nokunangidzira rukova rwakanangidzirwa rwemaoni egallium pandiro.

2009-2010 Nadrian Seaman uye vaanoshanda navo kuYunivhesiti yeNew York vari kugadzira akatevedzana eDNA-senge nanomounts umo masynthetic DNA zvimiro zvinogona kurongwa "kuburitsa" zvimwe zvimiro zvine maumbirwo anodiwa uye zvimiro.

2013 IBM masayendisiti ari kugadzira firimu rine animated iro rinogona kungoonekwa mushure mekukudzwa 100 miriyoni nguva. Inonzi "Mukomana neAtomu Yake" uye inodhirowewa ine diatomic dots chikamu chimwe chebhirioni yemamita muhukuru, ari mamorekuru ecarbon monoxide. Katuni inoratidza mukomana anotanga atamba nebhora obva asvetukira pane trampoline. Imwe yemamorekuru inotambawo basa rebhora. Zvese zviito zvinoitika panzvimbo yemhangura, uye saizi yefirimu yega yega haipfuure makumi akati wandei ema nanometers.

2014 Masayendisiti kubva kuETH University of Technology muZurich akabudirira kugadzira membrane ine porous isingasviki nanometer imwe gobvu. Ukobvu hwezvinhu zvakawanikwa kuburikidza nenanotechnological manipulation i100 XNUMX. nguva duku pane yebvudzi romunhu. Zvinoenderana nenhengo dzechikwata chevanyori, iyi ndiyo thinnest porous zvinhu zvinogona kuwanikwa uye zvinogoneka. Inoumbwa nezvikamu zviviri zvemaviri-dimensional graphene chimiro. Iyo membrane inopindika, asi kune zvidimbu zvidiki chete, inononoka kana kubata zvachose zvimedu zvakakura.

2015 Pombi yemamorekuru iri kugadzirwa, nanoscale device inotamisa simba kubva kune imwe morekuru kuenda kune imwe, ichitevedzera maitirwo echisikigo. Mamiriro acho akagadzirwa nevaongorori paWeinberg Northwestern College yeArt and Sciences. Iyo mechanic inoyeuchidza nezve biological process mumapuroteni. Zvinotarisirwa kuti matekinoroji akadaro achawana kushandiswa zvakanyanya muminda yebiotechnology uye mushonga, semuenzaniso, mumamhasuru ekugadzira.

2016 Zvinoenderana nechakabudiswa mupepanhau resainzi Nature Nanotechnology, vatsvakurudzi veDutch Technical University Delft vakagadzira midhiya yekuchengetera atomu imwe chete. Iyo nzira itsva inofanirwa kupa kanopfuura mazana mashanu epamusoro pekuchengetedza density kupfuura chero ikozvino inoshandiswa tekinoroji. Vanyori vanocherekedza kuti kunyange mhedzisiro iri nani inogona kuwanikwa uchishandisa matatu-dimensional modhi yenzvimbo yezvimedu munzvimbo.

Classification ye nanotechnologies uye nanomaterials

1. Nanotechnological zvimiro zvinosanganisira:

• quantum matsime, waya uye dots, i.e. zvimiro zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisa chinotevera chimiro - kuganhurwa kwenzvimbo yezvikamu mune imwe nzvimbo kuburikidza nezvipingamupinyi zvinogona kuitika;
• mapurasitiki, chimiro chayo chinodzorwa pamwero wemamorekuru ega, nekuda kwazvinogoneka, semuenzaniso, kuwana zvinhu zvine zvinhu zvisati zvamboitika zvemagetsi;
• artificial fibers - zvinhu zvine yakanyatso kurongeka kwema molecular chimiro, zvakare inosiyaniswa neasina kujairika ma mechanical properties;
• nanotubes, supramolecular zvimiro muchimiro chehollow silinda. Kusvika iye zvino, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa kabhoni nanotubes, madziro ayo akagadzirwa negraphene yakapetwa (monatomic graphite layers). Kunewo asiri-carbon nanotubes (somuenzaniso, kubva ku tungsten sulfide) uye kubva kuDNA;
• zvinhu zvakapwanyika muchimiro cheguruva, zviyo izvo, semuenzaniso, kuunganidza maatomu esimbi. Sirivha () ine yakasimba antibacterial properties inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mune iyi fomu;
• nanowires (somuenzaniso, sirivha kana mhangura);
• zvinhu zvakaumbwa uchishandisa electron lithography nedzimwe nzira dzenanolithography;
• fullerenes;
• graphene uye mamwe maviri-dimensional zvinhu (borophene, graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, silicene, germanene, molybdenum sulfide);
• composite zvinhu zvakasimbiswa nanoparticles.

Nanolithographic pamusoro

2. Kurongeka kwenanotechnologies muhurongwa hwesainzi, yakagadziriswa muna 2004 neOrganisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD):

• nanomaterials (kugadzirwa uye zvivakwa);
• nanoprocesses (nanoscale application - biomaterials ndeyeindasitiri biotechnology).

3. Nanomaterials zvinhu zvese umo mune zvimiro zvenguva dzose pachiyero chemolecular, i.e. isingadariki 100 nanometers.

Uyu muganho unogona kureva saizi yemadomasi seyekutanga unit ye ​​microstructure, kana kune ukobvu hwematanho akawanikwa kana akaiswa pane substrate. Mukuita, muganho uri pazasi uyo unofungidzirwa kune nanomaterials wakasiyana kune zvigadzirwa zvine akasiyana maitiro ekuita - anonyanya kubatanidzwa nekuonekwa kweiyo chaiyo zvivakwa kana yapfuura. Nekudzikisa saizi yeakarongedzerwa zvimiro zvemidziyo, zvinokwanisika kuvandudza zvakanyanya physicochemical yavo, mechanical, uye zvimwe zvinhu.

Nanomaterials inogona kukamurwa kuita mapoka mana anotevera:

• zero-dimensional (dot nanomaterials) - semuenzaniso, quantum dots, sirivheri nanoparticles;
• one-dimensional - semuenzaniso, simbi kana semiconductor nanowires, nanorods, polymeric nanofibers;
• maviri-dimensional - semuenzaniso, nanometer layers yeimwe-phase kana yakawanda-chikamu mhando, graphene uye zvimwe zvinhu zvine ukobvu hweatomu imwe;
• matatu dimensional (kana nanocrystalline) - ine crystalline domains uye kuunganidzwa kwezvikamu zvine saizi yekurongeka kwema nanometers kana macomposites akasimbiswa nanoparticles.