Chii chinonzi muchina zvikamu zvakagadzirwa

Nhasi, motokari haisisiri yeumbozha. Anenge munhu wose anokwanisa kuzvitenga. Asi kazhinji vanhu vashoma vanoziva nezvemudziyo wemotokari, kunyange zvazvo zvakakosha kuti mutyairi wese azive kuti ndezvipi zvikamu zvikuru, zvikamu uye magungano emotokari. Chokutanga pane zvose, izvi zvinodikanwa muchiitiko chekuputsika chero kupi zvako mumotokari, nekuda kwekuti muridzi wacho anenge achinyatsoziva kugadzirwa kwemotokari, anogona kuziva kuti chii chakaitika. Kune akawanda akasiyana magadzirirwo uye mhando dzemota, asi kazhinji, mota dzese dzinogovana dhizaini yakafanana. Isu tinoparadzanisa mudziyo kubva mumotokari.

Motokari ine zvikamu zvishanu zvikuru:

Muviri

Mutumbi ndiyo chikamu chemotokari apo zvimwe zvikamu zvose zvakaungana. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti apo motokari dzakatanga kuonekwa, dzakanga dzisina muviri. Yese node dzakabatanidzwa kune chimiro, icho chakaita kuti mota irorike. Kuti vaderedze uremu, vagadziri vakasiya furemu yacho ndokuitsiva nemuviri.

Muviri une zvikamu zvina zvikuru:

• njanji yepamberi
• njanji yekumashure
• injini mupanda
• denga remotokari
• hinged components

Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kupatsanurwa kwakadaro kwezvikamu kunongopokana, nekuti zvikamu zvese zvakabatana uye zvinogadzira chimiro. Kumiswa kunotsigirwa netambo dzakasungwa kusvika pasi. Magonhi, trunk lid, hood uye fenders zvimwe zvinofambiswa zvinhu. Uyewo zvakakosha ndezvidziviriro zvemashure, zvakasungirirwa zvakananga kumuviri, asi izvo zvemberi zvinobviswa (zvose zvinoenderana nemugadziri).

Undercarriage

Iyo chassis ine nhamba huru yezvakasiyana-siyana zvezvikamu uye magungano, nekuda kweiyo mota inokwanisa kufamba. Zvinhu zvikuru zvegiya rekumhanya ndezvekuti:

• kumberi kuturika
• kumiswa kumashure
• mavhiri
• dhiraivha ekisi

Kazhinji, vagadziri vanoisa pamberi yakazvimirira kumiswa pamotokari dzemazuva ano, nekuti inopa kubata kwakanyanya, uye, zvakakosha, kunyaradza. Mukumisikidzwa kwakazvimiririra, mavhiri ese akasungirirwa kumuviri neayo ekumisikidza system, iyo inopa yakanakisa kutonga pamusoro pemotokari.

Hatifaniri kukanganwa pamusoro pekare kare, asi vachiripo mumotokari dzakawanda, kumiswa. Inotsamira kumashure kumiswa isimbi yakasimba kana ekisi mhenyu, kunze kwekunge tiri kufunga nezve mota yekumashure inotyaira.

Transmission

Kutapurirana kwemotokari seti yemaitiro uye mayuniti ekufambisa torque kubva muinjini kuenda kumavhiri ekutyaira. Zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru zvezvikamu zvekutumira zvinogona kusiyaniswa:

• gearbox kana giya bhokisi (manual, robotic, otomatiki kana CVT)
• dhiraivha ekisi (s) (maererano nemugadziri)
• CV yakabatana kana, zvakanyanya nyore, cardan gear

Kuti uve nechokwadi chekufambisa kwakatsetseka kwe torque, clutch inoiswa pamotokari, nekuda kweiyo injini shaft yakabatana negearbox shaft. Iyo gearbox pachayo inofanirwa kushandura giya reshiyo, pamwe nekudzikisa mutoro painjini. A cardan gear inodiwa kuti ubatanidze gearbox zvakananga kumavhiri kana drive axle. Uye iyo driveshaft pachayo yakaiswa mugiya bhokisi dzimba kana mota iri kumberi-vhiri dhiraivha. Kana iyo mota iri kumashure-vhiri dhiraivha, ipapo danda rekumashure rinoshanda seyekutyaira.

Injini

Injini ndiyo mwoyo wemotokari uye inoumbwa nezvikamu zvakawanda zvakasiyana.

Chinangwa chikuru chejini ndechekushandura simba rinopisa remafuta akapiswa mumagetsi emagetsi, ayo anoendeswa kumavhiri nekubatsirwa kwekufambisa.

Injini yekudzora system uye midziyo yemagetsi

Zvinhu zvikuru zvemagetsi emotokari yemotokari zvinosanganisira:

Bhatiri rechargeable (ACB) rinonyanya kugadzirirwa kutanga injini yemotokari. Bhatiri isimba rinodzokororwa zvachose. Kana injini isiri kushanda, imhaka yebhatiri kuti zvishandiso zvese zvinofambiswa nemagetsi zvinoshanda.

Iyo jenareta inodiwa kuti igare ichichaja bhatiri, pamwe nekuchengetedza mhepo isingaperi mu-on-board network.

Iyo injini manejimendi system ine akasiyana masensa uye yemagetsi control unit, iyo yakapfupikiswa seECU.

Vatengi vemagetsi vari pamusoro ndeiyi:

Hatifaniri kukanganwa nezve wiring, iyo inosanganisira nhamba yakawanda yewaya. Idzi tambo dzinogadzira pa-board network yemotokari yose, inobatanidza zvose zvinyorwa, pamwe chete nevatengi vemagetsi.

Mota is a tezi yakaoma kifaa inosanganisira nhamba huru yezvikamu, magungano uye matanho. Wese muridzi wemotokari anozviremekedza anosungirwa kuti avanzwisise, kwete kuti akwanise kuzvimiririra kugadzirisa chero kusashanda kungamuka munzira, asi kungonzwisisa musimboti wekushanda kwemotokari yavo uye kugona kutsanangura hunhu hwemotokari. Zvinetso mumutauro unonzwisisika kune nyanzvi. Kuti uite izvi, iwe unofanirwa kuziva kanenge zviyero zvekutanga, ndeipi zvikamu zvikuru mota ine, uye chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinodanwa nemazvo.

muviri wemotokari

Nheyo yemotokari chero ipi zvayo muviri wayo, iyo muviri wemotokari, iyo inogara mutyairi, vafambi uye kutakura. Iri mumuviri umo zvimwe zvese zvemota zvirimo. Chimwe chezvinangwa zvaro zvikuru kuchengetedza vanhu uye midziyo kubva pamigumisiro yemamiriro ekunze.

Kazhinji muviri unosungirirwa kune furemu, asi kune mota dzine dhizaini isina furemu, uyezve muviri panguva imwe chete unoita sefuremu. Chimiro chemuviri wemota:

• minivan, apo injini, vatakuri uye makamuri ekutakura ari mune imwe vhoriyamu (minivans kana mavhani anogona kushanda semuenzaniso);
• mavhoriyamu maviri umo injini inopihwa, uye nzvimbo dzevafambi uye zvinotakura zvinosanganiswa kuita vhoriyamu imwe (marori ekutakura, hatchbacks, crossovers uye SUVs);
• mavhoriyamu matatu, uko makamuri akapatsanurwa anopiwa kune imwe neimwe chikamu chemuviri wemotokari: kutakura, mutakuri uye mota (zviteshi zvengoro, sedans uye coupes).

Zvichienderana nemhando yemutoro, muviri unogona kuva wemhando nhatu:

Mota zhinji dzemazuva ano dzinotakura zvinhu dzinotakura zvinhu zvinotakura zvinhu zvese zviri pamotokari. Iyo yakajairika chimiro chemuviri wemotokari inopa zvinotevera zvinhu zvikuru:

• tambo, iyo inotakura-inotakura matanda muchimiro cherectangular profile pombi, iri pamberi, kumashure uye padenga tambo;

Body transportation system. Iyi sisitimu inobvumidza iwe kudzikisa huremu hwemotokari, kudzikisa pakati pegiravhiti uye nekudaro kuwedzera kugadzikana kwekutyaira.

• racks - zvimiro zvinhu zvinotsigira denga (mberi, kumashure uye pakati);
• matanda uye nhengo dzemuchinjikwa dziri padenga, spars, pasi pezvigadziro zvejini, uye mutsara wega wega wezvigaro, zvinewo nhengo yepamberi yemuchinjikwa uye nhengo yeradiator cross;
• zvikumbaridzo uye pasi;
• mavhiri arches.

Injini yemotokari, marudzi ayo

Mwoyo wemotokari, chikamu chayo chikuru ndiyo injini. Ichi chikamu chemotokari chinogadzira torque inotumirwa kumavhiri, ichimanikidza mota kufamba munzvimbo. Parizvino, kune anotevera makuru marudzi einjini:

• Injini yekupisa mukati kana injini yekupisa mukati iyo inoshandisa simba rehuni yakatsva mumasilinda ayo kuti ibudise magetsi emagetsi;
• motokari yemagetsi inoshandiswa nesimba remagetsi kubva kumabhatiri kana masero ehydrogen (nhasi, motokari dzine hydrogen-powered dziri kutogadzirwa nemakambani makuru makuru emotokari nenzira yeprototypes uye kunyange mukugadzirwa kwediki-diki);
• injini dzakasanganiswa, kusanganisa mota yemagetsi uye injini yekupisa yemukati mune imwechete unit, chinongedzo chinongedzo icho ijenareta.

Iyi ndiyo yakaoma yemaitiro anoshandura simba rinopisa remafuta anopisa mumasilinda ayo kuita simba remagetsi.

Onawo: Kugogodza mujini - chiratidzo

Zvichienderana nerudzi rwemafuta akapiswa, ese emukati emoto injini akakamurwa kuva anotevera marudzi:

• peturu;
• Diesel;
• gasi;
• hydrogen, umo hydrogen yemvura inoshanda sehuni (inoiswa chete mumhando dzekuyedza).

Zvinoenderana nedhizaini yeinjini yekupisa yemukati, pane:

Transmission

Chinangwa chikuru chekufambisa ndechekuendesa torque kubva ku crankshaft yeinjini kuenda kumavhiri. Zvinhu zvakabatanidzwa mukuumbwa kwayo zvinodanwa sezvizvi:

• Iyo clutch, inova mahwendefa maviri ekukwenya akatsikirirwa, achibatanidza crankshaft yeinjini kune giya bhokisi shaft. Kubatana uku kwemaaxle eaya maviri masystem anoitwa kuti abviswe kuitira kuti kana iwe uchidzvanya ma discs, unogona kutyora kubatana pakati peinjini negiya bhokisi, shandura magiya uye shandura kumhanya kwekutenderera kwemavhiri.

Ichi ndicho chitima chemagetsi chinobatanidza injini nemavhiri emotokari.

• Gearbox (kana gearbox). Iyi node inoshandiswa kushandura kumhanya uye nzira yemotokari.
• Iyo cardan gear, iyo shaft ine swivel joints kumagumo, inoshandiswa kuendesa torque kumavhiri ekumashure. Inoshandiswa chete pamashure-mavhiri uye mota dzese-mavhiri.
• Iyo huru giya iri pane drive shaft yemotokari. Inoendesa torque kubva kune propeller shaft kuenda kune axle shaft, ichichinja nzira yekutenderera ne90.
• Musiyano igadziriso inoshanda kupa akasiyana kumhanya kwekutenderera kwekurudyi uye kuruboshwe dhiraivha mavhiri kana uchitenderedza mota.
• Dhiraivha maekisi kana maekisi shafts zvinhu zvinotenderedza kutenderera kumavhiri.

Mota-mavhiri ese ane kesi yekuchinjisa inogovera kutenderera kune ese maekisi.

Undercarriage

Iyo seti yemuchina uye zvikamu zvinoshanda kufambisa mota uye kudzikisira nzvimbo dzinokonzeresa uye vibrations inonzi iyo chassis. Chassis inosanganisira:

• furemu iyo zvimwe zvese zvinhu zvechasi zvakasungirirwa (mumotokari dzisina furemu, zvinhu zvemuviri wemotokari zvinoshandiswa kuzviisa);

Chassis seti yezvishandiso, mukudyidzana uko mota inofamba munzira.

• mavhiri anosanganisira dhisiki uye matai;
• kumberi nekumashure kuturika, uko kunobatsira kudzikisira kudengenyeka kunoitika panguva yekufamba, uye inogona kunge iri chitubu, pneumatic, shizha chitubu kana torsion bar, zvichienderana nekunyorovesa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa;
• axle matanda anoshandiswa kuisa axle shafts uye misiyano inongowanikwa pamotokari dzine kumiswa.

Mota zhinji dzemazuvano dzinotakura vanhu dzakamira dzakazvimiririra uye hadzina danda reekisi.

Kutungamira

Pakutyaira zvakajairika, mutyairi anofanira kuita majana, U-turn kana kutsauka, ndiko kuti, kutsauka kubva mumutsara wakatwasuka, kana kungodzora mota yake kuti irege kumuendesa kudivi. Nokuda kweizvi, nhungamiro inopiwa mukugadzirwa kwayo. Iyi ndiyo imwe yenzira dzakareruka mumotokari. Ndezvipi zvimwe zvezvinhu zvinokurukurwa pazasi chinonzi? Kero ine:

• vhiri redhiraivha rine mbiru, iyo inonzi yakajairika axle, iyo iyo vhiri redhiraivha rakagadziriswa zvakasimba;

Midziyo iyi ine chidhiraivho, icho chinosungirirwa kumavhiri emberi nechidhiraivho nemabhureki.

• iyo inotungamira nzira, inosanganisira rack uye pinion yakaiswa paaxis yekoramu inotungamira, inoshandura kutenderera kutenderera kwechidhiraivho mukufamba kwekushandura kweiyo rack mundege yakatwasuka;
• chidhiraivho chinoendesa kukanganiswa kwechidhiraivho kumavhiri kuti avatenderedze, uye chinosanganisira matanda epadivi, pendulum lever uye vhiri pivot maoko.

Mumotokari dzemazuva ano, chimwe chinhu chinoshandiswa - chidhiraivho chemagetsi, chinobvumira mutyairi kuita zvishoma kuedza kutenderedza vhiri. Ndeyemhando dzinotevera:

• makanika;
• pneumatic amplifier;
• hydraulic;
• magetsi;
• yakasanganiswa magetsi ekutanga.

Brake system

Chikamu chakakosha chemuchina, kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwekutonga, ndiyo braking system. Chinangwa chayo chikuru ndechekumanikidza mota inofamba kuti imire. Inoshandiswawo apo kumhanya kwemotokari kunoda kuderedzwa zvakanyanya.

Iyo brake system ndeyemhando dzinotevera, zvichienderana nerudzi rwekutyaira:

• makanika;
• hydraulic;
• tire;
• kit.

Mumotokari dzemazuva ano dzinotakura vanhu, hydraulic brake system inoiswa, inosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu:

• brake pedals;
• iyo huru hydraulic cylinder ye brake system;
• tangi yekuzadza tenzi silinda yekuzadza brake fluid;
• vacuum booster, isingawanikwe pamhando dzese;
• kubaya masisitimu pamberi uye kumashure mabhureki;
• vhiri brake cylinders;
• Mabhureki mapedhi anotsikirirwa nemasilinda emavhiri parimu revhiri kana mota yabhureki.

Mabhureki mapedhi anogona kunge ari disc kana dhiramu mhando uye ane chitubu chekudzoka chinovaendesa kure nerimu mushure mekunge mabhureki apera.

Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi

Imwe yeakanyanya kuomesesa masisitimu emota yevatyairi ine akawanda akasiyana zvinhu uye waya dzinozvibatanidza, dzinopinza muviri wese wemota, midziyo yemagetsi inoshanda kupa magetsi kune ese emagetsi midziyo uye yemagetsi system. Midziyo yemagetsi inosanganisira zvinotevera zvishandiso uye masisitimu:

• bhatiri;
• jenareta;
• ignition system;
• light optics uye mukati memwenje system;
• madhiraivha emagetsi emafeni, mawipers emhepo, mahwindo emagetsi nemimwe michina;
• mahwindo anopisa uye mukati;
• ese otomatiki ekufambisa zvemagetsi, pa-bhodhi komputa uye masisitimu ekudzivirira (ABS, SRS), manejimendi enjini, nezvimwewo;
• power steering;
• anti-theft alarm;
• chiratidzo chezwi

Iyi irondedzero isina kukwana yemidziyo inosanganisirwa mumidziyo yemagetsi emotokari uye magetsi anoshandisa.

Chishandiso chemuviri wemotokari uye zvese zvikamu zvaro zvinofanirwa kuzivikanwa kune vese vatyairi kuitira kuti mota igare iri mumamiriro akanaka.

chimiro chemotokari

Motokari mushini unozvifambisa wega unotyairwa neinjini yakaiswa mukati mayo. Motokari ine zvikamu zvakasiyana, magungano, maitiro, magungano uye masisitimu.

Chikamu chikamu chemuchina une chinhu chimwe chete.

Mugirini: kubatanidza zvikamu zvakawanda.

Mechanichani mudziyo wakagadzirirwa kushandura mafambiro nekumhanya.

Sisitimu C: Muunganidzwa wezvikamu zvega zvine chekuita nebasa rakajairwa (semuenzaniso masisitimu emagetsi, kutonhora masisitimu, nezvimwewo)

Motokari ine zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru:

2) Chassis (inobatanidza kutapurirana, kumhanya giya uye zvinodzora)

3) Muviri (wakagadzirirwa kugarisa mutyairi nevafambi mumotokari uye kutakura murori).

ZVINO NGATIMBONZWISISE ZVINHU ZVAKASISISI:

Iyo dhizaini inotumira torque kubva kune injini crankshaft kuenda kumavhiri emotokari uye inoshandura ukuru uye kutungamira kweiyi torque.

Transmission inosanganisira:

1) Clutch (inobvisa giya bhokisi uye injini paunenge uchichinja magiya uye inobata zvakanaka kufamba kwakatsetseka kubva pakamira).

2) Gearbox (inoshandura traction, kumhanya uye kutungamira kwemota).

3) Cardan giya (inotumira torque kubva kune inofambiswa shaft yegiya bhokisi kuenda kune inotyairwa shaft yekupedzisira drive)

4) Main giya (inowedzera torque uye inoendesa kune axle shaft)

5) Yakasiyana (inopa kutenderera kwemavhiri ekutyaira pane akasiyana angular kumhanya)

6) Mabhiriji (kutumira torque kubva kune musiyano kuenda kumavhiri ekutyaira).

7) Dhivha bhokisi (yakaiswa pamotokari dzese-yepasi ine maviri kana matatu dhiraivha axles) uye inoshumira kugovera torque pakati pekutyaira axles.

1) Frame (umo maitiro ese emotokari akaiswa).

2) Kuturika (kunovimbisa kufamba zvakanaka kwemotokari, kutsvedzerera mabumps uye kuvhunduka kunoonekwa nemavhiri munzira).

3) Mabhiriji (node ​​dzinobatanidza mavhiri eekisi).

4) Mavhiri (akatenderera akasununguka-mavhiri discs anobvumira muchina kukunguruka).

Mota Kudzora michina inoshandiswa kudzora mota.

Mota Kudzora michina inosanganisira:

 

2) Brake system (inobvumidza iwe kubhureki kusvika mota yamira).