Kabati yeChemikari Curiosities - Chikamu 2

Muchikamu chekare chechikamu chemakemikari, makemikari akawanda kubva kumakemikari freak show akaiswa (kutonga nezita remutsara, iwe zvechokwadi haungadzidzi nezvavo kuchikoro). Ava ndivo vanoremekedzwa "vanhu" avo, pasinei nechitarisiko chavo chisina kujairika, vakapiwa Mubayiro weNobel, uye zvinhu zvavo munzvimbo dzakawanda hazvigoni kufungidzirwa. Muchikamu chino, inguva yekuzivana nevanotevera vepakutanga mavara kubva kunzvimbo yemakemikari, zvisinganyanyi kunakidza kupfuura korona ethers uye zvinobva kwavari.

miti yemakemikari

Mapodhi, akasanganiswa nemaketani akareba akasungirirwa nechepakati chikamu chemorekuru, akapa mutsara mutsva wezvinhu (zvimwe pa "chemical octopus" munyaya yemwedzi wapera). Chemist vakasarudza kuwedzera nhamba ye "tende". Kuti uite izvi, kune imwe neimwe yemaoko inopera muboka remaatomu anokwanisa kuita, imwe molecule yakawedzerwa, ichipera mumapoka anowirirana (maviri kana kupfuura; chinangwa ndechekuwedzera nhamba yenzvimbo dzinogona kusanganiswa nezvimwe zvikamu. ) Mamwe mamorekuru akaita nayo, obva awedzera, zvichingodaro. Kuwedzera kwehukuru hwehurongwa hwese kunoratidzwa nedhiyagiramu:

Makemikari akabatanidza mishonga mitsva kumatavi emiti ari kukura, saka zita rokuti dendrimeria (kubva muchiGiriki dendron = muti, meros = chikamu). Pakutanga, yaikwikwidzana nemashoko okuti "arborole" (ichi chiLatin, apo arbor zvinorevawo muti) kana "cascading particles". Kunyangwe munyori achitaridzika senge matende akakomberedzwa ejellyfish kana asingashande anemones, vanowana, hongu, vane kodzero yemazita. Kubatanidzwa kwe dendrimers ne fractal structures zvakare inokosha yekucherechedza.

1. Muenzaniso weimwe yepakutanga dendrimers

danho rekukura kwebazi

MaDendrimers haagone kukura nekusingaperi (1). Huwandu hwematavi hunokura zvakanyanya, uye mushure mematanho mashoma kusvika gumi ekunamirwa kwemamorekuru matsva pamusoro pehupamhi hwedenderedzwa, nzvimbo yemahara inopera (yose inosvika nanometer zviyero; nanometer ibhirioni yemamita). Nekune rumwe rutivi, mikana yekushandura zvinhu zve dendrimer inenge isingagumi. Zvimedu zviripo pamusoro zvinogona kuva hydrophilic ("mvura-inoda", i.e. kuva nehukama hwemvura uye polar solvents) kana hydrophobic ("kudzivisa mvura", asi inowanzosangana nezvinwiwa zvisiri polar, semuenzaniso, yakawanda organic. solvents). solvents). Saizvozvo, mukati memorekuru inogona kunge iri polar kana isiri-polar mune zvakasikwa. Pasi pepamusoro pe dendrimer, pakati pematavi ega, kune nzvimbo dzakasununguka umo zvinhu zvakasarudzwa zvinogona kuiswa (padanho rekugadzirisa kana kuti gare gare, zvinogonawo kusungirirwa kumapoka epamusoro). Nokudaro, pakati pemiti yemakemikari, munhu wose achawana chimwe chinhu chakakodzera kune zvavanoda. Uye iwe, muverengi, usati waverenga chinyorwa ichi kusvika kumagumo, funga pamusoro pezvaungashandisa mamorekuru ayo, maererano nemaitiro avo, achave "akasununguka" mune chero mamiriro ezvinhu, uye ndezvipi zvimwe zvinhu zvinogona kuva nazvo?

Ehe, semidziyo yekutakura yakasarudzwa makomisheni uye kudzivirira zvirimo. (2). Aya ndiwo mashandisirwo makuru e dendrimers. Kunyangwe mazhinji acho achiri padanho rekutsvagisa, mamwe acho ari kutoshandiswa mukuita. MaDendrimers akanakisa pakutakura zvinodhaka munzvimbo yemuviri yemvura. Mimwe mishonga inoda kunyatsogadziriswa kuti inyunguduke mumvura yemuviri - kushandiswa kwevanotakura kunodzivirira shanduko idzi (zvinogona kukanganisa kushanda kwemushonga). Mukuwedzera, chinhu chinoshanda chinosunungurwa zvishoma nezvishoma kubva mukati me capsule, zvinoreva kuti madhesi anogona kuderedzwa uye anotorwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Kusungirirwa kwemamorekuru akasiyana-siyana pamusoro pe dendrimer kunotungamirira kukuti ivo vanongozivikanwa chete nemasero enhengo imwe neimwe. Izvi, zvakare, zvinobvumira mushonga kuti utakurwe zvakananga kunzvimbo yayo, pasina kuisa muviri wose kumigumisiro isingakoshi, somuenzaniso, mukurwisa kenza.

2. Muenzaniso wedendrimer ine imwe molecule

(pamusoro)

Cosmetics inogadzirwa pahwaro hwemvura uye mafuta. Zvisinei, kazhinji chinhu chinoshanda chine mafuta-anonyungudika, uye chigadzirwa chezvizoro chiri muchimiro chemushonga wemvura (uye zvakasiyana-siyana: mvura inogadziriswa inofanira kusanganiswa nemafuta). Kuwedzerwa kwe emulsifiers (kubvumira kuumbwa kwemvura yakagadzikana-mafuta mhinduro) haishande zvakanaka nguva dzose. Naizvozvo, marabhoritari ezvizoro ari kuyedza kushandisa zvinogoneka zvema dendrimers semaconveyor anogona kuchinjika nyore kune zvinodiwa. Indasitiri yemakemikari ekudzivirira zvirimwa inotarisana nematambudziko akafanana. Zvakare, zvinowanzodiwa kusanganisa isiri-polar pesticide nemvura. Dendrimers inofambisa kubatana uye, nekuwedzera, zvishoma nezvishoma kuburitsa pathogen kubva mukati, kuderedza kuwanda kwezvinhu zvine chepfu. Chimwe chishandiso ndechekugadziriswa kwesimbi sirivheri nanoparticles, iyo inozivikanwa kuparadza hutachiona. Tsvagiridzo irikuitwa zvakare pamusoro pekushandiswa kwema dendrimers kutakura maantigen mumajekiseni uye zvimedu zveDNA muzvidzidzo zvemajini. Pane zvakawanda zvinogoneka, iwe unongoda kushandisa fungidziro yako.

Mabhaketi

Glucose ndiyo yakanyanya kuwanda organic musanganiswa munyika inorarama. Inofungidzirwa kuti inogadzirwa gore negore muhuwandu hwematani mabhiriyoni 100! Zvisikwa zvinoshandisa chigadzirwa chikuru chephotosynthesis nenzira dzakasiyana. Glucose ndiyo sosi yesimba mumasero, inoshanda seyakachengeterwa zvinhu (yemiriwo starch uye mhuka glycogen) uye zvekuvaka (selulosi). Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe nemakumi maviri, zvigadzirwa zvekuparara kwechidimbu che starch nekuita kwebhakitiriya enzymes (yakapfupikiswa KD) yakaonekwa. Sezvinoratidzwa nezita, aya ma cyclic kana mhete makomisheni:

Iwo anosanganisira matanhatu (anosiyana a-CD), manomwe (b-CD) kana masere (g-CD) glucose mamorekuru, kunyangwe zvindori zvakakura zvichizivikanwawo. (3). Asi nei zvigadzirwa zvemetabolism zvemamwe mabhakitiriya zvichinakidza zvekuti vanopihwa nzvimbo mu "Young Technical School"?

3. Mienzaniso ye cyclodextrins. Kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi: a - KD, b - KD, g - KD.

Chokutanga pane zvose, cyclodextrins mishonga inonyungudika mumvura, iyo isingafaniri kuuya sechishamiso - idiki uye ine glucose inonyungudika (starch inoumba zvidimbu zvakakura zvikuru kuti zvigadzire mhinduro, asi inogona kumiswa). Chechipiri, akawanda maOH mapoka uye glucose maatomu eokisijeni anokwanisa kusunga mamwe mamorekuru. Chechitatu, cyclodextrins inowanikwa neyakapusa biotechnological process kubva yakachipa uye inowanikwa starch (ikozvino muhuwandu hwezviuru zvematani pagore). Chechina, ivo vanoramba vasina chepfu zvachose. Uye, pakupedzisira, iyo yepakutanga ndiyo fomu yavo (iyo iwe, Muverengi, yaunofanira kutaura paunenge uchishandisa izvi zvakasanganiswa): Bhakiti risina chigadziko, i.e. cyclodextrins inokodzera kutakura zvimwe zvinhu (morekuru rakapfuura nepagomba rakakura harizodonha). mudziyo pazasi, uye, mukuwedzera, inosungwa nemasimba e-interatomic). Nekuda kwekusakuvadza kwavo kune hutano, vanogona kushandiswa sechinhu chinowanikwa mumishonga uye chikafu.

Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwekutanga kwe cyclodextrins, yakawanikwa nguva pfupi mushure mekutsanangurwa, yakanga iri basa rinokurudzira. Zvakaitika netsaona kuti kumwe kuita nekutora chikamu kwavo kunoenderera nenzira yakasiyana zvachose pane kusavapo kwemakomponi aya munharaunda. Chikonzero ndechekuti iyo substrate molecule ("muenzi") inopinda mukati mebhaketi ("host"). (4, 5). Naizvozvo, chikamu chemorekuru hachisvikike kune reagents, uye shanduko inogona kuitika chete munzvimbo idzo dzinobuda. Iyo nzira yekuita yakafanana nekuita kwema enzymes mazhinji, ayo zvakare "mask" zvikamu zvemamorekuru.

4. Muenzaniso we cyclodextrin molecule ine imwe molecule.

5. Imwe tarisa pane imwechete yakaoma

Ndeapi mamorekuru anogona kuchengetwa mukati me cyclodextrins? Zvakawanda chero chinhu chinokwana mukati - muenzi uye saizi yekufananidza kwakakosha (sezvakaita corona ethers nezvakatorwa; ona chinyorwa chemwedzi wapfuura) (6). Iyi pfuma ye cyclodextrins

6. Cyclodextrin yakasungirirwa pane imwe cheni

mamorekuru, kureva rotaxane (mamwe mashoko: munyaya

Ndira)

inoita kuti zvive zvakakosha pakutora zvakasarudzwa makomisheni kubva kunharaunda. Nokudaro, zvinhu zvinocheneswa uye zvakaparadzaniswa kubva musanganiswa mushure mekuita (somuenzaniso, mukugadzirwa kwemishonga).

Zvimwe kushandiswa? Zvingave zvichigoneka kutaura zvinyorwa kubva kuchinyorwa chakapfuura mukutenderera (mienzaniso yemaenzayimu nevatakuri, kwete chete ionic - cyclodextrins inotakura zvinhu zvakasiyana) uye chidimbu chinotsanangura dendrimers (kutakura zvinhu zvinoshanda mumishonga, cosmetics uye zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira chirimwa). Zvakanakira cyclodextrin packaging zvakafanana - zvese zvinonyungudika mumvura (kusiyana nemishonga yakawanda, zvizoro uye mishonga yekuuraya zvipembenene), iyo inoshanda inoburitswa zvishoma nezvishoma uye inogara kwenguva refu (iyo inobvumira madiki madhizi), uye mudziyo wakashandiswa unodegradable (microorganisms inoora nekukurumidza. ) chigadzirwa chechisikigo, icho zvakare chinogadziriswa mumuviri wemunhu). Zviri mukati mepakeji zvinodzivirirwa kubva kune zvakatipoteredza (kuderedzwa kusvika kune yakachengetwa molecule). Zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira zvidyarwa zvakaiswa mucyclodextrins zvine fomu iri nyore kushandisa. Ihupfu chena, yakafanana nehupfu hwembatatisi, iyo inonyungudutswa mumvura isati yashandiswa. Naizvozvo, hapana chikonzero chekushandisa zvine ngozi uye zvinopisa zvinopisa zvinonyungudutsa.

Paunenge uchitsvaga kuburikidza nerunyorwa rwemashandisirwo ecyclodextrin, tinogona kuwana akati wandei "flavour" uye "kunhuwa" mairi. Nepo yekutanga iri dimikira rinowanzoshandiswa, rekupedzisira rinogona kukushamisa. Zvisinei, mabhaketi emakemikari anoshanda kubvisa kunhuhwirira kwakashata uye kuchengeta nokubudisa munhuwi waunoda. Air fresheners, zvinonhuwira, zvinonhuwira uye mapepa anonhuwira inongova mienzaniso mishomanana yekushandiswa kwe cyclodextrin complexes. Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti makomisheni ekunhuhwirira akaiswa mu cyclodextrins anowedzerwa pakugeza hupfu. Panguva ye ironing uye kupfeka, kunhuhwirira kunoputsika zvishoma nezvishoma uye kusunungurwa.

Nguva yekuedza. “Mushonga unovava unorapa zvakanakisisa,” asi unoravira zvakaipa. Zvisinei, kana iyo inoshandiswa nenzira yakaoma ne cyclodextrin, hapazovi nekunzwa kusingafadzi (chinhu chacho chinoparadzaniswa nekuravira). Iyo inovava yejusi yemazambiringa inobviswawo nerubatsiro rwe cyclodextrins. Zvinyorwa zvegariki uye zvimwe zvinonhuhwirira zvakanyanya kugadzikana muchimiro checomplexes pane yemahara fomu. Zvakafanana zvakaputirwa zvinonaka zvinowedzera kunakirwa kwekofi uye tii. Mukuwedzera, kucherechedzwa kwebasa ravo reanticholesterol kunotaura mukufarira cyclodextrins. Zvimedu zve "yakaipa" cholesterol inosunga mukati mekemikari bhaketi uye inoburitswa kubva mumuviri mune iyi fomu. Saka cyclodextrins, zvigadzirwa zvechisikigo, zvakare hutano pachahwo.