Cabinet of Horrors

Kusimuka kwemichina uye kutorwa kwesimba nehungwaru hwekugadzira. Nyika yekutarisa kwakakwana uye kutonga kwevanhu. Hondo yenyukireya uye kuderera kwebudiriro. Zviono zvakawanda zverima zveramangwana, zvakatorwa makore mazhinji apfuura, zvinofanira kunge zvakaitika nhasi. Uye panguva ino isu tinotarisa kumashure uye zvinoita sekunge ivo vanga vasipo. Une chokwadi here?

Pane stereotypical repertoire yakakurumbira dystopian uporofita (pamusoro pechiratidzo chitema chenguva yemberi). Pamusoro pezvinonyanya kuenderana nekuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye zviwanikwa, zvinotendwa zvakanyanya kuti matekinoroji ezvino ari kukanganisa kutaurirana kwevanhu, hukama uye nzanga.

Virtual nzvimbo ichatsiva nekunyengera kutora chikamu chaiko munyika. Mamwe maonero e-dystopian anoona kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji senzira yekuwedzera kusaenzana kwevanhu, kuisa simba nehupfumi mumaoko emapoka madiki. Zvinodiwa zvikuru zvetekinoroji yemazuva ano zvinonangidzira ruzivo uye hunyanzvi mudenderedzwa rakamanikana revanhu vane rombo, kuwedzera kutariswa kwevanhu uye kuparadza kuvanzika.

Maererano nevazhinji venguva yemberi, kugadzirwa kwepamusoro uye sarudzo huru inooneka inogona kukanganisa hupenyu hwemunhu nekukonzera kushushikana, kuisa mabasa mungozi, uye kutiita kuti tiwedzere kuda pfuma pamusoro penyika.

Imwe yeakakurumbira tekinoroji "dystopians", James Gleick, inopa muenzaniso unoita seusingakoshi weTV remote control seyechinyakare kugadzirwa iyo isingagadzirise dambudziko rimwe chete rinokosha, rinopa hutsva hwakawanda. Gleick, achitaura nezvenyanzvi yezvakaitika kare Edward Tenner, anonyora kuti mukana uye kureruka kwekuchinja chiteshi uchishandisa remote control zvinonyanya kubatsira kukanganisa muoni zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya.

Panzvimbo pokugutsikana, vanhu vari kuwedzera kusagutsikana nezviteshi zvavanoona. Panzvimbo pokusvitsa zvinodikanwa, kune kunzwa kwokuodzwa mwoyo kusingaperi.

Motokari dzichatichengeta here?

Tichakwanisa kudzora chinhu ichi chisingadzivisiki uye pamwe chiri kuuya nekukurumidza? Over artificial intelligence? Kana izvi zvikaitika, sekuziviswa kwakawanda kwezviratidzo zvedystopian, saka kwete. (1).

Zvakaoma kudzora chinhu chine simba kakawanda kutipfuura. nekuwedzera kwenhamba yemabasa. Makore makumi maviri apfuura, hapana angadai akadavira kuti vaigona kuziva mirangariro muinzwi romunhu ndokutarisana nenzira yakarurama zvikuru kupfuura zvatinogona isu timene. Zvichakadaro, maalgorithms akadzidziswa ari kutokwanisa kuita izvi, kuongorora chimiro chechiso, timbre uye matauriro atinoita.

Makombiyuta anodhirowa mifananidzo, anonyora nziyo, uye imwe yacho yakatohwina makwikwi enhetembo muJapan. Vave vachirova vanhu pa chess kwenguva yakareba, vachidzidza mutambo kubva pakutanga. Izvo zvinoshandawo kune yakanyanya kuoma mutambo weGo.

inoteerera mitemo yekukurumidza kukurumidza. Zvakaitwa neAI - nerubatsiro rwevanhu - mumakumi emakore apfuura zvichapetwa kaviri mumakore mashoma anotevera, pamwe mwedzi mishoma, uye zvino zvinongotora mavhiki, mazuva, masekonzi ...

Sezvazvakazoitika munguva pfupi yapfuura, maalgorithms anoshandiswa mumafoni efoni kana panhandare dzendege kuongorora mafoto kubva kumakamera anowanikwa haagone kungoziva mumwe munhu mumafuremu akasiyana, asi zvakare anotarisisa zvepedyo zvepfungwa maficha. Kutaura kuti iyi injodzi huru yekuvanzika kwakafanana nekusataura chinhu. Izvi hazvisi zvekutarisa kuri nyore, kutarisa nhanho imwe neimwe, asi nezve ruzivo rwunomuka semugumisiro wekuonekwa kwemunhu, nezvezvishuwo zvake zvakavanzika uye zvaanoda. 

Algorithms inogona kudzidza izvi nekukasira nekuongorora mazana ezviuru zvezviitiko, izvo zvakanyanya kupfuura chero munhu akangwara anogona kuona muhupenyu hwese. Vakashongedzwa nehupfumi hwakadaro, vanokwanisa kuongorora munhu nenzira yakarurama kupfuura kunyange nyanzvi yepfungwa, mutauro wemuviri uye gesture analyst.

Saka iyo chaiyo inotonhora dystopia haisi yekuti makombiyuta anotamba chess kana kuti anopesana nesu, asi kuti vanogona kuona mweya wedu zvakadzika kupfuura chero ani zvake kunze kwedu, azere nezvirambidzo uye zvivharo mukuziva izvo kana zvimwe zvido.

Elon Musk anotenda kuti sezvo AI masisitimu anotanga kudzidza uye kufunga pachiyero chinoramba chichiwedzera, "njere" inogona kukura kumwe kunhu. yakadzika mumadandemutande, zvisingaoneki kwatiri.

Maererano neongororo yekuAmerica yakaburitswa muna 2016, mumakore makumi mana nemashanu anotevera, njere dzekugadzira dzine mukana we45 muzana wekupfuura vanhu mumabasa ese. Vafemberi vanoti hongu, AI ichagadzirisa dambudziko regomarara, kuvandudza nekumhanyisa hupfumi, kupa varaidzo, kuvandudza hupenyu uye hurefu hwehupenyu, kutidzidzisa kuti tirege kurarama tisina, asi zvinogoneka kuti rimwe zuva, pasina. ruvengo, chete nokuda kwakavakirwa pakuverenga zvine musoro, runongotibvisa. Pamwe mumuviri hazvishande, nekuti mune yega yega system yakakodzera kuchengetedza, kuchengetedza uye kuchengetedza zviwanikwa izvo "zvingangouya zvinobatsira rimwe zuva." Ehe, iyi ndiyo sosi yatingave yeAI. Akadzivirirwa manpower?

Optimists vanozvinyaradza nechokwadi chekuti pane nguva dzose mukana wekudhonza plug kubva pachigadziko. Zvisinei, zvinhu zvose hazvisi nyore. Nechekare, upenyu hwomunhu hwave huchitsamira pakombiyuta zvokuti nhano huru yokuvadzivisa ingava ngwavaira kwatiri.

Mushure mezvose, isu tiri kuwedzera kugadzira masisitimu ekuita sarudzo eAI, tichivapa kodzero yekubhururuka nendege, kuseta mhindu, kufambisa zvidyarwa zvemagetsi - tinoziva kuti maalgorithms achaita zvirinani kupfuura isu. Panguva imwecheteyo, isu hatinyatsonzwisisa kuti izvi sarudzo dzedhijitari dzinoitwa sei.

Pane kutya kuti super-intelligent command systems dzakadai se "Reduce Congestion" dzinogona kuvatungamirira kugumisa kuti nzira chete inoshanda yekuita kuti basa riitwe ndeye ... kuderedza huwandu hwevanhu nechetatu kana kunyange hafu.

Hongu, zvakakodzera kupa muchina murairo wakanyanya kukosha senge "Chekutanga pane zvese, chengetedza hupenyu hwemunhu!". Nekudaro, ndiani anoziva kana ipapo digital logic ichatungamira mukusungwa kwevanhu kana pasi pedura, kwatingave takachengeteka, asi zvirokwazvo tisina kusununguka.

Cybercrime sevhisi

Munguva yakapfuura, dystopias nemifananidzo yenyika yepashure-apocalyptic mumabhuku uye cinema yaiwanzoiswa munguva yepashure-nuclear. Nhasi, kuparadzwa kwenyukireya hakuratidziki kuva kuri madikanwa nokuda kwengwavaira nokuparadzwa kwenyika sezvatinoiziva, kunyange zvazvo kusiri munzira yatinofungidzira kuva. , hazvibviri kuparadza nyika se "Terminator", iyo yakabatanidzwa nekuparadzwa kwenyukireya. Dai akadaro, angadai asiri munhu ane njere, asi simba rekare. Pamusoro pazvo, kunyange vanhu havasati vaziva mamiriro ezvinhu epasi rose ehondo inoparadza yenyukireya.

Muchina chaiwo apocalypse unogona kunge usinganakidze.

Hondo yeCyber, kurwiswa kwehutachiona, kubira system uye ransomware, ransomware (2) inoremadza uye inoparadza nyika yedu zvisingaite semabhomba. Kana chiyero chavo chikawedzera, isu tinogona kupinda muchikamu chese-yese-yakazara hondo umo isu tichave vatapi vemichina, kunyangwe ivo vasingafanirwe kuita vakazvimirira, uye zvinogoneka kuti vanhu vacharamba vari shure kwezvose.

Zhizha rapfuura, iyo US Cyber ​​​​uye Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) yakatumidza kurwiswa kwerewareware "inonyanya kuoneka cybersecurity kutyisidzira."

CISA inotaura kuti zviitiko zvakawanda apo cybercriminal inopindira uye encrypted data remunhu kana sangano uye nechisimba rudzikinuro hazvimbotaurirwa nekuti munhu akabatwa anobhadhara cybercriminal uye haadi kushambadza matambudziko nehurongwa hwavo husina kuchengeteka. Panyaya diki, matsotsi epamhepo anowanzo kunanga vanhu vakura vanonetseka kusiyanisa zvinhu zvakatendeseka nezvisina kutendeseka paInternet. Ivo vanoita izvi nemarware akaiswa mune email inonamirwa kana pop-up pane ine hutachiona webhusaiti. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kurwiswa kwemakambani makuru, zvipatara, masangano ehurumende nehurumende kuri kuwedzera.

Iwo ekupedzisira akanyanya kunangwa nekuda kwedata rakajeka ravaive naro uye kugona kubhadhara rudzikinuro rwakakura.

Mamwe mashoko, akadai sezveutano, anokosha zvikuru kumuridzi kupfuura mamwe uye anogona kuita kuti matsotsi awedzere mari. Mbavha dzinogona kubata kana kuvharira mabhuroko makuru edata rekiriniki rakakosha kutarisiro yevarwere, senge zvabuda mukuedzwa kana ruzivo rwezvinodhaka. Kana hupenyu huri mungozi, hapana nzvimbo yekutaurirana muchipatara. Chimwe chezvipatara zveAmerica chakavharwa zvachose muna Mbudzi gore rakapera mushure mekurwiswa kwegandanga muna Nyamavhuvhu.

Zvichida zvichatowedzera kuipa nekufamba kwenguva. Muna 2017, Dhipatimendi reUnited States reHomeland Security rakazivisa kuti cyberattacks inogona kunanga zvivakwa zvakakosha senge zvekushandisa mvura. Uye maturusi anodiwa kuita zviito zvakadaro zviri kuwedzera kuwanikwa kune vadiki vanoshanda, kwavari vanotengesa masumbu erekinuro akadai seCerber nePetya software uye vanochaja muripo werudzikinuro mushure mekurwiswa kwakabudirira. Kubva pane cybercrime sevhisi.

Dambudziko rekusagadzikana mune genome

Imwe yezvinyorwa zvakakurumbira zvedystopia ndeye genetics, DNA manipulation uye kubereka kwevanhu - mukuwedzera, "yakarongwa" nenzira kwayo (vane masimba, makambani, mauto).

Maonero emazuva ano ekufunganya uku inzira yekupambira CRISPR gene kugadzirisa (3). Mamichina arimo anonyanya kunetsa. kumanikidza mabasa anodiwa muzvizvarwa zvinotevera uye kugona kwavo kwakapararira kuvanhu vose. Mumwe wevakatanga nzira iyi, Jennifer Doudna, kunyangwe nguva pfupi yadarika yakadana kumisa nzira dzekugadziridza dze "germ-line" nekuda kwemhedzisiro inokonzeresa.

Rangarira kuti mwedzi mishoma yapfuura, musayendisiti wechiChinese Iye Jiankui yakashoropodzwa zvikuru nokuda kwekugadzirisa ma<em>gene ema<em>ebryos evanhu kuti avabaye utachiona hweAIDS. Chikonzero chaiva chokuti kuchinja kwaakaita kwaigona kupfuudzwa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa nemigumisiro isingatarisirwi.

Kunyanya kunetseka ndeaya anonzi d (gene rewriting, gene drive), i.e. chigadziriso chine genetically encodes system yekugadziridza muDNA yemunhu akapihwa CRISPR/CAS9 genome nekuiisa kuti igadzirise iyi mutsauko weiyo jeni isingadikanwi. Nekuda kweizvi, zvizvarwa zvinobva zvangozviitira (pasina kutora chikamu kwevane geneticists) vanonyora pamusoro peisingadiwe gene musiyano neinodiwa.

Zvisinei, musiyano usingadikanwi wejini unogona kugamuchirwa nevana "sechipo" kubva kune mumwe mubereki asina kugadziriswa. Saka gene drive ngatipwanye Mendelian mitemo yenhakaidzo dzinoti hafu yemajini makuru anoenda kumwana kubva kumubereki mumwe. Muchidimbu, izvi zvinozopedzisira zvatungamira kupararira kweiyo gene musiyano mubvunzo kune vanhu vese.

Biologist paStanford University Christina Smolke, kumashure papaneti pamusoro peinjiniya yemajini muna 2016, yakayambira kuti iyi michina inogona kukuvadza uye, muzviitiko zvakanyanyisa, mhedzisiro inotyisa. Iyo jini drive inokwanisa kuchinjika sezvo ichipfuura nemuzvizvarwa uye ichikonzeresa genetic kusagadzikana senge hemophilia kana hemophilia.

Sezvatinoverenga muchinyorwa chakaburitswa muNature Ongororo nevaongorori vepaYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Riverside, kunyangwe dhiraivha ikashanda sezvakarongerwa muhuwandu hwechipenyu, hunhu hwakafanana hwenhaka hunogona kukuvadza kana hukaunzwa mune imwe huwandu. . kutaridzika kwakafanana.

Pane zvakare njodzi yekuti masayendisiti anogadzira madhiraivha ejeni kuseri kwemasuo akavharwa uye pasina ongororo yevezera. Kana mumwe munhu nemaune kana nemaune akapinza jena rinokuvadza mujenome remunhu, senge iro rinoparadza kuramba kwedu furuwenza, zvinogona kutoreva kupera kwemhando yehomo sapiens…

Kuongorora capitalism

Imwe vhezheni yedystopia iyo vaimbove vanyori vengano dzesainzi vaisambofungidzira kuti ichokwadi cheInternet, uye kunyanya midhiya yenhau, ine zvese zvinotsanangurwa zvakanyanya zvinoparadza kuvanzika kwevanhu, hukama, uye kutendeseka kwepfungwa.

Nyika ino inongopendwa mumitambo mitsva yeunyanzvi, seyataigona kuona muBlack Mirror series muchikamu cha2016 "The Diving" (4). Shoshana Zuboff, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi yeHarvard, inodana chokwadi ichi chinotsamira zvachose pakuzvisimbisa kwevanhu uye zvachose "kushayiwa". surveillance capitalism (), uye panguva imwechete iyo korona yebasa reGoogle ne Facebook.

4. Chiitiko kubva ku "Black Mirror" - chikamu "Diving"

Sekureva kwaZuboff, Google ndiyo yekutanga kugadzira. Pamusoro pezvo, inogara ichiwedzera mabasa ayo ekutarisa, semuenzaniso kuburikidza nemapurojekiti anoita seasina mhosva e "smart city". Muenzaniso ndeweWorld's Most Innovative Neighborhood project neSidewalk Labs, imwe kambani yeGoogle. jetty muToronto.

Google inoronga kuunganidza zvese zvidiki data nezve hupenyu hwevagari venzvimbo yemvura, kufamba kwavo uye kunyange kufema nerubatsiro rweubiquitous monitoring sensors.

Zvakaomawo kusarudza internet dystopia iyo isiri mubvunzo paFacebook. Kuongorora capitalism inogona kunge yakagadzirwa neGoogle, asi yaive Facebook yakaiendesa kune imwe nhanho nyowani. Izvi zvakaitwa kuburikidza nemagariro uye emanzwiro ehutachiona maitiro uye kutambudzwa kusina tsitsi kunyange avo vasiri vashandisi veZuckerberg platform.

Yakachengetedzwa AI, yakanyudzwa muchokwadi chaicho, kugara neUBI

Maererano nevakawanda venguva yemberi, ramangwana renyika uye tekinoroji inotarwa nezvipfupi zvishanu - AI, AR, VR, BC uye UBI.

Vaverengi ve "MT" pamwe vanonyatsoziva zvavari uye kuti zvitatu zvekutanga zvinosanganisirei. Iyo yakajairika zvakare inoshanduka kuve yechina, "BC", kana isu tichinzwisisa kuti iri kutaura nezvei. Uye yechishanu? UBD chidimbu chechirevo, zvichireva kuti "mari inowanikwa pasi rose » (5). Ichi chibatsiro cheveruzhinji, chakamisikidzwa nguva nenguva, icho chinozopihwa kune wese munhu anoburitswa kubva kubasa sezvo mamwe matekinoroji anokura, kunyanya AI.

5. Universal Basic Income - UBI

Switzerland yakatoisa pfungwa iyi kureferendamu gore rakapera, asi vagari vayo vakairamba, vachitya kuti kuiswa kwemari yakavimbiswa kunokonzera mafashamo evakabva kune dzimwe nyika. UBI inotakurawo dzimwe njodzi dzinoverengeka, kusanganisira njodzi yekuenderera mberi nekusaenzana kwevanhu.

Imwe neimwe yekuvandudza tekinoroji kuseri kweiyo acronym (ona zvakare :) - kana ikapararira uye ichikura munzira inotarisirwa - ine mibairo mikuru kumunhu nenyika yedu, kusanganisira, hongu, muyero mukuru we dystopia. Semuyenzaniso, zvinotendwa kuti inogona kutsiva makore mana esarudzo zvoita kuti pave nereferendamu pazvinhu zvisingaverengeki.

Virtual chaiyo, zvakare, inokwanisa "kubvisa" chikamu chevanhu kubva kunyika chaiyo. Sezvakaitika, semuenzaniso, neKorea Jang Ji Sung, uyo, mushure mekufa kwemwanasikana wake muna 2016 kubva kuchirwere chisingarapike, akabva asangana neavatar yake muVR. Iyo chaiyo nzvimbo inogadzirawo marudzi matsva ematambudziko, kana kunyatso endesa ese ekare matambudziko anozivikanwa kune "itsva" nyika, kana kunyange kune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda. Kusvika pamwero wakati, isu tinogona kutoona izvi mumasocial network, pazvinoitika kuti kushoma kunonyanya kufarira pane zvinyorwa kunotungamira mukuora mwoyo uye kuzviuraya.

Ngano dzechiporofita zvakanyanya kana zvishoma

Mushure mezvose, nhoroondo yekusikwa kwezviratidzo zvedystopian inodzidzisawo kuchenjerera mukugadzira kufanotaura.

6. Kavha ye "Islands in the Net"

Akatorwa gore rapfuura aive Ridley Scott ane mukurumbira sci-fi nyanzvimuvhimi we android»Kubva 1982. Zvinogoneka kukurukura kuzadzikiswa kana kusavapo kwezvinhu zvakawanda zvakanangana, asi hazvirambiki kuti chiporofita chakakosha pamusoro pekuvapo munguva yedu yehungwaru, humanoid androids, munzira dzakawanda dzakakwirira kupfuura vanhu, haisati yave yechokwadi.

Tingave takagadzirira kushivirira mamwe akawanda echiporofita hits. "Neuromancers»kureva novels William Gibson kubvira 1984, uyo akakurudzira pfungwa ye "cyberpace".

Zvisinei, mumakore gumi iwayo, bhuku risinganyanyi kuzivikanwa rakaonekwa (rinenge rakazara munyika yedu, nokuti harina kushandurirwa muchiPolish), iro rakafanotaura nguva yemazuva ano zvakanyanya. Ndiri kutaura nezverudoZvitsuwa paWebhu“(6) Bruce Sterling kubvira 1988, yakaiswa muna 2023. Inopa nyika yakanyudzwa mune chimwe chinhu chakafanana neInternet, inozivikanwa se "web". Inodzorwa nemakambani makuru epasi rese. "Islands on the Net" zvinoshamisa pakuti zvinopa kutonga, kuongorora uye kudzora iyo inonzi yemahara Internet.

Zvinonakidzawo kufanoona mashandiro ehondo anoitwa pachishandiswa mota dzemuchadenga dzisina munhu (drones) kurwisa makororo/magandanga epamhepo. Vashandisi zviuru zvemamaira kure nematafura akachengeteka - tinozviziva sei izvozvo? Iri bhuku harisi pamusoro pekupokana kusingaperi nehugandanga hweIslam, asi nezve kurwisa masimba anopikisa kudyidzana kwepasi rose. Nyika yeZvitsuwa muNet zvakare yakazadzwa nemidziyo yevatengi inotaridzika zvakanyanya senge smartwatches uye smart sports shangu.

Pane rimwe bhuku kubva ku80s iro, kunyange zvimwe zvezviitiko zvichiita sezvinonakidza, zvinoita basa rakanaka rekuenzanisira kutya kwedu kwemazuva ano dystopian. Izvi"Georadar software", History Rudy Rookerrakaiswa muna 2020. Nyika, mamiriro enzanga nemakakatanwa ayo anoita seakafanana zvakanyanya neatiri kubata nawo nhasi. Kune zvakare marobhoti anozivikanwa semabhobho akawana kuzviziva uye akatizira kumaguta pamwedzi. Ichi chinhu hachisati chavepo, asi kumukira kwemichina kuri kuramba kuchiramba kufembera kwevatema.

Zviono zvenguva yedu mumabhuku zvakaruramawo zvinoshamisa munzira dzakawanda. Octavia Butler, kunyanya muMifananidzo yoMukushi»(1993). Chiito ichi chinotanga muna 2024 muLos Angeles uye chinoitika muCalifornia, yakaparadzwa nemafashamo, dutu uye kusanaya kwemvura kunokonzerwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Mhuri dzepakati nedzevashandi dzinosangana munharaunda dzakavharwa sezvavanoedza kutiza nyika yekunze nemishonga inopindwa muropa uye kits chaiyo chaiyo. Zvitendero zvitsva uye dzidziso dzokurangana dziri kubuda. Karavhani yevapoteri inonanga kuchamhembe kudzivirira kuparara kwemhoteredzo nemagariro. Mutungamiri anouya pamasimba anoshandisa sirogani yemushandirapamwe "Ita America Yakakura Zvakare" (iyi sirogani yaDonald Trump) ...

Bhuku rechipiri raButler, "Mufananidzo Wematarendainotaura kuti nhengo dzechimwe chikwata chechitendero chitsva dzinobva sei paNyika dziri muchikepe chomuchadenga kuti dzitore Alpha Centauri.

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Ndechipi chidzidzo cheongororo yakadzama iyi yekufembera uye zviratidzo zvakaitwa makumi akati wandei emakore apfuura maererano nehupenyu hwedu hwemazuva ese?

Zvichida, chokwadi ndechekuti dystopias inowanzoitika, asi kazhinji zvishoma.