Kuti Red Planet yakakundwa sei uye zvatakakwanisa kudzidza nezvazvo. Traffic paMartian trail iri kuwedzera

Mars yakabata vanhu kubvira patakatanga kuiona sechinhu chiri mudenga, icho pakutanga chairatidzika kwatiri nyeredzi, uye nyeredzi yakaisvonaka, nokuti yakatsvuka. Muzana ramakore rekutanga, teresikopu yakaunza kutarisisa kwedu padhuze kekutanga pamusoro payo, izere nemaitiro anonakidza uye maumbirwo evhu (1). Masayendisiti pakutanga akabatanidza izvi nehupfumi hweMartian ...

1. Mepu yenzvimbo yeMars muzana remakore rechiXNUMX.

Ikozvino isu toziva kuti hapana machaneli kana chero zvimiro zvekugadzira paMars. Nekudaro, ichangobva kutaurwa kuti 3,5 bhiriyoni makore apfuura ino yakaoma, ine muchetura pasi yaigona kunge yakagara sePasi (2).

march inyika yechina kubva kuZuva, mushure meNyika. Ingori zvishoma kudarika hafu yePasiuye kuwanda kwayo i38 muzana chete. zvepasi. Zvinotora nguva yakawanda kuita shanduko yakakwana kutenderedza Zuva kupfuura Nyika, asi inotenderera neaxis yaro pakukurumidza kumwechete. Ndosaka Gore paMars mazuva 687 ePasi.uye zuva paMars rinongoreba maminetsi makumi mana pane rePasi.

Pasinei nehukuru hwayo hudiki, nzvimbo yepasi inoda kuenzana nenzvimbo yemakondinendi ePasi, zvinoreva kuti, zvirinani. Sezvineiwo, pasi pari zvino rakakomberedzwa nemhepo yakatetepa inoumbwa zvikuru nekabhoni dhayokisaidhi uye kashoma kutsigira upenyu pasi pano.

Methane inopota ichionekwawo mumhepo yenyika ino yakaoma, uye ivhu rine makemikari ane chepfu kuupenyu sezvatinoiziva. Nyangwe pane mvura paMars, inonamira muchando chepasi uye yakavanzwa, zvichida muhuwandu hukuru, pasi peMars.

2. Kufungidzira kutaridzika kweMars mabhiriyoni emakore apfuura

Nhasi, apo masayendisiti ari kuongorora pamusoro peMars (3), vanoona zvivako izvo pasina mubvunzo basa remvura inoyerera kwenguva refu—hova dzemapazi, mipata yenzizi, mabheseni, uye madhamu. Ongororo dzinoratidza kuti pasi ringadai rakambova neimwe gungwa guru rakafukidza kuchamhembe kwehemisphere yayo.

Kumwewo mamiriro emapere zvisaririra zvemvura yekare, madhamu, nzizi dzinocheka nemuhova dziri pasi. Pamwe, pasi zvakare rakanga rakafukidzwa nemhepo yakakora, iyo yakabvumira mvura kuramba iri muchimiro chemvura pane tembiricha yeMartian nedzvinyiriro. Imwe nguva munguva yakapfuura, pasi pari zvino rave kufanirwa kuve neshanduko inoshamisa, uye nyika yaigona kunge yakambofanana nePasi yakazova dongo rakaoma ratinoona nhasi. Masayendisiti ari kushamisika kuti chii chakaitika? Ko nzizi idzi dzakaendepi uye chii chakaitika kumhepo yeMartian?

For now. Zvichida izvi zvichachinja mumakore mashomanana anotevera. NASA inotarisira kuti vanhu vekutanga vachamhara paMars muma30s. Tave tichitaura nezvechirongwa chakadaro kweanenge makore gumi. VaChinese vari kufungidzira nezvezvirongwa zvakafanana, asi zvishoma. Tisati tatanga zvirongwa zveshungu izvi, ngatiedzei kutora hafu yezana ramakore rekuongorora kwevanhu kweMars.

Inopfuura hafu yemishoni yakakundikana

Kutumira Spaceship kuMars zvakaoma, uye kumhara panyika ino kwakatonyanya kuoma. Mamiriro ekunze eMartian asingawanikwe anoita kuti kusvika pamusoro kuve dambudziko rakakura. Inenge 60 muzana. Kuedza kumhara mukati memakumi emakore enhoroondo yekuongorora mapuraneti hakuna kubudirira.

Parizvino, masangano matanhatu emuchadenga akabudirira kusvika kuMars - NASA, iyo Roscosmos yeRussia nevakatangira Soviet, European Space Agency (ESA), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), iyo Chinese agency, iyo isina kungobata iyo orbiter, asi zvakare. akabudirira kumhara uye akatanga rover , achiongorora pamusoro pemvura yeZhurong, uye, pakupedzisira, iyo space agency yeUnited Arab Emirates ine probe "Amal" ("Hope").

Kubva kuma60, makumi ezvitundumuseremusere zvakatumirwa kuMars. Wokutanga mutsara probe paMars akabhomba USSR. Mishoni iyi yaisanganisira yekutanga yekupfuura nemaune uye yakaoma (impact) kumhara (Mars, 1962).

Yekutanga yakabudirira rwendo kutenderera Mars zvakaitika muna Chikunguru 1965 vachishandisa NASA's Mariner 4 probe. Kurume 2 i March 3 zvisinei, muna 1971, yekutanga ine rover muchikepe yakadonha, uye kusangana nayo March 3 yakadambuka ichingosvika pamusoro.

Yakatangwa neNASA muna 1975, iyo Viking probes yaisanganisira maviri orbiters, imwe neimwe iine lander yakabudirira kumhara zvinyoro muna 1976. Vakaitawo ongororo yebhayoloji paivhu reMartian kuti vatarise zviratidzo zvehupenyu, asi mhedzisiro yacho yanga isingaite.

NASA yakaenderera mberi Mariner chirongwa neimwe peya yeMariner 6 uye 7 probes. Vakaiswa mufafitera rinotevera rekurodha ndokusvika pasirese muna 1969. Mukati mefafitera rekurodha rinotevera, Mariner zvakare akatambura kurasikirwa neimwe yemapeya ayo ekuongorora.

Mufambisi wechikepe 9 zvakabudirira kupinda orbit yakatenderedza Mars sechokutanga chitundumuseremusere munhoroondo. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, akawana kuti dutu reguruva rakanga richipisa pasi pose. Mapikicha ake ndiwo akatanga kupa humbowo hwakadzama hwekuti mvura yemumvura ingadai yakambovapo pamusoro penyika. Kubva pane zvidzidzo izvi, zvakaonekwa zvakare kuti nzvimbo yacho yakatumidzwa Hapana Olympic igomo repamusoro-soro (kunyanya, gomo rinoputika), izvo zvakaita kuti rigadziriswe zvakare seOlympus Mons.

Pakanga pane zvimwe zvakawanda zvakakundikana. Somuenzaniso, maSoviet probes Phobos 1 nePhobos 2 akatumirwa kuMars muna 1988 kuti aongorore Mars nemwedzi yayo miviri, achinyanya kukoshesa Phobos. Phobos 1 akarasa kuonana munzira kuenda kuMars. Phobos 2kunyange zvazvo yakabudirira kutora mifananidzo yeMars nePhobos, yakabondera vanhu vaviri vakamira pasi vasati varova pamusoro pePhobos.

Uyewo hazvina kubudirira US orbiter Mars Observer mission muna 1993. Nguva pfupi pashure pacho, muna 1997, imwe ongororo yeNASA, Mars Global Surveyor, yakashuma ichipinda mukutenderera kweMars. Basa iri rakabudirira zvakakwana, uye pakazosvika 2001 pasi rose rakanga ragadzirwa.

4. Kugadziridzwa kwehukuru hwehupenyu hweSojourner, Spirit, Opportunity uye Curiosity rovers nekubatanidzwa kweNASA mainjiniya.

1997 zvakare yakaona budiriro huru muchimiro chekubudirira kumhara mudunhu reAres Valley uye ongororo yepasi pachishandiswa. Lazika NASA Sojourner sechikamu cheMars Pathfinder mishoni. Pamusoro pezvinangwa zvesainzi, Mars Pathfinder Mission yaivewo humbowo hwepfungwa kune dzakasiyana mhinduro, senge airbag yekumhara system uye otomatiki zvipingamupinyi kudzivirira, izvo zvakazoshandiswa mune yaitevera rover mishoni (4). Zvisinei, vasati vasvika, pakava neimwe nzira yekukundikana kweMartian muna 1998 na1999, nguva pfupi mushure mekubudirira kweGlobal Surveyor uye Pathfinder.

Zvaisiririsa Japanese Nozomi orbiter missionpamwe neNASA orbiters Mars Climate Orbiter, Mars Polar Lander i penetrators Deep Space 2nekukundikana kwakasiyana-siyana.

European Space Agency Mars Express mishoni (ESA) yakasvika Mars muna 2003. Muchikepe maive neBeagle 2 lander, iyo yakarasika panguva yekuyedza kumhara uye yakashaikwa muna Kukadzi 2004. Beagle 2 yakawanikwa muna Ndira 2015 nekamera yeHiRise paNASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Zvakaratidza kuti akadzika zvakanaka, asi akatadza kuendesa zvizere solar panels uye antenna. Orbital Mars Express zvisinei, akaita zviwanwa zvinokosha. Muna 2004, akawana methane mumhepo yepasi uye akaiona makore maviri gare gare. polar stars.

Muna Ndira 2004, maviri maNASA rovers akatumidzwa Mweya weSerbia (MER-A) I Mukana (MER-B) yakamhara pamusoro peMars. Ose ari maviri akapfuudza kure anofungidzirwa Martian masheti. Pakati pezvakakosha zvesainzi mhedzisiro yechirongwa ichi hwaive humbowo hwakasimba hwekuti mvura yemvura yaivepo panzvimbo mbiri dzekumhara munguva yakapfuura. Rover Spirit (MER-A) yanga ichishanda kusvika 2010 payakamira kutumira data nekuti yakanamira mudune uye yaisakwanisa kudzoreredza kuchaja mabhatiri ayo.

Zvadaro Phoenix yakamhara kuNorth Pole yeMars muna Chivabvu 2008 uye yakasimbiswa kuti yaive nemvura ice. Makore matatu gare gare, Mars Science Laboratory yakatangwa muchikepe cheCuriosity rover, chakasvika pamusoro peMars muna Nyamavhuvhu 2012. Isu tinonyora nezve yakakosha mhedzisiro yesainzi yebasa rake mune imwe chinyorwa cheichi chinyorwa cheMT.

Imwezve isina kubudirira kuedza kumhara paMars neEuropean ESA uye yeRussia Roscosmos yaive Lendaunik Schiaparelliiyo yakabviswa kubva kuExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. Basa racho rakasvika paMars muna 2016. Nekudaro, Schiaparelli, achidzika, nguva isati yakwana akavhura parachuti yake ndokurovera pamusoro. Nekudaro, akapa data rakakosha panguva yekudzika kweparachute, saka bvunzo yacho yaionekwa sebudiriro.

Makore maviri gare gare, imwezve probe yakamhara panyika, panguva ino yakamira. Insightuyo akaita chidzidzo ichocho yakasarudza dhayamita yepakati peMars. InSight zviyero zvinoratidza kuti kureba kwepakati peMars kuri pakati pe1810 ne1850 makiromita. Iyi ingangoita hafu yedhayamita yepakati pePasi, inova ingangoita 3483 km. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvakadaro, kupfuura kumwe fungidziro yakaratidza, zvichireva kuti iyo Martian core ishoma pane zvaimbofungwa.

Iyo InSight probe haina kubudirira kuyedza kupinda mukati meivhu reMartian. Nechekare munaJanuary, kushandiswa kwePolish-German "mole" kwakasiiwa, i.e. Thermal probe, iyo yaifanira kupinda mukati-kati muvhu kuyera kuyerera kwesimba rinopisa. Iyo Mole yakasangana nekupokana kwakawanda uye haina kunyura zvakadzika muvhu. Probe iri kuteererawo masaisai ekudengenyeka kubva mukati mepasi. Nehurombo, iyo InSight mishoni inogona kunge isina nguva yakakwana yekuita zvimwe zviwanikwa. Guruva rinounganidza pane solar panel yemudziyo, zvinoreva kuti InSight inowana simba shoma.

Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura kufamba mukutenderera kwepasi kwakawedzerawo zvine hurongwa. Muridzi weNASA Mars odyssey yakapinda muMars orbit muna 2001. Basa rayo ndere kushandisa ma spectrometers nemidziyo yekufungidzira kutsvaga humbowo hwekare kana hwazvino hwemvura nekuputika kwemakomo paMars.

Muna 2006, ongororo yeNASA yakasvika mukutenderera. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), iyo yaizoitisa ongororo yesainzi yemakore maviri. The orbiter yakatanga kugadzira mepu yeMartian landscape nemamiriro ekunze kuti iwane nzvimbo dzakakodzera dzekumhara dzemisheni dzaiuya. MRO yakatora mufananidzo wekutanga wekutevedzana kweavalanches inoshanda padyo nepasi rekuchamhembe pole muna 2008. Iyo MAVEN orbiter yakasvika mukutenderera yakatenderedza Red Planet muna 2014. Zvinangwa zvechinangwa ichi ndezvekuona kuti mhepo yepasi nemvura zvakarasika sei panguva iyi. yegore.

Panenge panguva imwecheteyo, yake yekutanga Martian orbital probe, Mars Orbit Mission (MAMA), anonziwo Mangalyaan, kutanga kweIndia Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Yakapinda muorbit munaGunyana 2014. ISRO yeIndia yave yechina space agency kusvika kuMars, mushure meSoviet space chirongwa, NASA neESA.

5. Chinese-terrain motokari Zhuzhong

Imwe nyika iri muchikwata cheMartian iUnited Arab Emirates. Zvavari Amal orbiter yakabatanidzwa muna Kukadzi 9, 2021. Kwapera zuva, kuferefeta kweChinese kwakaita zvimwe chetezvo. Tianwen-1, yakatakura 240 kg Zhurong lander uye rover (5), iyo yakabudirira kupfava-yakamhara muna Chivabvu 2021.

Muchina wekuChina anoongorora akabatana nezvitundumuseremusere zvitatu zvemuUS zviri kushanda uye zviri kushanda pamusoro penyika. Lazikov Kuda kuziva i Kutsungiriraiyo yakamharawo zvinobudirira Kukadzi uno, uye Insight. Uye kana uchiverenga Ingenious flying drone yakaburitswa neyekupedzisira US mishoni, zvakasiyana, ndiko kuti, michina yevanhu inoshanda pamusoro peMars panguva yechishanu.

Nyika inoongororwawo nemaobita masere: Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars Orbiter Mission, MAVEN, ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (6), Tianwen-1 orbiter neAmal. Parizvino, hapana kana sampuli imwe yakatumirwa kubva kuMars, uye nzira yekumhara kumwedzi wePhobos (Phobos-Grunt) panguva yekusimuka muna 2011 haina kubudirira.

Mufananidzo 6. Mifananidzo yepamusoro yeMars kubva kuCaSSIS chiridzwa cheExo Mars orbiter.

Zvese izvi zvekutsvagisa kweMartian "infrastructure" inoenderera mberi ichipa data nyowani inonakidza panyaya iyi. Red Planet. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, iyo ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter yakaona hydrogen chloride mumhepo yeMartian. Mhedzisiro yacho inoburitswa mujenari Science Advances. “Steam inodiwa pakuburitsa chlorine, uye haidrojeni inodiwa neinobuda mumvura kuti igadzire hydrogen chloride. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha mumakemikari aya imvura, "akatsanangura kudaro. Kevin Olsen kubva kuOxford University, mukuburitswa kwenhau. Maererano nemasayendisiti, kuvapo kwemhute yemvura kunotsigira dzidziso yokuti Mars inorasikirwa nemvura yakawanda nekufamba kwenguva.

Muridzi weNASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter iyewo munguva pfupi yapfuura akaona chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa pamusoro peMars. Anotarisa nepassport. HiRise kamera gomba rakadzika (7), rinoita senzvimbo dema dema ine dhayamita ingangoita 180 metres. Kumwe kuongorora kwakazonyanya kushamisa. Zvakazoitika kuti jecha rakasununguka rinorara pasi pegomba, uye rinowira mune imwe nzira. Masayendisiti iye zvino ari kuedza kuona gomba rakadzika rinogona kubatanidzwa kune network yenzira dzepasi pevhu dzakasiiwa nemabota anoyerera nekukurumidza.

Masayendisiti ave achifungidzira kwenguva refu kuti makomo akatsakatika anogona kusiyiwa hombe bako lava chubhu paMars. Aya masisitimu anogona kuratidza kuve inzvimbo inovimbisa kwazvo yekutumirwa kwemangwana kweMartian base.

Chii chakamirira Red Planet mune ramangwana?

Mukati megadziriro yepurogiramu ExoMars, ESA neRoscosmos vanoronga kutumira Rosalind Franklin rover muna 2022 kutsvaga humbowo hwekuvapo kwema microorganisms paMars, yapfuura kana ikozvino. Iyo lander iyo rover inofanirwa kuendesa inonzi Cossack. Iwindo rakafanana muna 2022 Mars orbit EscaPADE (Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Researchers) yeYunivhesiti yeCalifornia kuBerkeley vanofanira kubhururuka nezvitundumuseremusere zviviri muchinangwa chimwe chakanangana structure study, kuumbwa, volatility i dynamics yemagnetosphere yeMars Oraz kubuda maitiro.

Iyo Indian agency ISRO inoronga kutevera pachinangwa chayo muna 2024 nemishini inonzi Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (AMAI-2). Zvinogoneka kuti mukuwedzera kune orbiter, India inodawo kutumira rover kumhara uye kuongorora pasi.

Zvishoma zvishoma mazano ekufambisa anosanganisira pfungwa yeFinnish-Russian March MetNetizvo zvinosanganisira kushandiswa kwezviteshi zvidiki zvakawanda zvemamiriro ekunze paMars kugadzira network yakakura yekutarisa yekudzidza chimiro chemhepo yepasi, fizikisi uye meteorology.

Mars-Grunt iyi, zvakare, ipfungwa yeRussia yemishoni yakanangwa endesa muenzaniso wevhu reMartian kuNyika. Chikwata cheESA-NASA chakagadzira pfungwa yekutorwa kweMars kutatu uye kudzorera zvivakwa zvinoshandisa rover kuchengeta sampuli diki, nhanho yekukwira yeMars kuti itumire mu orbit, uye orbiter yekutaurirana navo pamhepo. Mars uye kuvadzosera kuNyika.

Solar electric drive inogona kubvumira kusimuka kumwe chete kudzosa samples pane matatu. Bazi reJapan JAXA riri kushandawo papfungwa yemishini inonzi MELOS rover. tsvaga biosignatures hupenyu huripo paMars.

Chokwadi kune zvakawanda mapurojekiti emamishinari. Kuongorora muchadenga kweUS kwakagadzwa sechinangwa chenguva refu muchiratidzo chekuongorora muchadenga chakaziviswa muna 2004 neMutungamiriri weAmerica panguva iyoyo George W. Bush.

Gunyana 28, 2007 NASA Administrator Michael D. Griffin akataura kuti NASA ine chinangwa chekutumira murume kuMars panosvika 2037. Muna Gumiguru 2015, NASA yakaburitsa chirongwa chepamutemo chekuongorora kwevanhu uye koloni yeMars. Yakanzi Rwendo rwekuenda kuMars uye yakatsanangurwa neMT panguva iyoyo. Iyo inogona kunge isisiri yakakosha, sezvo yakapa kushandiswa kweInternational Space Station muPasi orbit, uye kwete Mwedzi, uye chiteshi chemwedzi senhanho yepakati. Nhasi, pane kutaura kwakawanda nezvekudzokera kuMwedzi senzira yekuenda kuMars.

Akaonekawo ari munzira Elon Musk uye yake SpaceX neshungu dzake uye dzimwe nguva dzaifunga dzisiri dzechokwadi dzemamisheni akajairwa kuMars kuti atore nyika. Muna 2017, SpaceX yakazivisa hurongwa kusvika muna 2022, ichiteverwa nedzimwe ndege mbiri dzisina munhu uye nendege mbiri dzine vanhu muna 2024. Starship inofanira kunge iine hutoro hunosvika zana rematani. Anoverengeka Starship prototypes akaedzwa zvakabudirira sechikamu cheStarship chirongwa chekuvandudza, kusanganisira imwe yakabudirira kumhara.

Mars ndiyo inonyanya kudzidzwa uye inozivikanwa cosmic body mushure kana kuenzana neMwedzi. Zvirongwa zveambitious, kusvika kukoloni, imwe, pane isina kujeka, tarisiro panguva ino. Chii chiri chokwadi, zvisinei, ndechokuti kufamba kunodzokera shure pamusoro penyika dzvuku ichakura mumakore anotevera.