Nzira yekuwana uye kuziva vatorwa? Hatina kuvaronda netsaona here?

Pakave neruzha rwakawanda munharaunda yesainzi nguva pfupi yadarika naGilbert W. Levin, NASA Chief Scientist pa1976 Viking Mars mission (1). Akabudisa chinyorwa muScientific American achitaura kuti uchapupu hwehupenyu paMars hwakanga hwawanikwa panguva iyoyo. 

Kuedza kwakaitwa panguva iyi mishoni, inodaidzwa kuti (LR), yaive yekuongorora ivhu reRed Planet nekuda kwekuvepo kweiyo organic zvinhu mairi. MaViking anoisa chikafu muMars masampuli evhu. Zvaifungidzirwa kuti gasious traces yemetabolism yavo yakaonekwa neradioactive monitors yaizoratidza kuvepo kwehupenyu.

Uye aya maronda akawanikwa,” Levin anoyeuka kudaro.

Kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti yaive biological reaction, iyo bvunzo yakadzokororwa mushure mekunge ivhu "rakabikwa", iro raifanira kunge rakauraya mafomu ehupenyu. Kana maronda akasiiwa, izvi zvaizoreva kuti kwaanobva hakusi kwebiological process. Sezvinosimbisa aimbova muongorori weNASA, zvese zvakaitika sezvazvaifanira kunge zvakaitika muhupenyu.

Nekudaro, hapana organic zvinhu zvakawanikwa mune zvimwe zviedzo, uye NASA haina kukwanisa kuburitsa izvi mhedzisiro murabhoritari yayo. Naizvozvo, mibairo inonakidza yakarambwa, yakarongedzerwa se zvenhema positive, zvichiratidza kuita kwemakemikari kusingaratidzi kuvapo kwezvipenyu zviri kunze kwenyika.

Muchinyorwa chake, Levine anonongedza kuti zvakaoma kutsanangura chokwadi chekuti, kwemakore makumi mana nematatu akatevera mushure meVikings, hapana mumwe wevakateedzana vakatumirwa neNASA kuMars vaive vakashongedzerwa nehupenyu hwekuona chiridzwa chaizovabvumira kuongorora. mhinduro gare gare. yakawanikwa muma43s.

Zvakare, "NASA yakatozivisa kuti 2020 Mars lander haizosanganisire hupenyu hwekuona hardware," akanyora kudaro. Mune maonero ake, kuedza kweLR kunofanira kudzokororwa paMars nekumwe kugadzirisa, uye kuendeswa kune boka renyanzvi.

Nekudaro, chikonzero nei NASA isingamhanye kuitisa "bvunzo dzekuvepo kwehupenyu" inogona kunge iine isinganyanyi kunakidza yekurangana pane dzidziso iyo vaverengi vazhinji ve "MT" vangangonzwa nezvayo. Pamwe izvozvo Masayendisiti, kusanganisira kubva pane zvakaitika mukutsvagisa kweViking, akakahadzika zvakanyanya kuti zvaive nyore here kuita "bvunzo yehupenyu" nemhedzisiro yakajeka, kunyanya kure, kubva kure neakati wandei emamiriyoni emakiromita.

Ruzivo rwakavakirwa

Nyanzvi dziri kufunga nezvekuwana, kana kuti kuziva hupenyu kunze kwePasi, dziri kuwedzera kuziva kuti nekuwana "chimwe chinhu", vanogona kunyadzisa vanhu nyore. kusava nechokwadi maererano nezvakabuda mubvunzo. Mashoko ekutanga anokatyamadza anogona kumutsa kufarira kweveruzhinji uye kukurudzira fungidziro pamusoro penyaya, asi kashoma kujeka zvakakwana kuti tinzwisise zvatiri kubata nazvo.

akadaro Sara Seeger, nyanzvi yezvemuchadenga kuMassachusetts Institute of Technology uyo ane chekuita nekuwanikwa kwemaexoplanets, pamusangano wekupedzisira weInternational Astronautical Congress muWashington.

Panogona kunge paine kusava nechokwadi kwakabatana nemaitiro ekuwana zvishoma nezvishoma uye zvishoma nezvishoma. zvakaoma kutsungirira kuruzhinji, anodaro Katherine Denning, anthropologist paYunivhesiti yeYork muCanada.

akadaro mubvunzurudzo neSpace.com. -

Kana "hupenyu hunogona" hukaonekwa, zvizhinji zvezvinhu zvinowanikwa zvakabatanidzwa neshoko zvinogona kukonzera kutya uye mamwe manzwiro asina kunaka, muongorori akawedzera. Panguva imwecheteyo, akacherechedza kuti maitiro ezvino vezvenhau kunyaya yacho haaratidzi kudzikama, tarisiro yemurwere yekusimbiswa kwemhedzisiro yakakosha.

Masayendisiti akawanda anotaura kuti kuvimba nokutsvaka zviratidzo zvoupenyu zvoupenyu kunogona kurasisa. Kana, pamusoro pePasi, kune akasiyana zvachose emakemikari makomisheni uye maitiro pane ayo anozivikanwa kwatiri pasi pano - uye izvi ndizvo zvinofungidzirwa maererano neSaturn's satellite, Titan - ipapo bvunzo dzehupenyu dzinozivikanwa kwatiri dzinogona kubuda. kuva pasina zvachose. Ndosaka mamwe masayendisiti achikurudzira kuisa parutivi biology uye kutsvaga nzira dzekuona hupenyu mufizikisi, uye zvakanyanya mu. dzidziso yeruzivo. Ndozvinoitwa nebold offer Paul Davis (2), nyanzvi yefizikisi ane mukurumbira anodonongodza zano rake mubhuku "Dhimoni muMuchina", rakaburitswa muna 2019.

"Pfungwa huru ndeiyi: isu tine mitemo yekutanga yeruzivo iyo inopa hupenyu musanganiswa wemakemikari. Unhu husina kujairika uye hunhu hwatinoshamwaridzana noupenyu hazvingouyi netsaona.” Davis anodaro.

Munyori anopa chaanodaidza kuti "touchstone" kana "Chiyero" chehupenyu.

“Iise pamusoro pedombo risingabereki uye chiratidzo chinoratidza zero. Pamusoro pekatsi inosvetukira ku100, asi ko kana iwe ukanyika mita muprimal biochemical broth kana kuibata pamusoro pemunhu ari kufa? Inguvai apo kemisitiri yakaoma inova upenyu, uye upenyu hunodzokera rini kuchinhuwo zvacho? Pane chimwe chinhu chakadzika uye chisingagadzike pakati peatomu neamoeba.”anonyora Davis, achifungidzira kuti mhinduro yemibvunzo yakadai uye mhinduro yekutsvaga hupenyu ndeyenhema Information, iri kuramba ichionekwa sehwaro hwaro hwezvose zviri zviviri physics nebiology.

Davis anotenda kuti hupenyu hwese, zvisinei nekemikari uye maitiro ehupenyu, huchave hwakavakirwa mapatani epasi rose ekugadzirisa ruzivo.

“Tiri kutaura nezvemabasa ekugadzirisa mashoko anogona kushandiswa kuziva upenyu chero kwatinohutsvaka muchadenga,” anotsanangura kudaro.

Masayendisiti akawanda, kunyanya mafizikisi, angabvumirana nemashoko aya. Tsanangudzo yaDavies yokuti mashoko mamwe chete epasi rose anodzora maumbirwo eupenyu ane nharo zvikuru, achikarakadza kuti upenyu hahungouyi netsaona, asi kuti pane mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka. Davis anodzivisa kupomerwa kutama kubva kusayenzi kuenda kune chitendero, achikakavara kuti "nheyo yehupenyu inovakwa mumitemo yezvose zvakasikwa."

Atova pamakore gumi, makumi maviri, makumi matatu

Kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pe "mabikirwo ehupenyu" akasimbiswa anoramba achiwanda. Mazano akazara kune vaongorori, semuenzaniso. kuvapo kwemvura yemvura. Nekudaro, ongororo ichangobva kuitika yeDallol hydrothermal reservoirs kuchamhembe kweEthiopia inoratidza kuti munhu anofanira kungwarira kana achitevera nzira yemvura (3), pedyo nemuganhu neEritrea.

3Dallol Hydrothermal Reservoir, Ethiopia

Pakati pa2016 na2018, chikwata cheMicrobial Diversity, Ecology and Evolution (DEEM), chinoumbwa nenyanzvi dzebiology kubva kuFrench national research agency CNRS neUniversity yeParis-South, chakashanyira nzvimbo yeDallola kakawanda. Pashure pokushandisa nhevedzano yeunyanzvi hwesayenzi hwokutsvaka zviratidzo zvoupenyu, masayendisiti pakupedzisira akasvika pamhedziso yokuti musanganiswa wemwero yakanyanyisa yemunyu neasidhi mumiviri yemvura wakanyanya kukwirisa nokuda kwechinhu chipi nechipi chipenyu. Zvaimbofungwa kuti, pasinei nezvose, upenyu hushoma hwezvinhu zvipenyu hwakararama imomo. Zvisinei, mubasa richangobva kuitwa panyaya iyi, vatsvakurudzi vakabvunza izvi.

Chikwata chinotarisira kuti mhedzisiro yavo, yakaburitswa mujenari Nature Ecology & Evolution, ichabatsira kukunda stereotypes nemaitiro uye kushandiswa seyambiro kune masayendisiti ari kutsvaga hupenyu paPasi nekupfuura.

Pasinei nenyevero idzi, kuomerwa, uye kusajeka kwezvinobuda, masayendisiti mazhinji ane tarisiro huru pamusoro pekuwanikwa kwehupenyu hwekunze. Mukufanotaura kwakasiyana-siyana, maonero enguva yemakumi mashoma emakore anotevera anowanzo kupihwa. Semuenzaniso, Didier Queloz, akagamuchira mubairo we2019 weNobel muFizikisi, anoti tichawana humbowo hwekuvapo mukati memakore makumi matatu.

Queloz akaudza The Telegraph. -

Musi wa22 Gumiguru 2019, vatori vechikamu veInternational Astronautical Congress vakaedza kupindura mubvunzo wekuti vanhu vachakwanisa rinhi kuunganidza humbowo husingarambiki hwekuvapo kwehupenyu hwekunze. Claire Webb weMassachusetts Institute of Technology haana kubatanidzwa muongororo Drake Equationsnezve mukana wehupenyu muchadenga rakabudiswa muna 2024. Uyewo, Mike Garrett, mutungamiriri weJodrell Bank Observatory muUnited Kingdom, anodavira kuti “kune mukana wakanaka wokuwana upenyu paMars mumakore mashanu kusvika kugumi namashanu anotevera.” .” Lucianna Walkovich, nyanzvi yenyeredzi paAdler Planetarium muChicago, akataurawo nezvemakore gumi nemashanu. Iyo yatodudzwa Sara Seeger yakashandura maonero makore makumi maviri. Nekudaro, Andrew Simion, director weSETI Research Center kuBerkeley, aive pamberi pavo vese, avo vakaronga zuva chairo: Gumiguru 22, 2036 - makore gumi nemanomwe mushure memusangano wenhaurirano kuCongress ...

4. Iyo yakakurumbira Martian meteorite ine zvinofungidzirwa zvisaririra zvehupenyu

Zvisinei, tichirangarira nhoroondo yevakakurumbira Martian meteorite kubva kuma90s. XX remakore (4) uye kudzokera kumakakatanwa pamusoro pekugona kuwanikwa kwakaitwa neVikings, munhu anogona asi kuwedzera kuti hupenyu hwekunze kwepasi hunogoneka. zvakatowanikwakana kuti wakaiwana. Zvinenge makona ese epasi rinoshanyirwa nemichina yepasi, kubva kuMercury kuenda kuPluto, yakatipa chikafu chekufunga. Zvisinei, sezvaunogona kuona kubva munharo iri pamusoro, sainzi inoda kusajeka, uye izvo zvingasava nyore.