Maitiro ekutarisa iyo USR
Zviri mukati
Kutarisa sisitimu inodzika pakuona kushanda kweiyo EGR valve, sensor yayo, pamwe nezvimwe zvikamu zve crankcase ventilation system (Exhaust Gas Recirculation). Kuti utarise, mutyairi achada yemagetsi multimeter inokwanisa kushanda muohmmeter uye voltmeter modhi, pombi yekutsvaira, ECU kukanganisa scanner. chaizvo kuongorora sei egr zvinoenderana nechimwe chinhu cheiyo system. Muedzo wakapfava wekushanda unogona kuve wakajairika kudzora kwekushanda kana simba raiswa pairi kana mweya wabviswa.
Chii chinonzi EGR system
kuti unzwisise tsananguro yeUSR yehutano cheki, zvakakosha kugara muchidimbu pamusoro pemhando ipi yehurongwa, nei ichidikanwa uye kuti inoshanda sei. Saka, basa reEGR system nderekudzikisa mwero wekuumbwa kwenitrogen oxides mumagasi ekupedza. Yakaiswa pane ese peturu uye dizeli injini, kunze kweiyo ine turbocharger (kunyangwe paine zvisizvo). Kudzikamisa kugadzirwa kwenitrogen oxides kunowanikwa nekuda kwekuti chikamu chemagasi ekuburitsa chinodzoserwa kune mukati memoto injini yekupisa. Nekuda kweizvi, tembiricha yekamuri yekupisa inodzikira, kupera kunova kushoma muchetura, detonation inodzikira sezvo nguva yekubatidza yakakwira inoshandiswa uye kushandiswa kwemafuta kunoderedzwa.
Yekutanga EGR masisitimu aive pneumomechanical uye aienderana neEURO2 uye EURO3 mazinga ezvakatipoteredza. Nekuomeswa kwemazinga ezvakatipoteredza, anenge ese maEGR masisitimu ave emagetsi. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zveiyo system ndeyeUSR valve, iyo inosanganisirawo sensor inodzora chinzvimbo chevhavha yakatsanangurwa. Iyo yemagetsi control unit inodzora kushanda kweiyo pneumatic valve uchishandisa control electro-pneumatic valve. saka, kutarisa USR kunouya pasi kuti uwane kushanda kweiyo USR valve, sensor yayo, pamwe neiyo control system (ECU).
Zviratidzo zvekuputsa
Kune huwandu hwezviratidzo zvekunze zvinoratidza kuti pane dambudziko nehurongwa, iyo EGR sensor. Zvisinei, zviratidzo zviri pasi apa zvinogona kuratidza kumwe kuputsika mukati mejini inopisa mukati, saka mamwe maongororo anodiwa zvose kune system yose uye yevhavha kunyanya. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, zviratidzo zveEGR valve isiri kushanda zvichave zvinotevera zviratidzo:
- Kuderedza simba reinjini inopisa mukati uye kurasikirwa kwemaitiro emagetsi emotokari. Ndiko kuti, motokari "haikwevedzi" painotyaira kukwira uye munzvimbo yakatakurwa, uye inomhanya zvakashata kubva pakumira.
- Kusagadzikana kushanda kweinjini yekupisa yemukati, "inoyangarara" kumhanya, kunyanya pakusina basa. Kana mota ichimhanya nekumhanya kwakaderera, inogona kumira kamwe kamwe.
- ICE zvitoro nguva pfupi mushure mekutanga. Inoitika kana vharuvhu yakavharwa yakavhurika uye magasi emhepo anoenda kunotora zvizere.
- Kuwedzera kushandiswa kwemafuta. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuderera kwevacuum muhuwandu hwekutora, uye semugumisiro, kupfumisazve kwemhepo-mafuta musanganiswa.
- Kugadzira kukanganisa. Kazhinji, "cheki injini" chiedza chenyevero chinoitwa pane dashboard, uye mushure mekuita diagnostics nemichina yekuongorora, unogona kuwana zvikanganiso zvine chokuita nekushanda kweUSR system, semuenzaniso, kukanganisa p0404, p0401, p1406 nevamwe.
Kana chimwe chezviratidzo zvakanyorwa chikaonekwa, zvakakosha kuti utarise nekukurumidza uchishandisa chikanganiso scanner, ichaita shuwa kuti dambudziko riri muUSR valve. Semuyenzaniso, Scan Tool Pro Black Edition inoita kuti zvikwanise kuverenga zvikanganiso, kuona kuita kweakasiyana masensa munguva chaiyo uye kunyange kugadzirisa mamwe ma parameter.
Neiyi scanner, unogona kuona kuti solenoid valve yevacuum regulator inoshanda sei (tsanangudzo pamagumo echinyorwa). Kuva nechigadzirwa chakadaro, unogona kukurumidza kuziva chikonzero uye kutanga kubvisa. Kutarisa vharafu mugaraji iri nyore.
Zvikonzero zvekusashanda kweiyo EGR system
Pane zvikonzero zviviri chete zvinokonzeresa kusashanda kweiyo USR vharafu uye sisitimu yacho yese - yakawandisa magasi ekuburitsa anopfuura nepakati pehurongwa uye gasi rakawandisa rinopfuura nepakati pehurongwa. Uyezve, zvikonzero zveizvi zvinogona kuva zvinotevera zviitiko:
- Pamusoro peEGR valve stem soot inoumbwa. Izvi zvinoitika nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasikwa. Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, gasi rinopedza simba rinopfuura naro, uye soot inogara pamadziro evhavha, kusanganisira tsinde. Ichi chiitiko chinonyanya kuwedzera mumamiriro ezvinhu apo muchina unoshanda mumamiriro ezvinhu ane hutsinye. kureva, nekupfeka kweinjini yekupisa kwemukati, kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemagasi e crankcase, kushandiswa kwemafuta akaderera. Mushure mekuongorora valve, zvinogara zvichikurudzirwa kuchenesa tsinde ne carb cleaner kana yakafanana degreasing cleaner. Kazhinji, zvimwe zvinonyungudutsa (somuenzaniso, mweya chena) kana yakachena yakachena acetone inoshandiswa pane izvi. unogona kushandisa peturu kana dhiziri.
- Diaphragm leakage EGR valve. Kuparara uku kunotungamirira kukuti iyo valve yakataurwa haisati yanyatsovhura uye haivharidzi, kureva kuti, magesi emhepo anobuda mairi, izvo zvinotungamirira kumigumisiro inotsanangurwa pamusoro apa.
- Zviteshi zveEGR system zvakabikwa. Izvi zvinoitawo kuti magasi emhepo nemhepo zvisafefetedzwe mazviri kazhinji. Kubika kunoitika nekuda kwekuonekwa kwesoti pamadziro evhavha uye / kana nzira dzinopfuura nemagasi ekupedza.
- Iyo EGR system yakavharwa zvisizvo. Vamwe varidzi vemotokari vanogara vachisangana nenyaya yekuti nekuda kwekushandiswa kweiyo yakasarudzwa ICE system inorasikirwa nesimba, vanongodzima EGR valve. Zvisinei, kana sarudzo yakadaro yakaitwa, zvino izvi zvinofanira kuitwa nenzira yakarurama, kana zvisina kudaro mita yemhepo ichagamuchira ruzivo rwekuti mhepo yakakura kwazvo inoyerera iri kuitika. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika pakutenga motokari yakashandiswa, apo muridzi mutsva asingazivi kuti EGR valve yakavharwa pamotokari. Kana iyo motokari yakashongedzerwa nehurongwa hwakadaro, zvino zvinokurudzirwa kubvunza aimbova muridzi wemotokari nezvemamiriro ayo, uyewo bvunza kana iyo USR system yakanyatsoputika.
- Yakanamira EGR vharafu panguva yekuvhara kwayo uye / kana kuvhura. Pane zvingasarudzwa zviviri pano. Yekutanga ndiyo sensor pachayo inokanganisa, iyo isingakwanise kuendesa data chaiyo kune yemagetsi control unit. Chechipiri matambudziko nevhavha pachayo. Iyo haivhurike zvachose kana kuti haina kuvhara zvachose. Izvi zvinowanzokonzerwa nehuwandu hwesoti pairi, yakaumbwa semugumisiro wekupisa kwemafuta.
- EGR valve jerky. Iyo solenoid inoshanda inofanirwa kupa kudzoreredza kwakatsetseka kwehunde, uye zvinoenderana, iyo sensor inofanirwa kutora mushe inoshandura data pane chinzvimbo che damper. Kana shanduko ikaitika kamwe kamwe, ipapo ruzivo rwunoenderana rwunotumirwa kune komputa, uye iyo pachayo haishande nemazvo nemhedzisiro inotsanangurwa pamusoro peiyo injini yekupisa.
- Pamotokari idzo dzinopihwa kufamba kwevharuvhu stepper drive, zvikonzero zvinobvira zviri mazviri. kureva, mota yemagetsi inogona kutadza (semuenzaniso, kupfupika-kutenderera kutenderedza, kutadza kubereka), kana giya rekutyaira rinogona kutadza (rimwe kana akawanda mazino pairi rinoputika kana kupera zvachose).
USR system cheki
Nomuzvarirwo, pamagadzirirwo akasiyana-siyana uye mhando dzemotokari, nzvimbo yeEGR sensor ichave yakasiyana, zvisinei, zvingave zvakadaro, iyi gungano ichave iri padhuze nekuwanda kwekutora. Zvishoma kazhinji, inowanikwa mune yekusveta turakiti kana pane iyo throttle block.
Mumamiriro egaraji, cheki inofanira kutanga nekutarisa kwekuona. Kakawanda, kune nzira mbiri dzekuongorora EGR valve - ine uye isina kubviswa kwayo. Zvisinei, zviri nani kuita cheki yakadzama nekubviswa kwegungano, sezvo mushure mecheki, kana valve yakavharwa nemadhipoziti emafuta akapiswa, inogona kucheneswa isati yaiswazve. Kutanga, isu tichatarisa nzira dzekutarisa pasina kubvisa zvikamu zvega.
Maitiro ekutarisa kushanda kweEGR
Usati waita cheki yakazara, unofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti valve inoshanda zvachose. Cheki yakadaro inoitwa pakutanga.
Kana zvichidikanwa kutarisa kushanda kwevhavha yepneumatic, zvakakwana kuti uone kurova kwetsinde panguva yekupfuura gasi (munhu mumwe revs, wechipiri anotarisa). Kana nekutsikirira membrane - kumhanya kunofanirwa kudonha. kuitira kuti utarise EGR solenoid valve, unoda kushandisa simba zvakananga kubva pabhatiri kusvika kune plus uye minus yekubatanidza, uchiteerera chero ipi zvayo. Kana waita nhanho idzi, unogona kuenderera kune yakadzama cheki yeEGR.
Kudzvanya vharafu
Iine injini yekupisa yemukati inomhanya isina basa, iwe unofanirwa kudzvanya zvishoma pane membrane. Zvichienderana nechimiro chaicho chevhavha, inogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, mumotokari yakakurumbira Daewoo Lanos, iwe unofanirwa kudzvanya pasi peplate, pasi payo pane cutouts mumuviri, kuburikidza iyo iwe unogona kudzvanya pane membrane. Ndiko kuti, kudzvanya kunoitika kwete pane membrane pachayo, nekuti inodzivirirwa nemuviri, asi pane iyo chikamu chemuviri chiri pamusoro payo.
Kana, mukutsikirira node yakataurwa, injini yakanyura uye yakatanga "kudzipwa" (kumhanya kwakatanga kudonha), izvi zvinoreva kuti chigaro chevharuvhu chiri mumamiriro akanaka, uye kazhinji, hapana chinoda kuitwa. yakagadziriswa, kunze kwezvinangwa zvekudzivirira (kuita izvi, zvichave zvakafanira kubvisa EGR valve uye pamwe chete kuita mamwe maitiro akaoma ekuongorora kwechikwata). Nekudaro, kana pasina chinoitika mushure mekudzvanya kwakataurwa, uye injini yekupisa yemukati haina kurasikirwa nekumhanya, saka izvi zvinoreva kuti membrane haisisiri yakasimba, ndiko kuti, iyo EGR system haishande. Saizvozvo, zvinodikanwa kubvisa iyo USR vharafu uye kuita yekuwedzera diagnostics yemamiriro evhavha pachayo uye zvimwe zvinhu zvehurongwa.
Tarisa valve
Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, nzvimbo yevhavha inogona kusiyanisa mumotokari dzakasiyana, zvisinei, kazhinji inoiswa munzvimbo yekutora yakawanda. Semuenzaniso, pamotokari yeFord Escape 3.0 V6, inoiswa papombi yesimbi inobva kune yakawanda. Ivhavha inovhura nekuda kwevacuum inobva kune solenoid. Muenzaniso weimwe ongororo ichapihwa chaizvo painjini yekupisa yemukati yemota yakatarwa.
Kuti utarise kushanda kweEGR valve, zvakakwana kubvisa hose kubva muvharuvhu pakukurumidza kusina basa kwejini inopisa mukati, iyo inoputika (vacuum) inopiwa. Kana paine pombi yevacuum mune yezita rekuwanikwa, ipapo iwe unogona kuibatanidza kune gomba revhavha uye kugadzira vacuum. Kana vharuvhu iri kushanda, injini inopisa yemukati inotanga "kudzipa" uye kuzununguka, ndiko kuti, kumhanya kwayo kunotanga kudonha. Panzvimbo pepombi yevacuum, unogona kungobatanidza imwe hose uye kugadzira vacuum nekuyamwa mumhepo nemuromo wako. Migumisiro inofanira kuva yakafanana. Kana iyo injini yekupisa mukati ikaramba ichishanda zvakajairika, saka vharafu inonyanya kukanganisa. Zvinokurudzirwa kuibvisa kuti iite kuongororwa kwakadzama. Iva sezvazvinogona, kuwedzera kwayo kugadzirisa kuchada kuitirwa kwete pachigaro chayo, asi mumamiriro ezvinhu echitoro chekugadzirisa motokari (garaji).
Tarisa solenoid
A solenoid inopikisa magetsi inobvumira ikozvino kufamba nayo. Iyo solenoid inoshandura voltage inopfuura neiri uchishandisa pulse-width modulation (PWM). Mhepo inoshanduka panguva yekushanda, uye ichi chiratidzo chekushandisa vacuum kune EGR valve. Chinhu chekutanga kuita kana uchitarisa solenoid kuve nechokwadi chekuti vacuum ine vacuum yakanaka yakakwana. Isu tinopa muenzaniso wekusimbisa iyo yakafanana Ford Escape 3.0 V6 mota.
Chinhu chekutanga chekuita ndechekubvisa machubhu madiki pazasi pe solenoid, mushure mezvo iwe unofanirwa kutanga injini yekupisa mukati. Ndapota cherechedza kuti machubhu anofanira kubviswa zvakanyatsonaka kuitira kuti arege kuputsa zvigadziro izvo zvinokwana! Kana iyo vacuum pane imwe yemachubhu yakarongeka, zvino ichave inonzwika, mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa, unogona kuisa munwe wako pachubhu. Kana pasina vacuum, kuwedzera kuongororwa kunodiwa. Kuti uite izvi, zvichave zvakare zvakafanira kuenderera mberi nekubvisa iyo USR vharafu kubva pachigaro chayo kuti uwedzere kuongororwa.
Mushure meizvi, zvakakosha kutarisa chikamu chemagetsi, kureva, zvakakosha kutarisa simba rekupa solenoid. Kuti uite izvi, unofanirwa kubvisa chip kubva pane chakataurwa. Kune waya nhatu - chiratidzo, simba uye pasi. Uchishandisa multimeter yakachinjirwa kuDC voltage kuyerwa modhi, unofanirwa kutarisa simba. Pano imwe probe ye multimeter inoiswa pane yekugovera kusangana, yechipiri - pasi. Kana pane simba, iyo multimeter icharatidza kukosha kweiyo magetsi ekupa anenge gumi nemaviri volts. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvakakodzera kutarisa kuvimbika kwetambo yepulse. Izvi zvinogona zvakare kuitwa uchishandisa multimeter, asi ichichinjira ku "dialing" mode. Pane yakatsanangurwa Ford Escape 12 V3.0 ine insulation yepepuru, uye paECU yekuisa ine nhamba 6 uye zvakare yepepuru insulation. Sezvineiwo, waya dzese dzinofanirwa kunge dzakasimba uye dziine intact insulation. Kana waya dzakaputsika, saka dzinofanira kuchinjwa nemitsva. Kana iyo insulation yakakanganiswa, saka iwe unogona kuedza kuiisa iyo nemagetsi tepi kana kupisa shrink tepi. Nekudaro, iyi sarudzo yakakodzera chete kana kukuvara kuri kudiki.
Mushure meizvozvo, iwe unofanirwa kutarisa kuvimbika kweiyo wiring ye solenoid pachayo. Kuti uite izvi, unogona kushandura multimeter kune yekuenderera mberi modhi kana kuyera kupikisa kwemagetsi. ipapo, nemaprobes maviri, zvichienderana, batanidza kune zvinyorwa zviviri zve solenoid wiring. Iko kukosha kwekupikisa kwezvishandiso zvakasiyana kunogona kunge kwakasiyana, asi Iva sezvazvingave, inofanira kunge yakasiyana ne zero uye kubva kune infinity. Zvikasadaro, kune dunhu pfupi kana kuputika kwemhepo, zvichiteerana.
Kuongorora iyo EGR sensor
Basa re sensor nderekunyora mutsauko wekumanikidza mune imwe uye imwe chikamu chevhavha, zvichiteerana, inongoendesa ruzivo kune komputa nezve chinzvimbo chevhavha - yakavhurika kana yakavharwa. Chokutanga pane zvose, unoda kutarisa kuvapo kwesimba pairi.
Chinja iyo multimeter kuita DC voltage kuyerwa modhi. Batanidza imwe yeprobes kune waya Nha. 3 pane sensor, uye yechipiri probe kusvika pasi. inotevera unofanira kutanga injini. Kana zvinhu zvose zvakajairika, ipapo magetsi pakati pezviviri zvakaratidzwa zvinofanira kuenzana ne5 volts.
inotevera iwe unofanirwa kutarisa voltage pane impulse wire Nha. Mune mamiriro kana injini yekupisa yemukati isingadziyirwe (iyo EGR system haisi kushanda), iyo voltage pairi inofanira kunge iri 1 Volts. Iwe unogona kuzviyera nenzira yakafanana netambo yemagetsi. Kana pombi yevacuum iripo, ipapo vacuum inogona kuiswa kune valve. Kana iyo sensor iri kushanda, uye ichagadzirisa chokwadi ichi, ipapo iyo inobuda voltage pawaya yekumanikidza ichawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Pamhepo inenge 0,9 volts, valve inofanira kuzarura. Kana panguva yekuedzwa iyo voltage isingachinji kana kushandura isiri-mutsara, saka, kazhinji, sensor haina kurongeka uye inofanirwa kuita mamwe madhijitari.
Kana mota ichimira mushure mekushanda kweinjini pfupi, saka unogona kusunungura iyo USR vharafu nekuitsamira uye nekuibvisa zvakare kuti utarise maitiro einjini yekupisa mukati - kana ukabvisa vharafu kubva mu crankcase, hutsi hwakawanda hunobuda. uye injini inopisa mukati inotanga kushanda zvakaenzana, iyo ventilation system kana valve pachayo inokanganisa. Mamwe macheki anodiwa pano.
Disassembly cheki
Zvakanakisisa kutarisa EGR valve kana yabviswa. Izvi zvichaita kuti zvikwanise kuona uye nerubatsiro rwezviridzwa kuongorora mamiriro ayo. Chinhu chekutanga kuita kutarisa kana inoshanda. Muchokwadi, iyo valve ndeye solenoid (coil), iyo inofanirwa kupihwa ne12 volts yakananga ikozvino, sezvakaita mumagetsi emota.
Ndapota cherechedza kuti magadzirirwo evhavha anogona kusiyana, uye maererano naizvozvo, nhamba dzevanoshamwaridzana dzinoda kusimbiswa dzichavawo dzakasiyana, maererano, hapana mhinduro yepasi rose pano. Semuenzaniso, yeVolkswagen Golf 4 APE 1,4 motokari, pane mapini matatu pavharuvhu ane nhamba 2; four; 4. Voltage inofanirwa kuiswa kumaterminal ane nhamba 6 ne2.
Zvinokurudzirwa kuve ne AC voltage sosi paruoko, sezvo mukuita (mumotokari) iyo control voltage inosiyana. Saka, mumamiriro ezvinhu, valve inotanga kuzarura pa 10 volts. Kana iwe ukabvisa 12 volts, zvino ichavhara yega (iyo hunde ichapinda mukati). Pamwe chete neizvi, zvakakosha kutarisa kupikisa kwemagetsi kwe sensor (potentiometer). Ne sensor yekushanda pavhavha yakazaruka, kushorwa pakati pepini 2 ne6 kunofanira kunge kune 4 kOhm, uye pakati pe4 ne6 - 1,7 kOhm. Munzvimbo yakavharwa yevhavha, kupikisa kunoenderana pakati pepini 2 ne6 kuchava 1,4 kOhm, uye pakati pe4 ne6 - 3,2 kOhm. Kune dzimwe mota, hongu, hunhu huchave hwakasiyana, asi pfungwa icharamba yakafanana.
Pamwe chete nekutarisa kushanda kweiyo solenoid, zvakakodzera kutarisa tekinoroji mamiriro evhavha. Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, soot (michero yekupisa mafuta) inounganidza pamusoro payo nekufamba kwenguva, ichigadzika pamadziro ayo uye patsvimbo. Nokuda kweizvi, kufamba kwakatsetseka kwevhavha uye stem kunogona kukanganisa. Kunyange kana pasina soti yakawanda ipapo, ichiri kukurudzirwa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvekudzivirira kuti icheneswe mukati nekunze nekuchenesa.
Software verification
Imwe yedzakanyanya kuzere uye yakanakira nzira yekuongorora iyo EGR sisitimu ndeye kushandisa software yakaiswa pane laptop (hwendefa kana imwe gadget). Saka, kumotokari dzakagadzirwa neVAG kunetseka, imwe yeanonyanya kufarirwa zvirongwa zvekuongorora ndeyeVCDS kana muchiRussia - "Vasya Diagnostic". Ngatitarisei nekukurumidza iyo EGR yekuyedza algorithm neiyi software.
EGR tarisa muVasya Diagnost chirongwa
Danho rekutanga nderekubatanidza laptop kune ICE electronic control unit uye mhanyisa chirongwa chakakodzera. ipapo unofanira kupinda boka rinonzi "ICE Electronics" uye menyu "Custom Mapoka". Pakati pezvimwe, pazasi chaipo pechinyorwa chechiteshi, pane nzira mbiri dzine nhamba 343 uye 344. Yokutanga inonzi “EGR Vacuum Regulator Solenoid Valve; actuation" uye yechipiri "EGR Solenoid Valve; kukosha chaiko".
Mukuita, izvi zvinoreva kuti maererano nechiteshi 343, munhu anogona kutonga pane imwe hama inokosha iyo ECU inosarudza kuzarura kana kuvhara EGR valve mudzidziso. Uye chiteshi 344 chinoratidza pane izvo chaizvo mavharuvhu anoshanda. Zvakanakisa, musiyano pakati pezviratidzi izvi mune dynamics inofanira kunge iri shoma. Saizvozvo, kana paine mutsauko wakakura pakati pehukoshero mumatanho maviri anoratidzwa, ipapo vharuvhu iri kunze kwekurongeka. Uye iyo yakakura mutsauko mukuverenga kunoenderana, iyo yakanyanya kukuvadza valve. Zvikonzero zveizvi zvakafanana - valve yakasviba, membrane haina kubata, nezvimwe zvakadaro. Saizvozvo, uchishandisa zvishandiso zvesoftware, zvinokwanisika kuongorora mamiriro eiyo EGR vharafu pasina kuibvisa kubva pachigaro payo injini yekupisa yemukati.
mhedziso
Kutarisa iyo EGR sisitimu haina kunyanya kuoma, uye kunyangwe mutyairi wekutanga anogona kuzviita. Kana vharafu ikakundikana nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero, chinhu chekutanga kuita kuongorora iyo ECU memory yezvikanganiso. zvinokurudzirwawo kubvisa nekuichenesa. Kana iyo sensor iri kunze kwekurongeka, haigadziriswi, asi inotsiviwa neimwe itsva.
