Mashandiro anoita self-driving system
Hurumende yeGermany nguva pfupi yadarika yakazivisa kuti inoda kusimudzira budiriro yetekinoroji uye zvirongwa zvekugadzira zvivakwa zvine hunyanzvi mumigwagwa. Alexander Dobrindt, Gurukota rezvekutakurwa kweGerman, akazivisa kuti chikamu cheA9 motorway kubva kuBerlin kuenda kuMunich ichavakwa nenzira yekuti mota dzinozvimiririra dzinogona kufamba zvakanaka munzira yese.
Glossary yezvipfupiso
ABS Anti-blocking system. Sisitimu inoshandiswa mumotokari kudzivirira kukiya mavhiri.
ACC Adaptive cruise control. Mudziyo unochengetedza chinhambwe chakachengeteka pakati pemotokari dzinofamba.
AD Kutyaira otomatiki. Automated driving system ishoko rinoshandiswa naMercedes.
ADAS Yepamusoro mutyairi rubatsiro system. Yakawedzerwa mutyairi rutsigiro system (senge Nvidia mhinduro)
ASSK Advanced intelligent cruise control. Radar yakavakirwa adaptive cruise control
AVGS Automatic mota control system. Otomatiki yekutarisa uye yekutyaira system (semuenzaniso, mupaki yemotokari)
DIV Motokari dzine njere dzisina munhu. Motokari dzakangwara dzisina vatyairi
ECS Electronic zvikamu uye masisitimu. General zita remidziyo yemagetsi
IoT Internet yezvinhu. Internet yezvinhu
Iye Intelligent transport systems. Intelligent Transport Systems
LIDAR Kuonekwa kwechiedza uye kubva. Chishandiso chinoshanda zvakafanana neradar - inosanganisa laser uye teresikopu.
LKAS Nzira yekuchengetedza nzira yekubatsira. Kuchengeta Mukoto Kubatsira
V2I Vehicle-infrastructure. Kukurukurirana pakati pemotokari uye zvivakwa
V2V Motokari kuenda kumotokari. Kukurukurirana pakati pemotokari
Urongwa uhwu hunosanganisira, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kusikwa kwezvivakwa zvekutsigira kutaurirana pakati pemotokari; nokuda kwezvinangwa izvi, nguva yakawanda ye700 MHz ichagoverwa.
Ruzivo urwu harungoratidzi kuti Germany yakakomba nezvebudiriro motorization pasina vatyairi. Nenzira, izvi zvinoita kuti vanhu vanzwisise kuti mota dzisina kurongeka hadzisi mota chete ivo pachavo, mota dzemazuva ano dzakaputirwa nema sensors uye radars, asiwo hurongwa hwese hwekutonga, zvivakwa uye kutaurirana. Hazvina musoro kutyaira mota imwe chete.
Yakawanda data
Kushanda kwegasi system kunoda hurongwa hwe sensors uye processors (1) yekuona, kugadzirisa data uye nekukurumidza kupindura. Zvese izvi zvinofanirwa kuitika mukuwirirana pamamillisecond intervals. Chimwe chinodiwa kune iyo midziyo kuvimbika uye yakanyanya kunzwisiswa.
Makamera, semuenzaniso, anofanirwa kuve ane resolution yepamusoro kuti aone zvinhu zvakanaka. Uye zvakare, zvese izvi zvinofanirwa kuve zvakasimba, zvinopesana neakasiyana mamiriro, tembiricha, kuvhunduka uye zvinogoneka kukanganisa.
Mhedzisiro isingadzivisiki yesumo motokari dzisina vatyairi iko kushandiswa kweBig Data tekinoroji, ndiko kuti, kuwana, kusefa, kuongorora uye kugovera huwandu hukuru hwe data munguva pfupi. Mukuwedzera, masisitimu anofanirwa kuve akachengeteka, anopesana nekurwiswa kwekunze uye kupindira kunogona kukonzera njodzi huru.
Mota dzisina vatyairi vachatyaira chete mumigwagwa yakanyatsogadzirirwa. Mitsetse isina kujeka uye isingaonekwe mumugwagwa haisi mubvunzo. Hungwaru hwekukurukurirana matekinoroji - mota-ku-mota uye mota-kune-infrastructure, inozivikanwawo seV2V neV2I, inogonesa kuchinjana kweruzivo pakati pemotokari dzinofamba uye nharaunda.
Imo mavari umo masayendisiti nevagadziri vanoona zvakakosha zvinogona kana zvasvika pakugadzira mota dzinozvimiririra. V2V inoshandisa 5,9 GHz frequency, inoshandiswawo neWi-Fi, mu75 MHz bhendi ine huwandu hwemamita 1000. Kukurukurirana kweV2I chimwe chinhu chakanyanya kuoma uye hachingobatanidzi kutaurirana kwakananga nezvinhu zvekugadzirwa kwemigwagwa.
Uku kubatanidzwa kwakazara uye kuchinjika kwemotokari kune traffic uye kupindirana neiyo yese traffic manejimendi system. Kazhinji, motokari isina munhu ine makamera, radars uye ma sensors anokosha ayo "anoona" uye "inonzwa" kunze kwenyika (2).
Mepu dzakadzama dzakaiswa mundangariro dzayo, dzakanyatsojeka kupfuura dzechinyakare mota kufamba. GPS navigation masisitimu mumotokari dzisina mutyairi anofanira kunge akanyanya kunaka. Kurongeka kune gumi nemaviri kana kuti masendimita zvine basa. Nokudaro, muchina unonamatira kune bhanhire.
1. Kuvaka motokari inozvimiririra
Nyika yemasensa uye ekupedzisira-chaiyo mepu
Iyo sisitimu ye sensors ine basa rekuti mota pachayo inonamatira kumugwagwa. Kune zvakare kazhinji kacho maviri ekuwedzera radar pamativi ebhampa yekumberi kuona dzimwe mota dzichiuya kubva kumativi ese pamharadzano. Mamwe masensor mana kana anopfuura akaiswa pamakona emuviri kuti atarise zvipingaidzo zvinogona kuitika.
2. Izvo motokari inozvimiririra inoona uye inonzwa
Iyo kamera yekumberi ine 90-degree ndima yekuona inoziva mavara, saka inoverenga masaini emigwagwa uye zviratidzo zvemumugwagwa. Distance sensors mumotokari ichakubatsira iwe kuchengetedza chinhambwe chakakodzera kubva kune dzimwe mota dziri munzira.
Zvakare, nekuda kwe radar, mota inochengeta chinhambwe chayo kubva kune dzimwe mota. Kana ikasaona dzimwe mota mukati memamita makumi matatu, inozokwanisa kuwedzera kumhanya kwayo.
Mamwe ma sensors achabatsira kubvisa izvo zvinonzi. Mabofu ari munzira uye kuona zvinhu zviri chinhambwe zvinoenzaniswa nehurefu hwenhandare dzenhabvu mbiri munzira imwe neimwe. Tekinoroji dzekuchengetedza dzichanyanya kubatsira mumigwagwa ine vanhu vakawanda uye pamharadzano. Kuti uwedzere kudzivirira mota kubva mukukonana, kumhanya kwayo kwepamusoro kuchaganhurwa kusvika ku40 km / h.
W motokari isina mutyairi mwoyo weGoogle uye chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chekugadzira ndeye 64-beam Velodyne laser yakasungirirwa padenga remotokari. Chigadzirwa chacho chinotenderera nekukurumidza, saka motokari "inoona" mufananidzo we 360-degree wakaipoteredza.
Sekondi yega yega, 1,3 miriyoni mapoinzi anorekodhwa pamwe chete nekureba kwavo uye negwara rekufamba. Izvi zvinogadzira 3D modhi yepasirese, iyo sisitimu inofananidzwa nemamepu ekugadziriswa kwepamusoro. Somugumisiro, nzira dzakagadzirwa nerubatsiro rwekuti motokari inotenderera zvipingamupinyi uye inotevera mitemo yemugwagwa.
Mukuwedzera, iyo system inogamuchira ruzivo kubva kune mana radars ari mberi uye kumashure kwemotokari, iyo inosarudza nzvimbo yeimwe motokari uye zvinhu zvinogona kuoneka zvisingatarisirwi mumugwagwa. Kamera iri padyo nechionioni chekumashure inotora mwenje nemasaini emumugwagwa uye inogara ichiongorora pakamira mota.
Basa rayo rinowedzerwa neinertial system inotora chinzvimbo chekutevera kwese uko chiratidzo cheGPS chisingasviki - mumatani, pakati pezvivakwa zvirefu kana munzvimbo dzekupaka. Inoshandiswa kutyaira mota: mifananidzo inounganidzwa pakugadzira dhatabhesi yakarongwa muchimiro cheGoogle Street View mapikicha akadzama emigwagwa yemuguta kubva kunyika makumi mana nesere pasirese.
Ehe, izvi hazvina kukwana kutyaira kwakachengeteka uye nzira inoshandiswa neGoogle mota (kunyanya mumatunhu eCalifornia neNevada, uko kutyaira kunobvumidzwa mune mamwe mamiriro). mota dzisina mutyairi) anonyorwa zvakarurama pachine nguva panguva dzenzendo dzakakosha. Google Cars inoshanda nezvikamu zvina zve data yekuona.
Maviri acho ndiwo emhando yepamusoro-chaiyo yenzvimbo iyo motokari iri kufamba. Yechitatu ine yakadzama nzira. Yechina idata rekuenzaniswa kwezvinhu zvakagadziriswa zvepasi nezvinofamba (3). Uye zvakare, kune algorithms anotevera kubva ku psychology yetraffic, semuenzaniso, kusaina pamusuwo diki waunoda kuyambuka mharadzano.
Zvichida, mumigwagwa yakanyatsogadziriswa yeramangwana pasina vanhu vanoda kuitwa kuti vanzwisise chimwe chinhu, zvichava zvisina basa, uye motokari dzichafamba maererano nemitemo yakagamuchirwa uye yakanyatsotsanangurwa algorithms.
3. Maonero eMota Yemotokari yeGoogle Maonero Akatenderedza
Matanho ezvekuenzanisa
Iyo nhanho yemotokari otomatiki inoongororwa zvinoenderana nematatu akakosha maitiro. Yekutanga ine chekuita nekugona kweiyo system kutora kutonga kwemotokari, zvese kana uchienda kumberi uye kana uchifambisa. Chechipiri chechipiri chine chekuita nemunhu ari mumotokari uye kugona kwake kuita chimwe chinhu kunze kwekutyaira mota.
Chiyero chechitatu chinosanganisira maitiro emotokari pachayo uye kukwanisa kwayo "kunzwisisa" zviri kuitika mumugwagwa. Sangano reInternational Association of Automotive Engineers (SAE International) rinoronga otomatiki ekufambisa mumigwagwa kuita nhanho nhanhatu.
Kubva pakuona kushandisa michina kubva pa0 kusvika pa2 chinhu chikuru chine chekuita nekutyaira mutyairi wemunhu (4). Mhinduro dzepamusoro-soro pamatanho aya dzinosanganisira Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), yakagadziridzwa neBosch uye inowedzera kushandiswa mumotokari dzemhando yepamusoro.
Kusiyana nechinyakare cruise control, icho chinoda kuti mutyairi agare achiona chinhambwe chemotokari iri mberi, inoitawo basa shoma kumutyairi. Nhamba ye sensors, radar uye kupindirana kwavo kune imwe neimwe uye nemamwe masisitimu emotokari (kusanganisira dhiraivha, braking) inoita mota yakashongedzerwa inogadzirisa cruise control kwete kungochengeta yakasetwa kumhanya, asiwo chinhambwe chakachengeteka kubva kumotokari iri pamberi.
4. Mazinga e automation mumotokari maererano neSAE neNHTSA
Iyo sisitimu inotyora mota sezvinodiwa uye nonoka uri wogakudzivirira kudhumhana neshure kwemota iri pamberi. Kana mamiriro emugwagwa akadzikama, motokari inomhanya zvakare kune yakagadziriswa kasidhi.
Mudziyo wacho unobatsira zvikuru mumugwagwa mukuru uye unopa mwero wakakwirira zvikuru wechengeteko kupfuura chinyakare chekudzora rwendo, izvo zvinogona kuva nengozi zvikuru kana zvikashandiswa zvisizvo. Imwe mhinduro yepamusoro inoshandiswa padanho iri iLDW (Lane Departure Warning, Lane Assist), inoshanda sisitimu yakagadzirirwa kuvandudza kuchengetedzwa kwekutyaira nekukuyambira kana ukasaziva wakasiya nzira yako.
Inobva pakuongororwa kwemufananidzo - kamera yakabatana nekombuta inocherekedza nzira-yekumisikidza zviratidzo uye, mukubatana nemasensa akasiyana-siyana, inonyevera mutyairi (semuenzaniso, nekudedera kwechigaro) nezve shanduko yenzira, pasina kubatidza chiratidzo.
Pamazinga epamusoro e otomatiki, kubva pa3 kusvika ku5, mamwe mhinduro anounzwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Level 3 inozivikanwa se "conditional automation". Iyo motokari inobva yawana ruzivo, ndiko kuti, inounganidza data pamusoro pezvakatipoteredza.
Iyo inotarisirwa kuita nguva yemutyairi wevanhu mune iyi musiyano inowedzerwa kusvika kumasekonzi akati wandei, nepo pamazinga akaderera yaingova sekondi. Iyo pa-board system inodzora mota pachayo uye chete kana zvichidikanwa kuzivisa munhu nezvekupindira kwakakodzera.
Vapashure, zvisinei, vangave vari kuita chimwe chinhu chose chose, zvakadai sokuverenga kana kuti kuona bhaisikopo, kuva vakagadzirira kutyaira bedzi apo kuri madikanwa. Panhanho 4 ne5, nguva inofungidzirwa yekuita kwevanhu inowedzera kusvika kumaminetsi akati wandei sezvo mota inowana kugona kuita yakazvimirira munzira yese.
Ipapo munhu anogona kurega zvachose kufarira kutyaira uye, semuenzaniso, kuenda kunorara. Iyo SAE classification yakaratidzwa zvakare imhando yemotokari otomatiki blueprint. Kwete chete. IAmerican Highway Traffic Safety Agency (NHTSA) inoshandisa kupatsanura kuita nhanho shanu, kubva kumunhu akazara - 0 kusvika kune yakazara otomatiki - 4.
