Musi weIsita wakaverengwa sei kwemazana emakore?

Muchinyorwa chino, tichakuudza kuti ruzivo rwenyeredzi rwaive nechokuita sei nemasvomhu, mazana mangani emakore zvakatora masayendisiti emazuva ano kuti awane zvakaitwa nenyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzekare, uye mawaniro echiitiko ichocho nekucherechedza zvakatsigira dzidziso.

Kana isu tichida kutarisa zuva reIsita inotevera nhasi, ingotarisa pakarenda uye zvese zvinobva zvajeka. Zvisinei, kugadza misi yezororo kwave kusiri nyore nguva dzose.

Nisani 14 kana 15?

Isita ndiro zororo repagore rechiKristu rinonyanya kukosha. Evhangeri ina dzose dzinobvumirana kuti Zuva Dzvene raiva Chishanu uye kuti vadzidzi vakawana guva raKristu risina chinhu musi weSvondo mushure mePaseka. Paseka yechiJudha inopembererwa musi waNisani 15 maererano nekarenda yechiJudha.

Vaevhangeri vatatu vakashuma kuti Kristu akarovererwa pamuchinjikwa pana Nisani 15. St. Johani akanyora kuti waiva musi waNisani 14, uye ndiyo yaiva chikamu chekupedzisira chezviitiko chaionekwa sezvingabvira zvikuru. Zvisinei, kuongororwa kwemashoko aripo hakuna kutungamirira pakusarudzwa kwezuva rimwe chete rekumuka.

Nokudaro, mitemo yetsanangudzo yaifanira kubvumirana neimwe nzira Mazuva eIsita mumakore anotevera. Kukakavadzana nekunatsiridza nzira dzekuverenga misi iyi zvakatora mazana emakore akawanda. Pakutanga, kumabvazuva kwoUmambo hweRoma, kurovererwa kwaichengetwa gore negore pana Nisani 14.

Zuva rezororo rechiJudha rePaseka rinotemwa nezvikamu zvemwedzi mukarenda yechiJudha uye rinogona kuwira chero zuva revhiki. Nokudaro, mutambo wePassion of the Lord uye mutambo weRumuko unogonawo kuwira chero zuva revhiki.

MuRoma,wo, kwaidavirwa kuti ndangariro yorumuko yaifanira kuchengetwa nguva dzose paSvondo pashure peIsita. Uyezve, Nisani 15 anoonekwa sezuva rekurovererwa kwaKristu. Muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX AD, zvakasarudzwa kuti Isita Svondo haifanire kutangira muchirimo equinox.

Uye zvakadaro Svondo

Muna 313, madzimambo oUmambo hweRoma hwokumavirira nokumabvazuva, Constantine Mukuru (272-337) naLicinius (c. 260-325), vakabudisa Murayiro weMilan, uyo wakavimbisa rusununguko rworudzidziso muUmambo hweRoma, wakanangidzirwa zvikurukuru kumaKristu. (1). Muna 325, Constantine Mukuru akaunganidza kanzuru paNicaea, makiromita makumi masere kubva kuConstantinople (80).

Sam akaitungamira nguva nenguva. Pamusoro pemibvunzo yakakosha yezvidzidzo zvebhaibheri - sekuti Mwari Baba vaivepo here Mwanakomana waMwari asati avapo - uye kusikwa kwemitemo inotenderwa, mubvunzo wezuva rezororo reSvondo wakakurukurwa.

Zvakasarudzwa kuti Easter yaizopembererwa musi weSvondo mushure mekutanga "mwedzi wakakwana" muchirimo, unotsanangurwa sezuva regumi nemana mushure mekuonekwa kwekutanga kwemwedzi mushure memwedzi mutsva.

Nhasi muLatin mwedzi XIV. Mwedzi wakazara wenyeredzi unowanzoitika paMwedzi XV, uye kaviri pagore kunyangwe paMwedzi XVI. Mambo Constantine akarayirawo kuti Isita yaisafanira kuchengetwa pazuva rimwe chete nePaseka yechiJudha.

Kana ungano iri muNice yakaronga musi weIsita, saka handizvo. yakaoma resipi yezuva remazororo ayasayenzi zvechokwadi ingadai yakakura zvakasiyana mumazana emakore aitevera. Nzira yekuverenga zuva reKumuka yakagamuchira zita rechiLatin computus. Zvakanga zvakakodzera kusimbisa zuva chairo rezororo rinouya mune ramangwana, nokuti mhemberero pachayo inotangira kutsanya, uye zvakakosha kuziva nguva yekuitanga.

gwaro rekuzivisa

Nzira dzekutanga Easter date kuverenga dzakanga dzakavakirwa padenderedzwa remakore masere. Kutenderera kwemakore makumi masere nemana kwakagadzirwawo, kwakaoma zvakanyanya, asi kwete nani pane yapfuura. Kubatsira kwake kwaiva nhamba yakazara yevhiki. Kunyange zvazvo isina kushanda mukuita, yakashandiswa kwenguva yakareba.

Mhinduro yakanakisa yakave makore gumi nemapfumbamwe kutenderera kweMeton (muAtenean astronomer), akaverengerwa makore akapoteredza 433 BC.

Maererano naye, makore gumi nemapfumbamwe ega ega, zvikamu zvemwedzi zvinodzokorora pamazuva mamwechete emwedzi inotevedzana yegore rezuva. (Gare gare zvakazoitika kuti izvi hazvina kunyatsokwana - mutsauko ungangoita awa nehafu kutenderera).

Kazhinji Isita yaiverengerwa kune mashanu Metonic cycles, ndiko kuti, kwemakore 95. Kuverenga zuva reIsita kwakaomeswazve neidi raizivikanwa panguva iyoyo rokuti makore 128 oga oga karenda yaJulius yaitsauka nezuva rimwe kubva pagore rinopisa.

Muzana remakore rechina, kusiyana uku kwakasvika mazuva matatu. St. Theophilus (akafa muna 412) - Bhishopi weAlexandria - akaverenga mahwendefa eIsita kwemakore zana kubva ku380. Cyril (378-444), sekuru vake vaive St. Theophilus akamisa mazuva eSvondo Guru muzvikamu zvishanu zveMetonic, kutanga negore 437 (3).

Zvisinei, vaKristu vokuMadokero havana kubvuma migumisiro yokuverengwa kwemasayendisiti okuMabvazuva. Imwe yematambudziko yaive zvakare yekutarisa zuva rekupedzisira equinox. Muchikamu chechiGiriki, zuva iri raionekwa musi waMarch 21, uye muchiLatin - March 25. MaRoma akashandisawo kutenderera kwemakore makumi masere nemana uye maAlexandria akashandisa kutenderera kweMetonic.

Somugumisiro, izvi zvakatungamirira mune mamwe makore kupembererwa kweIsita kumabvazuva pazuva rakasiyana pane kumadokero. Victoria weAkitaine akararama muzana ramakore rechi 457, akashanda pakarenda yeIsita kusvikira muna 84. Akaratidza kuti kutenderera kwemakore gumi nemapfumbamwe kuri nani pane makore makumi masere nemana. Akaona zvakare kuti mazuva eSvondo Tsvene anodzokorora makore ese mazana mashanu nemakumi matatu nemaviri.

Huwandu uhu hunowanikwa nekuwanza hurefu hwemakore gumi nemapfumbamwe nemakore mana ekusvetuka kwegore uye nhamba yemazuva pasvondo. Mazuva ekumuka kuvakafa akaverengwa naye haana kupindirana nemigumisiro yekuverenga kweEastern masayendisiti. Mahwendefa ake akatenderwa kuOrléans muna 541 uye akashandiswa muGaul (yanhasi France) kusvikira panguva yaCharlemagne.

Shamwari nhatu - Dionysius, Cassiodorus naBoethius naAnna Domini

Do Isita bhodhi kuverenga Dionysius Muduku (c. 470-c. 544) (4) akasiya mitoo yeRoma ndokutevera nzira yairatidzirwa nenyanzvi dzechiGiriki dzakabva muNile Delta, kureva kuti akapfuurira nebasa raSt. Kirill.

Dionysius akagumisa hunyanzvi hwevadzidzi veAlexandria pakukwanisa kuita musi weSvondo yeKumuka.

Akaaverenga semaMetonic cycles mashanu kubva muna 532 AD. Akagadzirawo zvinhu zvitsva. Ipapo makore akaverengerwa maererano nenguva yaDiocletian.

Sezvo uyu mambo akanga achitambudza vaKristu, Dionysius akawana nzira yakakodzera zvikuru yokucherekedza nayo makore, kubva paKuberekwa kwaKristu, kana kuti anni Domini nostri Jesus Christi.

Imwe nzira kana imwe, akaverenga zuva iri zvisizvo, achikanganisa kwemakore akati wandei. Nhasi uno zvinogamuchirwa kuti Jesu akazvarwa pakati pa 2 na 8 BC. Sezvineiwo, muna 7 BC. kubatanidzwa kweJupiter neSaturn kwakaitika. Izvi zvakapa denga kushanda kwechinhu chinopenya, chinogona kuzivikanwa neNyeredzi yeBheterehema.

Cassiodorus (485-583) akaita basa rekutonga mudare reTheodoric, ndokubva atanga imba yemamongi muVivarium, iyo panguva iyoyo yaisiyaniswa nenyaya yekuti yaiita zvesainzi uye yakachengetedza zvinyorwa kubva mumaraibhurari emaguta uye zvikoro zvekare. Cassiodorus akakwevera ngwariro kukukosha kukuru kwemasvomhu, semuenzaniso, mukunzvera kwenyeredzi.

Uyezve, kekutanga kubvira Dionysius akashandisa izwi rekuti Anna Domini muna 562 AD mubhuku rekuona zuva reIsita, Computus Paschalis. Iri bhuku raive neresipi inoshanda yekuverenga zuva maererano nenzira yaDionysius uye rakagoverwa mumakopi akawanda kumaraibhurari. Nzira itsva yekuverenga makore kubva pakuzvarwa kwaKristu yakagamuchirwa zvishoma nezvishoma.

Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti muzana remakore rechi480 yakanga yatoshandiswa zvakanyanya, kunyange, semuenzaniso, mune dzimwe nzvimbo muSpain yakagamuchirwa chete muzana remakore rechi525 nekutonga kwaTheodoric, akashandura Euclid's geometry, Archimedes ' mechanics, Ptolemy's astronomy. , uzivi hwaPlato uye pfungwa dzaAristotle muLatin, uyewo akanyora mabhuku. Mabasa ake akava manyuko ezivo kune vaongorori venguva yemberi veMiddle Ages.

Celtic Easter

Zvino ngatiendei kuchamhembe. MuReims muna 496, mambo weGallic Clovis akabhabhatidzwa pamwe chete nemafranc zviuru zvitatu. Kunyange kumberi kwairi, mhiri kweEnglish Channel muBritish Isles, maKristu oUmambo hweRoma akararama kare zvikuru.

Vakaparadzaniswa kubva kuRoma kwenguva refu, kubva mauto eRoma ekupedzisira akabva pachitsuwa cheCeltic muna 410 AD. Nokudaro, ikoko, mukuzviparadzanisa, kwakakudziridza tsika netsika zvakaparadzana. Yakanga iri mumhepo iyi iyo Celtic Christian mambo Oswiu weNorthumbria (612-670) akakurira. Mudzimai wake, Princess Enflaed weKent, akarerwa mutsika dzechiRoma dzakaunzwa kumaodzanyemba kweEngland muna 596 nenhumwa yaPope Gregory Augustine.

Mambo naMambokadzi vaipemberera Isita mumwe nemumwe maererano netsika dzavakakura nadzo. Kazhinji mazuva ezororo vakabvumirana, asi kwete nguva dzose, sezvavakaita muna 664. Zvaishamisa apo mambo akanga achitopemberera zororo padare, uye mambokadzi akanga achiri kutsanya uye achipemberera Svondo yeMapamende.

MaCelt akashandisa nzira kubva pakati pezana ramakore rechina, zvichibva pamakore makumi masere nemana. Svondo Svondo inogona kuitika kubva pamwedzi XIV kusvika kumwedzi XX, i.e. zororo raigona kuwira chaizvo pazuva rechigumi nemana mushure memwedzi mutsva, iyo yakarambwa zvakasimba kunze kweBritish Isles.

MuRoma, kupemberera kwakaitika pakati pemwedzi XV uye mwedzi XXI. Uyezve, maCelt akataura nezvekurovererwa kwaJesu nemusi weChina. Mwanakomana chete wevaroorani vamambo, akarerwa mutsika dzaamai vake, akakurudzira baba vake kuti vavagadzirise. Zvino paWhitby, mumusha wemamongi kuStreanaschalch, pakaita musangano wevafundisi, unoyeuchidza Dare reNicaea mazana matatu emakore apfuura (5).

Nekudaro, panogona kuve nemhinduro imwe chete, kurambwa kwetsika dzeCeltic uye kuzviisa pasi peChechi yeRoma. Chikamu chevafundisi veWales neIrish chakasara kwenguva yakati pasi pehurongwa hwekare.

5. Matongo eabbey paiitirwa sinodhi muWhitby. Mike Peel

Kana isiri muchirimo equinox

Bede the Venerable (672–735) aive mumongi, munyori, mudzidzisi uye muimbi wekwaya pamusha wemamongi muNorthumbria. Aigara kure nezvinokwezva zvetsika nesainzi zvenguva iyoyo, asi akakwanisa kunyora mabhuku makumi matanhatu eBhaibheri, geography, nhoroondo, masvomhu, kuchengeta nguva, uye makore anosvetuka.

6. Peji kubva kuVenerable Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum

Akaitawo masvomhu emuchadenga. Aigona kushandisa raibhurari yemabhuku anopfuura mazana mana. Kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe muungwaru kwakatokura kupfuura kugara kwake ari oga.

Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, anogona kungoenzaniswa neIsidore yekare weSeville (560-636), akawana ruzivo rwekare uye akanyora nezvenyeredzi, masvomhu, chronometry, uye. Easter date kuverenga.

Zvisinei, Isidore, achishandisa kudzokorora kwevamwe vanyori, kazhinji yakanga isiri yekugadzira. Bede, mubhuku rake raive nemukurumbira panguva iyoyo, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, rakanyorwa kubva pakuzvarwa kwaKristu (6).

Akasiyanisa marudzi matatu enguva: inosarudzwa nomusikirwo, tsika nechiremera, zvose zviri zviviri zvomunhu noumwari.

Aidavira kuti nguva yaMwari inopfuura nguva ipi neipi. Rimwe remabasa ake, De temporum ratione, rakanga risingaenzaniswi munguva nekarenda kwemazana mashoma akatevera. Yaiva nedzokororo yezivo yagara ichizivikanwa, pamwe chete nezvakaitwa nemunyori pachake. Yakanga yakakurumbira muMiddle Ages uye inogona kuwanikwa mumaraibhurari anopfuura zana.

Bede akadzokera kunyaya iyi kwemakore akawanda. Easter date kuverenga. Akaverenga mazuva ezororo reKumuka kweimwe 532-gore kutenderera, kubva 532 kusvika 1063. Chinonyanya kukosha, haana kumira pakuverenga pachavo. Akagadzira sundial yakaoma. Muna 730, akaona kuti vernal equinox haina kuwira munaKurume 25.

Akacherechedza autumnal equinox musi waGunyana 19. Saka akaenderera mberi nekutarisa kwake, uye paakaona inotevera equinox muchirimo che731, akaziva kuti kutaura kuti gore rine mazuva 365/XNUMX inongova fungidziro. Zvinogona kucherechedzwa pano kuti karenda raJulius rakanga “rakaipa” nemazuva matanhatu.

Maonero okuedza aBede kuchinetso chokuverenga akanga asati amboitika muMiddle Ages uye mazana amakore anoverengeka pamberi penguva yacho. Sezvineiwo, zvakakoshawo kuwedzera kuti Bede akawana mashandisiro emvura yemugungwa kuyera zvikamu uye kutenderera kweMwedzi. Zvinyorwa zvaBede zvakataurwa naAbbott Fleury (945–1004) naHraban Maur (780–856), vakarerutsa nzira dzavo dzekuverenga uye vakawana mibairo mimwecheteyo. Pamusoro pezvo, Abbott Fleury akashandisa hourglass yemvura kuyera nguva, mudziyo wakarurama kupfuura sundial.

Zvakawanda uye zvakawanda hazvibvumirani

German Kulavi (1013-54) - mumongi kubva kuReichenau, akaratidza maonero asina kukodzera zvachose panguva yake kuti chokwadi chezvakasikwa hachikundiki. Akashandisa astrolabe uye sundial, iyo yaakagadzirira iye kunyanya.

Dzakanga dzakarurama kwazvo zvokuti akaona kuti kunyange zvikamu zvemwedzi zvakanga zvisingabvumirani nekuverenga makombiyuta.

Kutarisa kutevedza nekarenda yezororo matambudziko echechi nekuongorora nyeredzi akazova asina kunaka. Akaedza kugadzirisa maverengero aBede, asi zvakashaya basa. Nokudaro, akawana kuti nzira yose yokuverenga nayo zuva reIsita yakanga isina kururama uye yakavakirwa pafungidziro dzenyeredzi dzisina kururama.

Kuti kutenderera kweMetonic hakuenderane nekufamba chaiko kwezuva nemwedzi kwakawanikwa naRainer wePaderborn (1140–90). Akaverenga kukosha uku kwezuva rimwe chete mumakore 315 ekarenda yaJulius. Akashandisa masvomhu ekuMabvazuva munguva dzazvino uno nokuda kwemasvomhu anoshandiswa kuverenga zuva reIsita.

Akataurawo kuti kuedza kunyora zera renyika kubva pakusikwa kwayo kuburikidza nezviitiko zvebhaibheri zvinotevedzana kune mhosho nekuda kwekarenda isiriyo. Uyezve, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX/XNUMX, Conrad wokuStrasbourg akawana kuti nguva yechando yakanga yachinja mazuva gumi kubva pakuvambwa kwekarenda yaJulius.

Zvisinei, mubvunzo wakamuka kana nhamba iyi isingafaniri kugadziriswa kuitira kuti vernal equinox iwire musi waMarch 21, sezvakasimbiswa paKanzuru yeNicaea. Nhamba imwe cheteyo neyaRainer wePaderborn yakaverengwa naRobert Grosseteste (1175-1253) weUniversity of Oxford, uye akawana mugumisiro wacho nezuva rimwe mumakore 304 (7).

Nhasi tinoiona sezuva rimwe chete mumakore 308,5. Grossetest yakurudzira kutanga Easter date kuverenga, tichitora vernal equinox musi waKurume 14. Mukuwedzera kune zvenyeredzi, akadzidza geometry uye optics. Akanga ari mberi kwenguva yake nekuedza dzidziso kuburikidza neruzivo uye nekucherechedza.

Mukuwedzera, iye akasimbisa kuti zvakawanwa nenyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzekare dzechiGiriki namasayendisiti echiArab zvakapfuura kunyange zviya zvaBede namamwe masayendisiti eEurope yomuMiddle Ages. John mudiki zvishoma wekuSacrobosco (1195-1256) aive neruzivo rwakakwana rwemasvomhu neruzivo rwenyeredzi, aishandisa astrolabe.

Akabatsira mukupararira kwenhamba dzechiArab muEurope. Uyezve, akatsoropodza zvikuru karenda yaJulius. Kuti agadzirise izvi, akaronga kusiya gore rimwe chete rekusvetuka makore 288 ari mberi.

Karenda inoda kuvandudzwa.

Roger Bacon (c. 1214–92) ChiRungu sainzi, muoni, nyanzvi yezveruzivo (8). Akatenda kuti chiito chekuedza chinofanira kutsiva gakava redzidziso - saka, hazvina kukwana kungoita mhedziso, ruzivo runodiwa. Bacon akafanotaura kuti rimwe zuva munhu aizovaka motokari, ngarava dzine simba, ndege.

8. Roger Bacon. Mufananidzo. Michael Reeve

Akapinda mumusha weFrancisca akanonoka, ari nyanzvi yakakura, munyori wemabasa akati wandei uye mudzidzisi paYunivhesiti yeParis. Aidavira kuti sezvo zvinhu zvakasikwa zvakasikwa naMwari, zvinofanira kuongororwa, kuongororwa, uye kugadzirwa kuti zviswededze vanhu pedyo naMwari.

Uye kusakwanisa kuzivisa zivo kuzvidza Musiki. Akatsoropodza muitiro wakagamuchirwa nenyanzvi dzemasvomhu dzechiKristu, umo Bede, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, akatendeukira kunhamba dzinoda kuitika panzvimbo pokudziverenga chaizvoizvo.

Zvikanganiso mu Easter date kuverenga yakatungamira, semuenzaniso, kune chokwadi chekuti muna 1267 chiyeuchidzo cheKumuka kwakapembererwa pazuva risiri iro.

Paifanirwa kunge yakatsanya, vanhu havana kuziva nezvazvo uye vakadya nyama. Dzimwe mhemberero dzose, dzakadai seKukwira kwaShe uye Pendekosti, dzaipembererwa nemhosho yevhiki nevhiki. Bacon inosiyanisa nguva, yakatarwa nemasikirwo, simba uye tsika. Aidavira kuti nguva bedzi inguva yaMwari uye kuti nguva inosarudzwa nechiremera inogona kuva isina kururama. Pope ane kodzero yekugadzirisa karenda. Zvisinei, hurumende yepapa panguva iyoyo yakanga isinganzwisisi Bacon.

Gregorian calendar

Yakanga yakarongeka nenzira yekuti vernal equinox yaizogara ichiwira munaKurume 21, sezvakabvumiranwa paKanzuru yeNicaea. Nekuda kwekutadza kuripo, iyo Metonic cycle yakagadzirwawo kugadzirisa mukarenda yemwedzi. Pashure pokutangwa kwekarenda yaGregory muna 1582, yakabva yangoshandiswa chete nenyika dzeKaturike dzeEurope.

Nokufamba kwenguva, yakagamuchirwa nenyika dzePurotesitendi, uyezve nenyika dzeEastern rite. Zvisinei, machechi okuMabvazuva anoomerera kumisi yacho maererano nekarenda yaJulius. Pakupedzisira, chido chezvakaitika kare. Muna 1825, Chechi yeRoma Katurike haina kuita maererano neDare reNicaea. Ipapo Isita yaipembererwa panguva imwe chete nePaseka yemaJuda.