Ungave sei astronaut nhasi?

Pamwe hauzove astronaut (1) kusvika 30s yako. Naizvozvo, vechidiki vanorota kubhururuka muchadenga vanofanirwa kutarisisa zvidzidzo zvavo nemabasa ehunyanzvi, vachitarisa kuti nzvimbo dzavanosarudza dzichavabatsira here kuona zviroto zvavo.

Masangano emuchadenga ari kutsvaga zvakanakisa. Cosmonaut kudzidziswa imari huru. Yakareba uye inodhura. Kudzidzisa basa remuchadenga zvinotora makore uye mazana evanhu anotora chikamu mariri. Masangano emuchadenga anoda kuve nechokwadi chekuti muchadenga akasarudzwa anoshandisa zvakanyanya nguva yakakosha yaachapedza ari muchadenga. nzvimbo. Vazivi venyeredzi vanofanirwa kukwanisa kushandisa ruzivo rwavo uye hunyanzvi kumabasa avakadzidziswa, vanofanirwa kutakura mutoro mukuru. uri mu orbit isa pfungwa pakubudirira.

Chiyero chepamusoro chedzidzo mune zvesainzi kana tekinoroji inodiwa, yakasanganiswa neyakatanhamara ruzivo rwebasa. ruzivo rwebasa ndege chinhu chakanakira, kunyanya kana aya aive mabasa ane chekuita, semuenzaniso, mundege dzekuyedza kana. Mamiriro akanaka emuviri akakosha zvakaenzana. Vemuchadenga vanofanirwa kudzidziswa zvakanyanya uye vanogona kutora chikamu kwemwedzi yakawanda. ndege yemuchadenga.

Kugara kwenguva yakareba munzvimbo yakavharirwa mukambani yevanhu vakafanana zvakare muedzo. Pakati peunhu hunodiwa hwepfungwa kugona kudyidzana zvakanaka nevamwe vashandi, pamwe nekuzvidira kushanda muchikwata uye kugona kugadzirisa. Vemuchadenga venguva yemberi vanodawo kutsungirira uye chimiro chine mwero.kutsungirira kushushikana uye chero njodzi dzingamuka. Izvo zvinodiwawo kukwanisa kukurumidza kugadzirisa mamiriro ekuchinja uye kunyatsoongorora mamiriro acho ezvinhu.

Vazivi venyeredzi vanogarozviwana vakatarisana nekuti veruzhinji nevezvenhau vanofarira hupenyu hwavo nebasa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanofanirwawo kubata neveruzhinji nevezvenhau, kugona hunyanzvi hwekutaura paruzhinji nekutaurirana pamusoro pezvavari kuita.

Pakutanga kazhinji mauto, nhasi akasiyana zvachose

Anonyanya kuzivikanwa mushandirwi wevazivi vemuchadenga, NASA, ane zvakaomesesa zvinodikanwa kune vanonyorera nzvimbo dzendege. Izvo zvinonyanya kudiwa nesangano idhigirii reBachelor muinjiniya, kana biology sainzi, inoteverwa nemakore matatu eruzivo rwehunyanzvi (kana chiuru chemaawa ekubhururuka semutyairi wejeti). Vanyoreri vanofanirawo kupasa kuongororwa kwechiremba. Nekudaro, kune humwe hunyanzvi huzhinji hunogona kubatsira, zvinosanganisira, semuenzaniso, hunyanzvi hwekunyura, ruzivo rwekupona, ruzivo muzvigaro zvehutungamiriri, uye kugona kushandisa mimwe mitauro (kunyanya chiRussian, icho vese venyeredzi vekuAmerica vanofanirwa kukwanisa taura). dzidza nhasi).

Kubva 1959, nguva yekutora mukati Mercury purogiramuzvisinei, zvakawanda zvachinja. Pakutanga, NASA yaisaziva chaizvo izvo zvikwaniriso zvemuchadenga zvinofanira kunge zviri. Aida vanhu vanonzwisisa njodzi, vaigona kushanda pasi pekumanikidzwa uye kurarama nemamiriro asina kuchengeteka. Mapoka ekutanga e cosmonauts ainyanya kubva kumauto, kunyanya kubva bvunzo mutyairi timu, boka rinoonekwa rakagadzirirwa kurwisa kutyisidzira kwakanyanya kwenzvimbo. Nekudaro, sezvo zvirongwa zveNASA zvakashanduka, hunyanzvi hwakasiyana siyana hwaidiwa. Semuyenzaniso, kirasi yechina (chizvarwa) yevazivi vemuchadenga vakanyorerwa chirongwa chemwedzi waizivikanwa se "Masayendisiti". Pakati pavo paiva, pakati pevamwe, Harrison J. Schmitt, iyo chete geologist kufamba paMwedzi (panguva yeApollo 17 mission).

Vashandi vakapedza yakawanda yenguva yavo mission simulationkwavakagoverwa. Inotarisa mumakirasi, kudzidza kwekutyaira, zvishandiso uye mashandisirwo. Sechikamu cheApollo mishoni, vazivi vemuchadenga vakapedza nguva mukuraira module simulators uye lunar module. Gadziriro dzekumhara pamwedzi dzakaitwawo Geological Tours kuHawaii vachiita basa remumunda uye vachitsanangura zvakavatenderedza kune vanodzidza nezve geologist. Maedzo aifanirwa kuitwa paMwedzi akaitwa pasi rose kuti aone kuti chii chaigoneka mumasutu emuchadenga anorema.

Nepo vazivi vemuchadenga vakabudirira vakawanda vaine madhigirii emasters, doctoral, uye postdoctoral, NASA inoda kuti vanyoreri vemuchadenga vangove nedhigirii reBachelor muSTEM (sainzi, tekinoroji, engineering, masvomhu). Mazita einjiniya, biologist, fizikisi kana nyanzvi yemasvomhu akanaka. Zvisinei, NASA inoti "dhigirii inodikanwa" nokuti "hutano hwekugadzirira zvidzidzo hunokosha."

Nokufamba kwenguva, mitemo yekubhadhara vashandi yakachinja. Kirasi yechisere yomuchadenga muna 1978 yakasimbisa kutorwa kwavakadzi, vaAfrica vokuAmerica, uye vokuAsia. Kubva muna 2013, NASA iri kutora hafu yevarume nevakadzi. Zvizvarwa zvinotevera zvevashandi vari kutorwa zvino vachafanirwa kudzidzira nzvimbo dzakadzika dzemisheni, senge muchikepe cheOrion, kuMwedzi, kuMars, uye kunyangwe, pakupedzisira, kwekugara kwenguva refu mukutenderera kwemwedzi, uyezve ndiani anoziva, pamwe. paMars.

Chokwadika, vazivi vemuchadenga vanongopedza chikamu chebasa ravo vari muchadenga. Vanopedza yakawanda yenguva yavo kudzidzisa uye kutsigira mamwe mamishini arikuenderera mberi. Vamiriri veNASA vanopinda mukati meanosvika makore maviri ekudzidziswa kwekutanga, panguva iyo ivo vanodzidza mutauro, hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinodiwa kuti uve astronaut. Kana wapedza kudzidziswa, vazivi vemuchadenga vanogona kupihwa basa remuchadenga kana kunzvimbo dzehunyanzvi paJohnson Space Center muHouston. Aya mabasa anogona kusanganisira kutsigira mamisheni arikuenderera mberi kana kuraira mainjiniya eNASA pane zvichazoitika. spaceship.

NASA astronaut vamiriri vanobhururuka neNorthrop T-38 Talon yekudzidzira ndege kuti vawane hunyanzvi hwekutyaira. nzvimbo inofamba vanodzidzira mudziva rekutuhwina remamita makumi matanhatu reJohnson Space Center (60), kubata zviyereso zvezvitundumuseremusere vachishandisa shanduro yepasi yeCanadarm2 manipulator, vanodzidza chiRussian, uye vanowana kudzidziswa kwekutanga mukushanda kwechiteshi chemuchadenga. Vemuchadenga vanodzamisawo hunyanzvi hwavo hwehutungamiriri uye ruzivo nekudzidza geology uye geology.

2. Kuedza pasi pemvura kwesutu

Pashure pemakore anoda kusvika 60 ekubhururuka kwechadenga kunoitwa nevanhu, vesainzi vave kutoziva migumisiro nengozi dzekugara kwenguva refu munzvimbo yemuviri wemunhu. Kuedza kunonakidza kwakaitwa munguva pfupi yapfuura nemapatya ari mu orbit (Mapatya Chidzidzo): 340 mazuva ari muInternational Space Station mu2015-2016 yakakonzera shanduko huru mumuviri weastronaut Scott Kelly, kubva kuhuremu kune majini. Kelly nemapatya ake Mark vazivi vemuchadenga. Scott paakanga ave kuda kupedza gore ari pachiteshi chemuchadenga uye mukoma wake akagara paNyika (3), mukana wakasarudzika wakamuka wekuita ongororo yezvekurapa. Sezvo zvipenyu zvehama zvaive zvakafanana, mhedzisiro yekugara kwenguva refu munzvimbo pamuviri inogona kudzidzwa nekurongeka kukuru kana ichienzaniswa nekutonga "terrestrial sample".

Mutauro, vagari venyika uye hutano

Kutsetsenura muChirungu chinhu chinodiwa kune veEuropean ESA vazivi vemuchadenga, uye kuraira kwakanaka kweRussia kune mukana.nekuti zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kudzidza kuCentrum Szkolenia Kosmonautów im. Gagarin muRussia. Kufarira uye ruzivo rwetsika dzeAmerica, dzeRussia nedzeJapan zvinobatsirawo sezvo zvichizobatsira kumisa hukama hwakanaka nevadyidzani vepasirese panguva yekushanya kuISS. ESA vazivi venyeredzi vanogona chete kusarudzwa kubva kunyika dziri ESA, i.e. kubva kuPoland.

Vagari veRussia chete ndivo vane kodzero yekunyorera kuRussia Roscosmos. Anofanira kunge aine makore makumi matatu nemashanu. Hurefu hunofanira kuva pakati pe35 m ne1,50 m uye pakati pe1,90 m ne0,80 m kana akagara. Huremu hwemuviri hunodiwa hunobva pa0,99 kg kusvika pa50 kg zvichienderana nekuti munhurume here, zera uye urefu. Utano hwakanaka hunodiwa. Izvi zvinoreva, kutanga kwezvose, kusavapo kwehutano hwakakomba hwehutano husingagumi.

Russian cosmonaut vamiriri vanofanirwa kuve vakapedza kudzidza kuyunivhesiti. Dhigirii reyunivhesiti muinjiniya, sainzi, tsvakiridzo kana kutyaira ndege inodiwa. Mumiriri anofanira kunge aine angangoita makore mashanu eruzivo rwehunyanzvi mumunda une chekuita nekudzidzisa. Roscosmos inopa kufarira kune vakwikwidzi vecosmonaut vane ruzivo mune roketi kana aerospace indasitiri. Iwe unofanirwa kunge uchitsetsenura muRussia neChirungu. Ruzivo rwekutyaira runofarirwa asi harudiwe. Roskosmos iri kutsvaga vakwikwidzi vecosmonaut vane hunhu hwakawanda hwepfungwa: hukasha, hunhu, hungwaru uye kugona kugadzira, ndangariro, kugona kudzidza, kuzvivandudza, uye kugona kushanda zvakanaka nevanhu.

Chinese kuomarara

Mukutsvaga boka rechitatu revanoongorora muchadenga chirongwa cheChina chekuongorora nzvimbo chakaziviswa muna 2017, zvakasarudzwa kuisa pamberi peinjiniya, kufarira mainjiniya emuchadenga uye ekufambisa ane dhigirii ra master kana kupfuura. Izvi zvaireva kuti muChina, kekutanga, vanhu vasina kudzidziswa zvechiuto uye ruzivo rwekubhururuka nendege vakakwanisa kuenda nzvimbo.

Izvo zvinodiwa kuti uve taikonaut muChina ndeye makore 25-35 ezera, 1,6 kusvika 1,72 metres kureba uye 55 kusvika 70 kilogiramu muhuremu, i.e. zvinodiwa izvo zvinoitendera kuti ikwane mukamuri yechitundumuseremusere uye isingakanganise iyo yakakura kushandiswa kwemafuta. Uyezve, hongu, yakanakisa chimiro chemuviri. Miyedzo yakati wandei inodiwa kuti uongorore kushanda kwemoyo, iyo yepakati tsinga system, uye mabasa ekuona. Vavhoti vanofanirwa kuve neakanakisa basa remoyo kuti vararame munzvimbo, izvo zvakakoshawo mu hypergravity uye huremu. Pamusoro pezvo, vavhoti vanofanirwawo kupasa yakaderera kudzvanywa uye bvunzo dzegiravhiti. Zvinodiwa zvemuviri zveChinese Taikonaut Candidate Exam zvakaomesesa, uye kutadza kuita chero chezvinodiwa kunoguma nekuregedzerwa nekukasira.

Nhoroondo yemhuri ichava nyaya huru kana uchitsvaga basa kuChina. Vanyoreri vane nhoroondo yemhuri yezvimwe zvirwere pamusoro pezvizvarwa zvitatu vachakoneswa. Vanhu vane mavanga makuru havabatanidzwewo. Uyewo asina kukodzera: kunwa doro, kusvuta, kutora zvinodhaka. Kunyangwe yakasimbiswa pickiness muchikafu idambudziko. Hapana zvakare panotaurwa ngonono nekushaya hope. Kurara kwakanaka kwakakosha zvikuru kune taikonaut. Chekupedzisira, vese vanenge vachivhoterwa vanofanira kukwanisa kutaura Mandarin pasina kana zano remutauro wacho. Zvechokwadi, maChinese anoshandisa mamwe maitiro akafanana neaya anoshandiswa neNASA, kusanganisira kuongorora mafungiro epfungwa.

Boka rekutanga re taikonauts muChina raive nemauto gumi nemana echirume ane avhareji yezera re42. Avhareji yezera yakadonha kusvika ku35 muboka rechipiri, vese vaive vatyairi veAir Force, uye vaviri vacho vaive vakadzi. Imwe bato iri kuwedzera kuvhurika kune vakawanda kupfuura varume vakapfeka yunifomu.

Kudzidziswa muChinese Taikonat yakafukidzwa nengano. Semuyenzaniso, muzivi wemuchadenga Li Qinglong akaiswa pabani rinotonhora zvikuru muRussia nebasa rekurarama mazuva maviri mutembiricha yakadzika se -50 madhigirii celsius apo chikafu chake bedzi chaive mapaketi madiki maviri ezvimedu. Zvisinei, zvichienzaniswa nezvakamirira mune dzimwe nzvimbo muchadenga, rwakanga rwuchiri rwendo ruri nyore.