Vatorwa vakaita sei?

Isu tine chikonzero uye kodzero yekutarisira kuti Vatorwa vave sesu here? Zvinogona kuitika kuti vakanyanya kufanana nemadzitateguru edu. Zvikuru-zvikuru uye kakawanda zvikuru, madzitateguru.

Matthew Wills, anodzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu paYunivhesiti yeBath kuUK, munguva pfupi yapfuura akaedzwa kuti afunge nezvechimiro chemuviri chevanhu vanogona kugara mumapuraneti ekunze kwezuva. Muna Nyamavhuvhu wegore rino, akarangarira mujenari phys.org kuti panguva yezvinonzi. Munguva yekuputika kweCambrian (kungoerekana kwatumbuka kwehupenyu hwemumvura makore angangoita 542 miriyoni apfuura), chimiro chemuviri chezvipenyu chaive chakasiyana zvakanyanya. Panguva iyoyo, somuenzaniso, aigara opabinia - mhuka ine maziso mashanu. Nechepfungwa, zvinokwanisika kutora mhando yakangwara ine chaizvo nhamba iyi yenhengo dzekuona. Mumazuva iwayo, kwaivawo neDinomis yakaita seruva. Zvakadini kana Opabinia kana Dinomischus aine budiriro yekubereka uye yekushanduka-shanduka? Saka pane chikonzero chekutenda kuti vatorwa vanogona kunge vakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kwatiri, uye panguva imwechete kuva pedyo neimwe nzira.

Maonero akasiyana zvachose pamusoro pekugona kwehupenyu pane exoplanets kudhumhana. Mumwe munhu angada kuona hupenyu huri muchadenga sechiitiko chepasi rose uye chakasiyana. Vamwe vanonyevera pamusoro pokunyanyova netariro. Paul Davies, nyanzvi yefizikisi uye cosmologist paArizona State University uye munyori weThe Eerie Silence, anofunga kuti kuwanda kwemaexoplanets kunogona kutitsausa, sezvo mukana wehuwandu hwekuumbwa kwemamorekuru ehupenyu hunoramba husina basa kunyangwe nenhamba huru yenyika. Zvichakadaro, vazhinji vanoongorora exobiologist, kusanganisira avo vanobva kuNASA, vanotenda kuti hazvisi zvakanyanya zvinodiwa pahupenyu - zvese zvinodiwa imvura yemvura, sosi yesimba, mamwe mahydrocarbon uye nguva shoma.

Asi kunyange mupokanidzi Davis anozopedzisira abvuma kuti kufunga kwekusaita hazvinei nekuvepo kweiyo yaanodaidza kuti hupenyu hwemumvuri, iyo yakavakirwa kwete pane kabhoni uye mapuroteni, asi pane akasiyana zvachose maitiro emakemikari uye emuviri.

Kurarama nesilicon?

Muna 1891, musayendisiti wokuGermany anonzi Julius Schneider akanyora izvozvo hupenyu hahufanire kuve hwakavakirwa pakabhoni nemakomboni ayo. Inogona zvakare kuve yakavakirwa pasilicon, chinhu chiri muboka rimwechete patafura yeperiodic sekabhoni, iyo, sekabhoni, ine maerekitironi mana evalence uye inoshingirira zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo kune tembiricha yepamusoro yemuchadenga.

Kemikari yekabhoni inonyanya kuumbwa, nokuti chikamu chezvose zvakakosha zve "hupenyu": mapuroteni, nucleic acids, mafuta, shuga, mahomoni uye mavitamini. Inogona kuenderera muchimiro chetani dzakatwasuka uye dzine matavi, muchimiro checyclic uye gaseous (methane, carbon dioxide). Mushure mezvose, icarbon dioxide, nekuda kwezvirimwa, iyo inodzora kutenderera kwekabhoni muzvisikwa (tisingarevi basa rayo remamiriro ekunze). Organic carbon molecules iripo mune imwe nzira yekutenderera (chirality): mu nucleic acids, shuga inongova dextrorotatory, mumapuroteni, amino acids - levorotatory. Ichi chimiro, icho chisati chatsanangurwa nevatsvakurudzi veprebiotic world, chinoita kuti carbon compounds yakanyatsojeka kuti ionekwe nemamwe macomputer (semuenzaniso, nucleic acids, nucleolytic enzymes). Iwo kemikari zvisungo mumakomponi ekabhoni akagadzikana zvakakwana kuti ave nechokwadi chehupenyu hurefu, asi huwandu hwesimba rekutyoka nekuumbwa kwavo hunovimbisa shanduko yemetabolism, kuora uye synthesis mune chipenyu. Pamusoro pezvo, maatomu ekabhoni muma organic molecules anowanzo kubatanidzwa nekaviri kana kunyange katatu mabhondi, ayo anotaridza reactivity yavo uye kujeka kwema metabolic reaction. Silicon haigadziri polyatomic polymers, haina kunyanya kuita. Chigadzirwa chesilicon oxidation ndeye silica, iyo inotora fomu rekristalline.

Silicon mafomu (senge silica) mabhomba echigarire kana emukati "skeletons" emamwe mabhakitiriya uye unicellular masero. Izvo hazviiti kuve chiral kana kugadzira unsaturated bonds. Yakangogadzikana zvakanyanya mumakemikari kuti ive iyo chaiyo inovaka yezvipenyu. Yakaratidza kuva inofadza zvikuru mumashandisirwo emaindasitiri: mune zvemagetsi semiconductor, pamwe chete nechinhu chinogadzira high-molecular compounds inonzi silicones inoshandiswa mu cosmetics, parapharmaceuticals yekurapa maitiro (implants), mukuvaka uye indasitiri (pendi, rubber). ) , elastomer).

Sezvaunogona kuona, haisi tsaona kana kuti chido chemhindumupindu kuti upenyu hwepanyika hwakavakirwa pamisanganiswa yecarbon. Zvisinei, kupa silicon mukana muduku, yaifungidzirwa kuti munguva yeprebiotic yakanga iri pamusoro pecrystalline silica iyo zvidimbu zvine zvinopesana chirality zvakaparadzana, izvo zvakabatsira muchisarudzo chekusarudza chimiro chimwe chete mumamorekuru ehupenyu. .

Vatsigiri ve "silicon hupenyu" vanopokana kuti pfungwa yavo haina musoro zvachose, nekuti chinhu ichi, senge kabhoni, chinogadzira zvisungo zvina. Imwe pfungwa ndeyekuti silicon inogona kugadzira yakafanana chemistry uye kunyange yakafanana mafomu ehupenyu. Muongorori wenyeredzi ane mukurumbira Max Bernstein weNASA Research Headquarters muWashington DC anonongedza kuti pamwe nzira yekuwana nayo silicon kunze kwenyika ndeyekutsvaga asina kugadzikana, ane simba guru resilicon mamorekuru kana tambo. Nekudaro, isu hatisangane neakaomesesa uye akasimba emakemikari makomisheni akavakirwa pahydrogen nesilicon, sezvazvakaita nekabhoni. Carbon cheni dziripo mune lipids, asi akafanana makomisheni anosanganisira silicon haazove akasimba. Nepo makomisheni ekabhoni neokisijeni anogona kuumba nekuparadzana (sezvaanoita mumiviri yedu nguva dzese), silicon yakasiyana.

Mamiriro ezvinhu nemhoteredzo dzemapuraneti ari muchadenga zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuti mamwe makemikoro akawanda akawanda angave akanakisa kunyungudutsa chinhu chekuvaka pasi pemamiriro akasiyana neatinoziva paPasi. Zvingangodaro kuti zvipenyu zvine silicon sechivakwa chekuvaka zvicharatidza hupenyu hurefu uye kuramba kutonhora kwakanyanya. Zvisinei, hazvizivikanwi kana ivo vachakwanisa kudarika nepakati pezvipembenene zvipenyu mune zvipenyu zvehupamhi hwepamusoro, hunokwanisa, semuenzaniso, yekuvandudzwa kwekufunga, uye nekudaro kwekubudirira.

Kune zvakare pfungwa dzekuti mamwe mamineral (kwete chete ayo anobva pasilicon) anochengeta ruzivo - seDNA, kwaanochengeterwa mucheni inogona kuverengwa kubva kumagumo kuenda kune imwe. Nekudaro, iyo mineral yaigona kuzvichengeta muzvikamu zviviri (pamusoro payo). Makristasi "anokura" kana maatomu matsva akabuda. Saka kana tikakuya kristaro uye inotanga kukura zvakare, ichaita sekuzvarwa kwechisikwa chitsva, uye ruzivo runogona kupfuudzwa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa. Asi kristaro inobereka ipenyu here? Parizvino, hapana humbowo hwakawanikwa hwekuti zvicherwa zvinogona kutumira "data" nenzira iyi.

pinch ye arsenic

Kwete chete silicon inonakidza vasiri-kabhoni hupenyu vanofarira. Makore mashoma apfuura, mishumo yekutsvagisa mari yeNASA kuMono Lake (California) yakaita ruzha pamusoro pekuwanikwa kwechirwere chebhakitiriya, GFAJ-1A, chinoshandisa arsenic muDNA yayo. Phosphorus, muchimiro chemisanganiswa inonzi phosphates, inovaka, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu. Iyo musana weDNA neRNA, pamwe nemamwe mamorekuru akakosha akadai seATP neNAD, akakosha pakufambiswa kwesimba mumaseru. Phosphorus inoita seyakakosha, asi arsenic, padivi payo patafura yeperiodic, ine zvimiro zvakafanana nazvo.

Vatorwa kubva ku "War of the Worlds" - kuona

Ambotaurwa, Max Bernstein akataura pamusoro peizvi, achinyaradza kushingaira kwake. “Mugumisiro wezvidzidzo zveCalifornia wainakidza zvikuru, asi chimiro chezvipenyu izvi chakanga chichiri chine kabhoni. Panyaya yezvipembenene izvi, arsenic yakatsiva phosphorus muchimiro, asi kwete kabhoni, "akatsanangura mune chimwe chezvaakataura kune vezvenhau. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana aripo muchisiko chapose pose, hazvigoni kurambwa kunze kwokuti upenyu, hunochinjika zvikuru kwazvo kumhoteredzo yahwo, hungadai hwakaumbwa pahwaro hwezvimwe zvinhu, uye kwete silicon nekabhoni. Chlorine nesarufa zvinogonawo kugadzira mamorekuru marefu uye zvisungo. Kune mabhakitiriya anoshandisa sarufa pachinzvimbo cheokisijeni kune yavo metabolism. Tinoziva zvinhu zvakawanda izvo, pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, zvinogona nani pane kabhoni kushanda sechinhu chekuvaka chezvipenyu. Sezvakangoita kune akawanda makemikoro emakemikari anogona kuita semvura pane imwe nzvimbo mumatenga. Tinofanirawo kuyeuka kuti kungava nemakemikari ari muchadenga asati awanikwa nomunhu. Zvichida, pasi pemamwe mamiriro, kuvapo kwezvimwe zvinhu kunogona kutungamira mukuvandudzwa kwemhando dzehupenyu hwepamberi sePasi.

Vatorwa kubva mufirimu "Predator"

Vamwe vanotenda kuti vatorwa vatingasangana navo muchadenga havazove organic zvachose, kunyangwe tikanzwisisa organics nenzira inochinjika (kureva kuti funga nezvekemikari isiri kabhoni). Inogona kunge iri…artificial intelligence. Stuart Clark, munyori weKutsvaga Kwepanyika Papatya, mumwe wevanotsigira pfungwa iyi. Anosimbisa kuti kufunga nezvezvinoitika zvakadaro kunogadzirisa matambudziko mazhinji - semuenzaniso, kuchinjika kune nzvimbo yekufamba kana kudiwa kweiyo "yakarurama" mamiriro ehupenyu.

Hazvina mhosva kuti zvinoshamisa sei, zvizere nezvikara zvakaipa, zvikara zvine hutsinye uye vatorwa vane maziso makuru etekinoroji, pfungwa dzedu pamusoro pevanogona kugara kune dzimwe nyika dzinogona kunge dzakave, kusvika zvino neimwe nzira kana imwe yakabatana nemhando dzevanhu kana mhuka dzinozivikanwa. isu kubva kuNyika. Zvinoita sekuti tinogona kungofungidzira zvatinobatanidza nezvatinoziva. Saka mubvunzo ndewokuti, tinogona kuonawo vatorwa vakadaro, neimwe nzira yakabatana nemafungiro edu? Izvi zvinogona kuva dambudziko guru kana takatarisana nechimwe chinhu kana mumwe munhu "akasiyana zvachose".

Tinokukumbira kuti uzvizive neMusoro wenyaya mu.