Nzira yekugara sei mumamiriro ekunze matsva?

Pane divi rakajeka kune zvese - zvirinani ndizvo zvinofungwa neApple, ichitaura kuti sezvo mamiriro ekunze ari kuwedzera, kubatsira kwe iPhone mukutarisana-kutarisana kunoisa pfungwa huru yekuvimbika kwemhando muvatengi. Saka Apple yakaona divi rakanaka rekudziya.

"Sezvo zviitiko zvinoshamisa zvemamiriro ekunze zvichiwanda, kuwanikwa kwekare uye kwese kwese kwakashata, midziyo inotakurika yakagadzirira kushandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu apo chekufambisa, magetsi, uye mamwe masevhisi angave asiri kuwanikwa kwenguva pfupi," Apple akanyora mukuburitswa.

iPhone mune mamiriro ekunze-inonzwa kesi

Iyo kambani iri kutarisira kune mamwe mabhenefiti zvakare. Nekukwira kwemitengo yesimba, vatengi vari kutsvaga zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza simba, uye izvi, maererano neCupertino hofori, ndeimwe yemabhenefiti makuru echikumbiro chayo.

Naizvozvo, Apple inoona shanduko yemamiriro ekunze sechinhu chakanaka, kunyangwe mamwe masevhisi anopihwa neiyo iPhone anogona, zvisinei, kutambura - semuenzaniso, iko kurongeka kwekufamba uye wachi. Kunyunguduka kwechando muArctic kuri kushandura hurongwa hwese hwekugoverwa kwemvura panyika, uye mamwe masayendisiti anotenda kuti izvi zvinokanganisa axis yePasi yekutenderera. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuchinja kwemagnetic pole kuenda kumabvazuva. Zvese izvi zvinogona kutungamira kutenderera nekukurumidza kwepasi kutenderedza axis yayo. Mugore ra2200, zuva rinogona kupfupika ne0,012 milliseconds. Hazvinyatsozivikanwi kuti izvi zvichachinja sei upenyu hwevanhu.

Kazhinji, hupenyu munyika inobatwa nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze hunoratidzika kunge hune njodzi. Nekudaro, kunyangwe pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa, isu hatigone kutarisana nekuparadzwa zvachose. Kana pane kusava nechokwadi kwakakomba pamusoro pekuti munhu anogona kumisa zviitiko zvakashata (kunyangwe achinyatsoda, izvo zvisingavimbiki nguva dzose), munhu anofanira kutanga kujaira pfungwa ye "mamiriro ekunze matsva" - uye funga nezvekupona. mazano.

Kuno kwadziya, kune drought uko, kune mvura yakawanda kuno.

Zvatova kuoneka kuwedzera kwemwaka wekukura munzvimbo dzine mwero. Tembiricha dzehusiku dzinokwira nekukurumidza kupfuura dzemasikati. Inogonawo kukanganisa zvinomera zve, semuenzaniso, mupunga. shandura rhythm yehupenyu hwemunhu i mhanyisa kudziyanokuti Nyika inowanzodziya inotonhora usiku. Vari kuramba vachiwedzera njodzi kupisa mafungu, iyo muEurope inogona kuuraya makumi ezviuru zvevanhu pagore - maererano nekufungidzira, mukupisa kwe2003, 70 zviuru zvevanhu vakafa. vanhu.

Nekune rimwe divi, satellite data inoratidza kuti kwave kudziya. inoita kuti nyika iwedzere kusvibiriraiyo inonyanya kuoneka munzvimbo dzakambooma. Pakazara, ichi hachisi chiitiko chakashata, kunyangwe parizvino chinoratidzika sechisingadiwi mune dzimwe nzvimbo. MuAustralia, somuenzaniso, zvinomera zvakawanda zvinodya zviwanikwa zvemvura zvishoma, zvichikanganisa kuyerera kwenzizi. Zvisinei, zvingavawo kuti pakupedzisira mamiriro okunze achachinja kuva ane mwando. ichawedzera huwandu hwemvura yese mudunhu.

Maodzanyemba latitude, akadai seSiberia, anogona kushanduka kuita nzvimbo dzekurima nekuda kwekudziya kwepasi. Zvisinei, zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti ivhu riri munzvimbo dzeArctic nemiganhu yakashata zvikuru, uye kuwanda kwechiedza chezuva chinosvika panyika muzhizha hachizoshanduki. Kudziya kunokwidzawo tembiricha yeArctic tundra, iyo ipapo inoburitsa methane, gasi regreenhouse rakasimba kwazvo (methane inoburitswawo kubva pasi pegungwa, painovharirwa mumakristasi anonzi clathrates).

Zvitsuwa zveMaldives archipelago zviri pakati pezvakanyanya kutambudzika nekuda kwekudziya kwepasirese

Kuwedzera mu plankton biomass muNorth Pacific, izvi zvine zvazvinoita, asi zvingangove zvisina kunaka. Mamwe marudzi emapenguin anogona kuwedzera muhuwandu, izvo zvisina kunaka kune hove, asi kune izvo zvavanodya, hongu. Zvakare uye zvakare. Nokudaro, kazhinji, semugumisiro wekudziya, maketani anokonzera anogadziriswa, migumisiro yekupedzisira yatisingakwanisi kufanotaura.

Nguva yechando inodziya ichareva chokwadi vashoma vanofa nekuda kwechando, kunyanya pakati pemapoka anonyanya kufunga nezvemigumisiro yaro, sevanhu vakwegura. Zvakadaro, mapoka mamwe chete aya ari panjodzi yekukanganiswa zvakanyanya nekupisa kwakawedzera, uye huwandu hwevanhu vanofa nekuda kwekupisa huri kuwedzera. Zvinotendwawo zvakanyanya kuti mamiriro ekunze anodziya achabatsira kutama zvipembenene zvepathogeniczvakadai seumhutu nemarariya zvichaonekwa munzvimbo itsva zvachose.

Kana nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze mwero wegungwa uchakwira ne2100 metres panosvika gore rechitatu, izvi zvichareva, chekutanga, kutama kwevanhu vakawanda. Vamwe vanotenda kuti pakupedzisira chiyero chemakungwa nemakungwa chinogona kukwira kusvika mamita 3. Zvichakadaro, inofungidzirwa kuti kukwira kwemamita 20 kunoreva kudiwa kwekutamisa vanhu vane mamiriyoni e1,8 muUnited States chete. Mhedzisiro ichave zvakare kurasikirwa kukuru - semuenzaniso. kukosha kwepfuma yakarasika mu real estate inenge mabhiriyoni mazana mapfumbamwe emadhora ekuAmerica. kana Himalayan glaciers ichanyungudika nekusingaperiizvo zvichaonekwa pakupera kwezana ramakore dambudziko remvura kuvanhu 1,9 bhiriyoni. Nzizi huru dzeAsia dzinoyerera dzichibva kuHimalaya neTibet Plain, dzichigovera mvura kuChina neIndia, pamwe chete nenyika duku dzakawanda. Zvitsuwa uye zvitsuwa zvemugungwa zvakaita seMaldives zviri panjodzi. Minda yemupunga izvozvi yakazadzwa nemvura ine munyuzvinoparadza goho. Mvura yemugungwa inosvibisa nzizi nekuti inosanganiswa nemvura yakachena.

Imwe mhedzisiro yakaipa iyo vaongorori vanoona ndeye sango remvura riri kuoma, iyo inoburitsa imwe CO mumhepo₂. Kuchinja kwepH, kureva ocean acidification. Iyi nzira inoitika nekuda kwekutorwa kwekuwedzera CO.₂ mumvura uye inogona kukanganisa zvakanyanya pakudya kwegungwa kwese. Nekuda kwekuchena uye zvirwere zvinokonzerwa nekudziya kwemvura, iyo njodzi yekuparara kwemakorari.

 Nzvimbo dziri muSouth America dziri kutyisidzirwa nekudzikisirwa kune madhigirii akasiyana (mutsvuku zvakanyanya), maererano neTropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite ongororo.

Zvimwe zvezviitiko muIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR4 mushumo zvinoratidzawo kuti zvingangoitika. kuitika kwehupfumi kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Kurasikirwa kweminda yekurima neyokugara kunotarisirwa kukanganisa kutengeserana kwenyika, zvifambiso, magetsi nemisika yevashandi, mabhanga nemari, mari neinishuwarenzi. Izvi zvaizoparadza kugadzikana kweupfumi nenzanga munyika dzakapfuma nedzine urombo zvakafanana. Vanoisa mari mumasangano akaita sehomwe dzepenjeni nemakambani einishuwarenzi vachasangana nematambudziko makukutu. Nyika dzichiri kusimukira, dzimwe dzadzo dzakatopinda muhondo, dzinogona kutarisana nemakakatanwa matsva emvura, simba kana chikafu, izvo zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya kukura kwehupfumi hwavo. Zvinowanzo zivikanwa kuti kushata kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kuchanzwika zvakanyanya munyika dzisina kugadzirira kuchinjika, mune zvemagariro uye zvehupfumi.

Zvisinei, kupfuura zvose, masayendisiti ezvemamiriro okunze anotya avalanche shanduko ine boost effect. Somuenzaniso, kana mazaya echando akanyunguduka nokukurumidza, gungwa rinotora kupisa kwakawanda, zvichiita kuti aizi yechando irege kuvakwazve, uye gadziriro yacho inopinda mukutenderera kunoramba kuripo kwokupera. Zvimwe zvinonetsa zvine chekuita nekuvhiringwa kwemafungu egungwa kana kutenderera kwemonsoon dzemuAsia neAfrica, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa mabhiriyoni ehupenyu. Kusvika pari zvino, hapana zviratidzo zvekushanduka-kufanana neavalanche zvakawanikwa, asi kutya hakusi kuderera.

Kudziya kwakanaka here?

Zvakadaro, kune avo vanotenda kuti chiyero chese chekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze chichiri chakanaka uye chicharamba chakadaro kwenguva yakati iri kuuya. Mhedziso yakafanana yakaitwa makore mazhinji apfuura naProf. Richard Tol weYunivhesiti yeSussex - nguva pfupi mushure mokunge aongorora migumisiro yezvidzidzo pamusoro pemigumisiro yezviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze mune ramangwana. Muchinyorwa chakaburitswa muna 2014 sechitsauko chebhuku rinonzi How Much Have Global Issues Cost the World?, rakapepetwa naBjorn Lomborg, Sachigaro weCopenhagen Consensus, Prof. Tol anoti kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kwakakonzera kuvandudza kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu nepasi. Zvisinei, iyi haisi iyo inonzi inoramba mamiriro ekunze. Haarambi kuti kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze pasi rose kuri kuitika. Mukuwedzera, anotenda kuti zvichave zvinobatsira kwenguva yakareba, uye mushure me2080, ivo vangangotanga kukuvadza nyika.

Zvisinei, Tol akaverenga kuti kunyange zvazvo migumisiro inobatsira yekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze inotora 1,4% yekugadzirwa kwehupfumi hwepasi rose, uye ne2025 iyi nhanho ichawedzera kusvika 1,5%. Muna 2050, bhenefiti iyi ichave yakaderera, asi inotarisirwa kuve 1,2% uye kwete kuve isina kunaka kusvika 2080. Kana hupfumi hwenyika hukaramba huchikura pamwero we3% pagore, panguva iyoyo munhuwo zvake anenge apfuma nekapfumbamwe kupfuura zvaari nhasi, uye Bangladesh yakaderera, semuenzaniso, inogona kuwana dziviriro yemafashamo yakafanana neiyo maDutch. nanhasi.

Maererano naRichard Tol, betsero huru dzokudziya kwepasi ndeidzi: kufa kushoma munguva yechando, kudhura kwesimba remagetsi, goho rekurima rakakwirira, zvichida kusanaya kwemvura yakawanda, uye zvimwe zvipenyu zvakawanda. Maererano naToll, kutonhora, kwete kupisa, ndiko muurayi mukurusa worudzi rwomunhu. Nokudaro, haabvumirani nemashoko akakurumbira emazuva ano emasayendisiti, achitaurawo kuti huwandu hwepamusoro hwe carbon dioxide hunoita, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, seimwe fetiraiza yezvinomera. Anocherekedza kuwedzera kwakambotaurwa kwenzvimbo yakasvibira mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzichiri dzakaoma, dzakadai seAfrican Sahel. Zvechokwadi, mune dzimwe nguva, kuoma kunze hakutauri - kwete kunyange mumasango emvura. Zvisinei, maererano nezvidzidzo zvaanotaura, zvibereko zvezvimwe zvirimwa, zvakadai sechibage, nekuda kwepamusoro CO₂ vari kukura.

Chokwadi, mishumo yesainzi iri kubuda yezvakanaka zvisingatarisirwi zvekuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, semuenzaniso, kugadzirwa kwedonje kuchamhembe kweCameroon. Kuwedzera tembiricha ye0,05°C pagore kunopfupisa mibairo yekukura nemazuva 0,1 pagore pasina kukanganisa goho. Mukuwedzera, iyo fetereza mhedzisiro yeCO inopfumisa₂ zvichawedzera goho rezvirimwa izvi nechidimbu che30kg pahekita. Kunaya kwemvura kungangochinja, asi modhi dzinosvika nhanhatu dzemudunhu dzinoshandiswa kugadzira mamiriro ekunze emunguva yemberi hadzifembere kudzikira kwekunaya kwemvura - imwe modhi inotoratidza kuwedzera kwekunaya kwemvura.

Zvisinei, hakusi kwose kwose kufanotaura kune tariro yakadaro. MuUS, kurimwa kwegorosi kunonzi kuri kudzikira munzvimbo dzinodziya sekuchamhembe-pakati peTexas. Kusiyana neizvi, nzvimbo dzinotonhorera dzakaita seNebraska, South Dakota, neNorth Dakota dzakaona kukura kwakanyanya kubva kuma90. Prof. tariro. Saka Tola angangove asina kururamiswa, kunyanya kupihwa ese aripo data.

Bjorn Lomborg ambotaurwa anga achikwevera pfungwa kwemakore mazhinji kumitengo isingaenzaniswi yekurwisa kudziya kwepasi kune zvinogona kuitika. Muna 2016, akataura paterevhizheni yeCBS kuti zvingave zvakanaka kuona mhedzisiro yakanaka yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kunyangwe iyo yakaipa ikavakunda, uye kuuya nedzimwe nzira dzekugadzirisa matambudziko.

- - Akati -.

Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunogona kuva nezvimwe zvikomborero, asi zvinogona kugoverwa zvisina kuenzana uye zvine mwero, kana kuti kudarika nekukanganisa kwakaipa. Ehe, chero kuenzanisa kweakananga uye yakaipa mhedzisiro kwakaoma, zvakare sezvo ivo vachizosiyana nenzvimbo uye nguva. Zvisinei nemamiriro ezvinhu, vanhu vanozofanira kuratidza izvo zvagara zviri mukana munhoroondo yekushanduka kwenyika - kugona kugadzirisa uye kurarama mumamiriro matsva ezvisikwa.