Ndeipi sefa yemhepo yeinjini dzinopisa mukati zviri nani

Ndeipi sefa yemhepo yakanyanya kunaka? Mubvunzo uyu unobvunzwa nevatyairi vakawanda, pasinei nokuti ndeapi mhando dzemotokari dzavanadzo. Pakusarudza sefa, zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa - zviyero zvejometri (kureva kuti, kuitira kuti igare yakasimba pachigaro chayo), pamwe chete nemhando. Kubva kukambani iyo firita yemhepo inosarudzwa nemunhu anofarira mota, maitiro ayo anoenderanawo. kureva, iwo makuru ndiwo akachena mafirita kuramba (akayerwa mukPa), iyo guruva yekufambisa coefficient uye nguva yekushanda kune yakakosha kukosha.

Kufambisa kusarudzwa nevapepeti vezvekushandisa kwedu, muyero usiri wekutengesa wemakambani ane mukurumbira mafirita wakagadzirwa. Ongororo yacho inoratidza maitiro avo ehunyanzvi, pamwe nemaitiro ekushandisa uye mhedzisiro yeimwe bvunzo. Asi, kuti usvike padanho rekusarudza kambani yemafirita emhepo, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise maitiro avo uye maitiro ayo zviri nani kusarudza.

Air filter mabasa

Injini inobatidza mukati inopedza mweya wakapetwa ka15 pane mafuta. Injini inoda mweya kuti iite musanganiswa wemhepo unobvira. Basa rakananga resefa nderokusefa kunze guruva uye zvimwe zvimedu zvidiki zvemarara mumhepo. Zviri mukati izvo zvinowanzobva pa 0,2 kusvika 50 mg/m³ yehuwandu hwayo. Saka, nekumhanya kwe 15 zviuru zvemakiromita, anenge 20 zviuru cubic metres emhepo inopinda mukati memoto injini. Uye huwandu hweguruva huri mairi hunogona kubva pamagiramu mana kusvika ku 4 kilogram. Kune injini dzedhiziri dzine kutama kukuru, nhamba iyi ichave yakakwira zvakare. Iyo huruva chidimbu dhayamita inotangira pa1 kusvika 0,01 µm. Zvisinei, vanenge 2000% vavo vane dhayamita ye75...5 µm. Saizvozvo, iyo sefa inofanirwa kukwanisa kutora zvinhu zvakadaro.

Chii chinotyisidzira kusakwana kusefa

Kuti unzwisise kuti nei zvichidikanwa kuisa yakanaka sefa yemhepo, zvakakodzera kutsanangura matambudziko ayo sarudzo isiriyo uye / kana kushandisa yakavharika sefa inogona kutungamira. Saka, nekusakwana kusefa kwemhepo yakawanda, mhepo yakawanda inopinda mukati mejini inopisa, kusanganisira mafuta. Kazhinji, mune iyi kesi, guruva zvidimbu neoiri zvinowira munzvimbo dzakaoma kudaro dzeinjini dzinopisa mukati semukana uri pakati pemadziro ecylinder nemapiston, mumigero yemapiston mhete, uye zvakare mumabhengi e crankshaft. Zvimedu zvine mafuta zvinoputika, izvo zvinonyanya kupfekedza nzvimbo dzemayuniti akanyorwa, zvichikonzera kudzikira kwezvese zviwanikwa.

Nekudaro, pamusoro pekupfeka kwakakosha kwemukati mejini injini, guruva rinogara pamhepo inoyerera sensor, inotungamira kune yayo isiriyo kushanda. kureva, semugumisiro weizvi, ruzivo rwenhema runopiwa kumagetsi ekugadzirisa unit, izvo zvinotungamirira pakuumbwa kwemhepo inopisa-mhepo inosanganiswa neasina-optimal parameters. Uye izvi, zvakare, zvinotungamira mukunyanya kushandiswa kwemafuta, kurasikirwa kweinjini yekupisa kwemukati simba uye kuburitsa kwakanyanya kwezvinhu zvinokuvadza mumhepo.

Saka, iwe unofanirwa kutsiva iyo mhepo sefa zvinoenderana nemirairo. Uye kana motokari inogara ichishandiswa kutyaira mumigwagwa ine guruva, saka zvakakodzera nguva nenguva kutarisa mamiriro esefa.

Vamwe vatyairi, pane kutsiva sefa, zunza. Muchokwadi, kugona kwemaitiro aya kwakadzikira zvakanyanya kune mafirita emapepa uye zero zvachose kune asiri akarukwa.

Zvaunofanira kutarisa paunosarudza

Yemazuva ano muchina mafirita emhepo anogona kuchenesa anosvika 99,8% yeguruva kubva kumota dzevafambi uye anosvika 99,95% kubva kumarori. Vanokwanisa kushanda mumamiriro ese ekunze, uye panguva imwechete iyo yakapetwa chimiro chesefa (corrugation shape) haibvumidzwe kuchinja kana mvura ichipinda musefa (somuenzaniso, kana uchityaira mota mukunaya kwemvura). Mukuwedzera, iyo sefa haifanirwe kushandura mashandiro ayo kana injini yemafuta, mhute yemafuta uye crankcase magasi ichipinda mairi kubva kumhepo kana semugumisiro wekusanganisa kana injini yekupisa mukati ichidzimwa. zvakare chinodiwa chinodiwa kugadzikana kwayo kwekushisa kwepamusoro, ndiko kuti, inofanirwa kumira tembiricha inosvika +90°C.

Kuti upindure mubvunzo wekuti ndeipi sefa yemhepo iri nani kuisa, iwe unofanirwa kuziva nezve pfungwa dzakadai seyakanyanya kunyura simba (kana inverse kukosha kunonzi guruva rekufambisa coefficient), kuramba kwesefa yakachena, nguva yebasa mamiriro akaoma, hull urefu. Ngatitorei muhurongwa:

1. Net filter resistance. chiratidzo ichi chinoyerwa mukPa, uye kukosha kwakakosha 2,5 kPa (inotorwa kubva mugwaro RD 37.001.622-95 "Internal combustion engine air cleaners. General technical zvinodiwa", izvo zvinodudza zvinodiwa mafirita emotokari dzeVAZ) . Masefa mazhinji emazuva ano (kunyangwe akachipa) anokwana mukati memiganhu inogamuchirwa.
2. Dust transmission coefficient (kana chaiyo absorption kugona). Uhu hukoshi hunoyerwa uye hunoyerwa muzvikamu. Yayo yakakosha muganho ndeye 1% (kana 99% yekutora simba). Inoratidza huwandu hwehuwandu hweguruva uye tsvina yakabatwa nesefa.
3. Nguva yebasa. Inoratidza nguva iyo iyo hunhu hwemhepo sefa inoderedzwa kusvika kune yakakosha kukosha (iyo sefa inovharika). Iyo yakakosha vacuum mune yakawanda yekutora ndeye 4,9 kPa.
4. Dimensions. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, kureba kwesefa ndiko kwakanyanya kukosha, sezvo ichibvumira sefa kuti ikwane muchigaro chayo, ichidzivirira guruva kuti risapfuure nechinhu chesefa. Semuenzaniso, kune mafirita emhepo emotokari dzakakurumbira dzeVAZ, kukosha kwakataurwa kunofanirwa kunge kuri kubva pa60 kusvika 65 mm. Kune mamwe mabhureki emuchina, ruzivo rwakafanana runofanira kutsvagwa mubhuku rekushandisa.

Air filter mhando

Ese mafirita emhepo emuchina anosiyana muchimiro, mhando dzemasefa zvinhu, uye chiyero chejometri. Zvose izvi zvinofanira kufungwa nezvazvo pakusarudza. Ngationgororei zvikonzero izvi zvakasiyana kubva kune mumwe nemumwe.

Zvinhu

Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa sefa zvinhu zvemhepo mafirita ndeaya:

• Zvivako kubva kumafibhi ezvakasikwa (bepa). Kushata kwemasefa emapepa inyaya yekuti zvimedu zvavanosefa zvinochengetwa zvakanyanya pasefa chete. Izvi zvinoderedza iyo chaiyo yekunyura simba uye inoderedza hupenyu hwesefa (inofanirwa kuchinjwa kazhinji).
• Zvivako zvakagadzirwa nemafuta ekugadzira (polyester). Rimwe zita rayo nderezvinhu zvisina kurukwa. Kusiyana nemafirita emapepa, zvinhu zvakadaro zvinochengeta zvimedu zvakasefa mukati mehupamhi hwazvo hwese (vhoriyamu). Nekuda kweizvi, mafirita akagadzirwa nezvinhu zvisiri-yakarukwa akapetwa kakati wandei mukuita kune mamwe mapepa emapepa (zvichienderana nevagadziri, maumbirwo uye mhando).
• Multilayer composite zvinhu. Vane hunhu huri nani pane mafirita emapepa, asi ivo vakaderera muchiratidzo ichi kune mafirita akagadzirwa nezvinhu zvisiri zvakarukwa.

Material features:

Sefa zvinhu	Chaicho absorption simba, g/mg	Surface unit uremu, g/m²
Pepa	190 ... 220	100 ... 120
Multilayer composite zvinhu	230 ... 250	100 ... 120
jira risingarukwa	900 ... 1100	230 ... 250

Kuita kwemafirita matsva kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakasiyana:

Sefa zvinhu	Mota inotakura vanhu ine peturu ICE,%	Mota yevatasvi ine injini yedhiziri,%	Rori ine injini yedhiziri,%
Pepa	zvakawanda 99,5	zvakawanda 99,8	zvakawanda 99,9
Multilayer composite zvinhu	zvakawanda 99,5	zvakawanda 99,8	zvakawanda 99,9
jira risingarukwa	zvakawanda 99,8	zvakawanda 99,8	zvakawanda 99,9

Imwezve mukana weiyo isiri-yakarukwa mafirita ejira ndeyekuti kana yakanyorova (semuenzaniso, kana uchityaira mota mukunaya kwemamiriro ekunze), inopa kushomeka kushomeka kumhepo inopfuura mavari. Naizvozvo, zvichibva pane zvakanyorwa hunhu, zvinogona kupokana kuti mafirita emucheka asina kuruka ndiyo mhinduro yakanakisa kune chero mota. Pakati pezvikanganiso, vanogona kungocherechedza mutengo wepamusoro kana uchienzaniswa nemapepa.

Fomu

Chiyero chinotevera icho mafirita emhepo anosiyana ndiwo chimiro chemba yavo. Hongu, ndivo:

• Round (rimwe zita iring). Aya mafirita echinyakare akaiswa pane peturu carburetor injini. Vane zvipingamupinyi zvinotevera: kuderera kwekuita filtration nekuda kwediki filtration nzvimbo, pamwe chete nenzvimbo yakawanda pasi pehood. Kuvapo kwemuviri muhombe mavari kunokonzerwa nekuvapo kwealuminium mesh furemu, sezvo mafirita achiona kusimba kwekunze kwekunze.
• Panel (yakakamurwa kuita furemu uye isina furemu). Parizvino ndiwo anonyanya kufarirwa emuchina mafirita emhepo. Iwo akaiswa pasi rose mujekiseni repeturu uye injini dzedhiziri. Vanosanganisa zvinotevera zvakanakira: simba, compactness, nzvimbo yakakura yekusefa, nyore kushanda. Mune mamwe mamodheru, dhizaini yedzimba inosanganisira kushandiswa kwesimbi kana epurasitiki mesh yakagadzirirwa kudzikisa vibration uye / kana deformation yechinhu chesefa kana imwe yekuwedzera furo bhora rinowedzera kusefa.
• Cylindrical. Mafirita emhepo akadaro akaiswa pamotokari dzekutengesa, pamwe chete nemhando dzemotokari dzevafambi dzakashongedzerwa injini dzedhiziri.

Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, zvinodikanwa kuti usarudze rudzi rwemhepo sefa imba inopihwa neICE yeimwe mota.

Nhamba yemazinga ekusefa

Mafirita emhepo anokamurwa nehuwandu hwemadhigirii ekusefa. kureva:

• Poshi. Muchiitiko chinowanzoitika, rimwe pepa repepa rinoshandiswa sechinhu chesefa, chinotakura mutoro wose. Masefa akadaro ndiwo akareruka, zvisinei, uye akanyanya.
• Piri. Iyi sefa dhizaini inosanganisira kushandiswa kweinonzi pre-cleaner - a synthetic material iyo iri pamberi pesefa bepa. Basa rayo nderekuteya zvimedu zvakakura zvetsvina. Kazhinji, mafirita akadaro anoiswa pamotokari dzinoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakaoma kunze kwemugwagwa kana dzine guruva.
• Tatu. Mumasefa akadaro, pamberi pemasefa zvinhu, mweya unocheneswa nenzira yekutenderera kwedutu. Nekudaro, masisitimu akaomarara akadaro haatombo shandiswa pamotokari dzakajairika dzakagadzirirwa kutyaira kutenderera guta kana kupfuura.

"Null" mafirita

Dzimwe nguva pakutengesa unogona kuwana izvo zvinonzi "zero" kana mafirita ane zero kuramba kumhepo inopinda. Kazhinji ivo vanoshandiswa pamotokari dzemitambo kuti ive nechokwadi chekupfuura kwehuwandu hwemhepo muinjini ine simba yemukati. Izvi zvinopa kuwedzera kwesimba rayo ne3 ... 5 horsepower. Kune zvemitambo, izvi zvinogona kunge zvakakosha, asi kune yakajairika mota hazvionekwe.

Muchokwadi, mwero wekusefa kwezvinhu zvakadaro wakadzikira. Asi kana zvemitambo ICEs izvi hazvityisi zvakanyanya (sezvo zvinowanzo shandirwa uye / kana kugadziriswa mushure memujaho wega wega), saka kune maICE emota dzakajairwa dzinotakura ichi ichokwadi chakakosha. Zero mafirita akavakirwa pajira rakakosha remultilayer rakaiswa nemafuta. Imwe nzira ndeye porous polyurethane. Zero mafirita anoda kumwe kugadzirisa. kureva, nzvimbo yavo yekusefa inofanirwa kuisirwa mvura yakakosha. Izvi ndozvinoitirwa mota dzemitambo mujaho usati waitwa.

saka, zero sefa anogona chete kushandiswa mitambo motokari. Vachange vasingafariri varidzi vemotokariwo zvavo vanotyaira mumigwagwa ine huruva, asi nekusaziva, vanovaisa sechinhu chekugadzirisa. Nokudaro kukuvadza injini yemoto yemukati

Chiyero chevagadziri vemhepo sefa

Kuti upindure mubvunzo wekuti ndeipi firiji yemhepo zviri nani kuisa pamotokari yako, zvinotevera ndezvisingashambadziri zvemafirita emhepo. Inounganidzwa chete pane wongororo uye bvunzo dzinowanikwa paInternet, pamwe neruzivo rwemunhu.

Mann-Sefa

Mann-Filter brand air filters inogadzirwa muGermany. Iwo akanyanya kunaka uye akajairika zvigadzirwa pakati pevaridzi vemotokari dzekunze. Chinhu chakasiyana chedzimba dzemasefa akadaro chikamu chikuru chemuchinjikwa chesefa layer kana ichienzaniswa neyekutanga. Zvisinei, kazhinji ine mipendero yakatenderedzwa. Zvisinei, izvi hazvikanganisi kunaka kwebasa rinoitwa nesefa. Miedzo yakaratidza kuti iyo sefa chinhu chemhando yepamusoro, uye saizi yakaonda uye haina mapundu. Nekuda kwebvunzo dzakaitwa, zvakaonekwa kuti iyo nyowani sefa inopfuura 0,93% yeguruva inopfuura nepairi.

Automakers vanowanzoisa mafirita kubva kukambani iyi kubva kufekitari, saka kana iwe uchitenga Mann air filter, funga kuti uri kusarudza yekutanga, kwete analogue. Pakati pekukanganisa kweMann muchina sefa, munhu anogona kucherechedza chete mutengo wakakurisa uchienzaniswa nevakwikwidzi. Zvisinei, izvi zvinoripwa zvizere nebasa rake rakanaka. Saka, mutengo wemasefa aya unotanga kubva pa500 rubles uye pamusoro.

SIEMENS

BOSCH muchina mafirita emhepo ndeemhando yepamusoro. Muchiitiko ichi, zvakakosha kufunga nezvenyika iyo zvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa. Nekudaro, mafirita anogadzirwa muRussian Federation achave neakaipisisa maitiro ekuita kupfuura ayo anogadzirwa muEU (semuenzaniso, pachirimwa muCzech Republic). Saka, zviri nani kutenga "mutorwa" BOSCH.

Iyo sefa yemhepo yemhando iyi ine imwe yeakanakisa maitiro ekuita. kureva, iyo nzvimbo huru yepepa resefa, nhamba yemapeta, nguva yekushanda. Huwandu hwehupfu hwakapfuura ndeye 0,89%. Mutengo, maererano nehutano hwezvinhu, ndeye demokrasi, kutanga pa 300 rubles.

Fram

Fram muchina mafirita anogadzirwa muSpain. Zvigadzirwa zvinosiyaniswa nehuwandu hukuru hwefirita bepa. Semuenzaniso, iyo CA660PL modhi ine nzvimbo yakazara ye0,35 square metres. Nekuda kweizvi, iyo sefa ine yakakwirira maitiro ekuita. kureva, inopfuura chete 0,76% yeguruva, uye ine nguva yakakosha yekushandiswa pamotokari. Vatyairi vakadzokorora kutaura kuti sefa yekambani iyi inoshanda zvinopfuura zviuru makumi matatu zvemakiromita, izvo zvinopfuura zvakakwana zvehupenyu hwebasa zvinoenderana nemirairo yekuchengetedza.

Iyo yakachipa yeFram mafirita emhepo inodhura kubva ku200 rubles.

"Nevsky sefa"

Zvakakwana zvemhando yepamusoro uye zvakachipa mafirita epamba anosanganisa hunhu hwakakwana. Miedzo yakaratidza kuti sefa inochengeta 99,03% yeguruva richipfuura nemo. Kana iri nguva, anopindirana navo. Zvisinei, zvichipiwa mutengo wayo wakaderera, Nevsky Filter inogona kukurudzirwa kumotokari dzepakati-kati dzinoshandiswa mumigwagwa ine guruva shoma (kusanganisira kutyaira muguta guru). Imwezve mukana weNevsky Filter chirimwa ndeyemhando dzakasiyana dzemafirita anogadzirwa. Saka, pawebhusaiti yepamutemo yemugadziri mune catalogue unogona kuwana modhi uye makodhi emafirita chaiwo emota dzepamba uye dzekunze, kusanganisira mota, marori uye dzakakosha mota.

filters

Filtron air filters hazvidhure uye zvemhando yepamusoro zvigadzirwa zvemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzemotokari. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvinoonekwa kuti kunaka kwenyaya yacho kunosiya zvakawanda zvingadiwa. Izvi zvinoratidzwa, zvinoti, pamberi pehuwandu hwakawanda hwepurasitiki yakawandisa pane iyo kesi, kunyangwe mipendero yakagadzirwa zvakanaka. Kureva, ivo vanoita basa rakakosha mukushanda kwesefa. Mumuviri mune mbabvu dzakaoma, kureva kuti, sefa haiite ruzha kana ichifamba. Ndiyo sefa yemapepa inoumbwa nehuwandu hwemapepa. Nayo pachayo, yakasviba, iyo inoratidza kupisa kwayo kurapwa.

Mafirita emhepo "Filtron" ndeemhando yemutengo wepakati, uye anogona kukurudzirwa kuti ashandiswe pamotokari dzebhajeti uye epakati mutengo makirasi. Mutengo weFiltron air filter inotanga kubva ku150 rubles.

Kudya

Mahle muchina mafirita emhepo anogadzirwa muGermany. Ivo vanoonekwa sehumwe hwemhando yepamusoro, ndosaka vachizivikanwa zvakanyanya. Muchokwadi, kuita zvisina hanya kweiyo sefa imba kunowanzo cherechedzwa. kureva, kune masampuli ane huwandu hukuru hwekupenya (yakawandisa zvinhu). Panguva imwecheteyo, hapana mbabvu dzakaoma pamapuranga. Nokuda kweizvi, panguva yekushanda kwesefa, ruzha rusingafadzi pakunzwa kwevanhu rinowanzoonekwa.

Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo sefa ndiro yemhando yakakwana, yakagadzirwa ne polyamide, kwete polypropylene. Ndiko kuti, keteni inodhura zvakanyanya, uye inosefa huruva zvakanaka. iyo zvakare yemhando yakanamwa. Tichitarisa nekuongorora kunowanikwa paInternet, munhu anogona kutonga maitiro akanaka kwazvo emafirita emhando iyi. Iyo chete drawback ndiyo mutengo wakakwirira. Saka, inotangira kubva ku300 rubles.

BIG Sefa

Mafirita emhepo eBig Filter trademark anogadzirwa munharaunda yeRussian Federation, muSt. Tichifunga nezve wongororo uye bvunzo, ndeimwe yeakanakisa mafirita emhepo epamba VAZs. Kusanganisira chiyero chemutengo uye kunaka kwekunatswa kwemhepo. Saka, iyo sefa imba ndeyemhando yepamusoro, chisimbiso chakagadzirwa chemhando yepamusoro polyurethane. Uyezve, mune dzimwe nguva inokandwa zvisina kufanana, asi izvi zvinobvumirwa nemuiti. Iyo saizi ndeyemhando yepamusoro, iyo sefa bepa rakakora, rine phenolic impregnation. Pakati pezvikanganiso, kungocheka kusina kururama kwepepa pachayo kunogona kucherechedzwa, izvo zvinonyanya kukanganisa mafungiro uye zvinokonzera vatenzi vemotokari kusava nechokwadi nekubudirira.

Miedzo chaiyo yakaratidza kuti iyo sefa nyowani inopfuura chete 1% yeguruva inopfuura nepairi. Panguva imwecheteyo, nguva yekushanda kwesefa yakanyanya kwazvo. Huwandu hwemafirita emhepo "Big Filter" yakakura kwazvo, uye mutengo weimwe seti kubva pakutanga kwa2019 unotanga kubva ku130 rubles (ye carburetor ICEs) uye kumusoro.

Sakura

Pasi pechiratidzo cheSakura, yepamusoro-soro, zvisinei, mafirita anodhura anotengeswa. Mupakeji, iyo sefa inowanzo kuputirwa mu cellophane kuitira kudzivirira kukuvara kwairi. Iko hakuna kuomesa mbabvu pane yepurasitiki kesi. Bepa rakatetepa rinoshandiswa sechinhu chesefa. Nekudaro, huwandu hwayo hwakakura zvakakwana, izvo zvinopa kugona kusefa kwakanaka. Mhosva yacho yakagadzirwa zvakanaka, ine flash shoma. The bodywork is also of good quality.

Kazhinji, mafirita emhepo eSakura ndeemhando yakakwana, asi zviri nani kuaisa pamota dzekirasi yebhizinesi dzemhando yepakati nepamusoro. Saka, mutengo weSakura air filter unotanga kubva ku300 rubles.

"Auto unit"

uyewo mamwe mafirita emumba uye emhando yepamusoro. Miedzo yakaratidza kuti inopfuura chete 0,9% (!) yeguruva. Pakati pemasefa eRussia, iyi ndeimwe yeakanakisa zviratidzo. Maawa ekushanda akanakawo. Zvinocherechedzwa kuti huwandu hukuru hwesefa bepa hunosanganisirwawo musefa. Saka, mune sefa yakagadzirirwa kushandiswa mudzimba VAZs, kune akawanda anosvika 209 mapepa muketeni. Mutengo wesefa yemotokari yevatyairi yeAvtoagregat trademark inobva ku300 rubles uye nezvimwe.

Muchokwadi, musika wemuchina mafirita emhepo parizvino wakakura, uye unogona kuwana mhando dzakasiyana pamasherufu. Izvo zvinoenderana, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, padunhu renyika (pane logistics).

Masefa emanyepo

Zvikamu zvemuchina zvakawanda zvepakutanga ndezvekunyepedzera. Mafirita emhepo haana mutsauko. Naizvozvo, kuti usatenga fake, pakusarudza imwe sefa, unofanirwa kuterera kune zvinotevera zvikonzero:

• mutengo. Kana yakanyanya kuderera pane yezvigadzirwa zvakafanana kubva kune mamwe mabhureki, saka ichi ndicho chikonzero chekufunga. Zvingangodaro, sefa yakadaro ichave yemhando yakaderera uye / kana fake.

• Packaging quality. Vese vagadziri vemazuva ano vanozvikudza havatombo chengetedza pamhando yekurongedza. Izvi zvinoshanda kune zvese zviri zviviri zvinyorwa zvayo uye kudhinda. Dhirowa pamusoro payo inofanira kuva yemhando yepamusoro, uye font inofanira kuva yakajeka. Hazvibvumirwi kuva nezvikanganiso zvegirama muzvinyorwa (kana kuwedzera mavara ekunze kune mazwi, somuenzaniso, hieroglyphs).
• Kuvapo kwezvinhu zvekuyamura. Pamasefa emhepo mazhinji ekutanga, vagadziri vanoshandisa zvinyorwa zvevolumetric. Kana varipo, iyi igakava rakakura mukufarira kwekutanga kwechigadzirwa.
• Zviratidzo pane sefa imba. Sepakurongedza, zviratidzo zviri pafirita imba zvinofanirwa kuve zvakajeka uye zvinonzwisisika. Kudhinda kwakashata uye kukanganisa kwegirama hazvibvumidzwe. Kana iyo yakanyorwa pabepa yakasefa isina kuenzana, ipapo sefa ndeye fake.
• Chisimbiso chemhando. Rubha rakatenderedza perimeter yesefa imba inofanirwa kuve yakapfava, yakanyatsoenderana nepamusoro, yakagadzirwa isina mitsetse uye kukanganisa.
• Kubaya. Mune yepakutanga yemhando yepamusoro sefa, bepa rinogara rakarongedzerwa zvakanaka. kureva, kune zvakakwana kunyange kupeta, chinhambwe chakafanana pakati pembabvu, mapete ega ega akaenzana. Kana iyo sefa yakatambanudzwa zvakanyanya, pepa rakaiswa zvisina kuenzana, nhamba yemapeta idiki, saka kazhinji iwe une fake.
• Kuisa Chisimbiso Papepa. Chinhu chakakosha chekuisa chisimbiso chinogara chichiiswa kumicheto yemapepa mapepa. Kushandiswa kwaro kunoitwa pamutsetse wakasarudzika weatomatiki unopa kuita kwemhando yepamusoro. Nokudaro, kana glue ikashandiswa zvisina kufanana, kune mitsetse, uye pepa harina kunamatira zvakasimba kumuviri, zviri nani kuramba kushandisa sefa yakadaro.
• Mafuta. Mamwe mafirita akaputirwa nemafuta pamusoro penzvimbo yavo yese. Inofanira kushandiswa zvakaenzana, pasina sags uye mapundu.
• Paper quality. Nechinhu ichi, zvakaoma kuona iyo yekutanga sefa, nekuti iwe unofanirwa kuziva kuti bepa rinofanira kunge rakaita sei mune yakakodzera kesi. Nekudaro, kana iyo bepa sefa chinhu chine mamiriro asina kunaka, saka zviri nani kuramba sefa yakadaro.
• Kuyera. Paunenge uchitenga, zvine musoro kuyera nemaoko zviyero zvejometri zvesefa imba. Mugadziri wezvigadzirwa zvepakutanga anovimbisa kutevedza kwezviratidzo izvi neakaziviswa, asi "vashandi vesangano" havadaro.

Kusiyana neakafanana mabhureki discs kana pads, iyo mhepo sefa haisi chinhu chakakosha chemota. Nekudaro, kana uchitenga yakaderera-mhando sefa, panogara paine njodzi yekupfeka kwakakosha painjini yemoto yemukati uye kudzoreredzwa kwesefa chinhu. Naizvozvo, zvinokurudzirwa kuti uchiri kutenga zvekutanga zvakasara.

mhedziso

Paunosarudza imwe kana imwe sefa yemhepo, kutanga kune zvese, unofanirwa kutarisisa kune chimiro chayo uye zviyero zvejometri. Ndiko kuti, kuitira kuti ive yakanyatsokodzera kune imwe mota. Zvinokurudzirwa kutenga kwete mapepa, asi asina-yakarukwa mafirita. Pasinei nekudhura kwadzo, dzinogara kwenguva refu uye dzinosefa mhepo zviri nani. Kana ari emhando dzemhando, zvinokurudzirwa kuti usarudze mhando dzinozivikanwa, chero iwe uchitenga yekutanga spare part. Zviri nani kuramba fakes dzakachipa, sezvo kushandiswa kweiyo yakaderera-yemhepo sefa kunotyisidzira kukonzeresa matambudziko mukushanda kweinjini yekupisa mukati menguva refu. Ndeipi rudzi rwendege yaunoshandisa? Nyora nezvazvo mumashoko.