Kana Mutemo waHooke usingachakwane ...

Maererano nemutemo waHooke unozivikanwa kubva mumabhuku ekuchikoro, kurebesa kwemuviri kunofanira kuenzana zvakananga nedzvinyiriro inoshandiswa. Nekudaro, zvinhu zvakawanda zvakakosha muhunyanzvi hwemazuva ano uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva zvinongoenderana nemutemo uyu kana kuzvibata zvakasiyana zvachose. Fizikisi uye mainjiniya vanoti zvinhu zvakadaro zvine rheological properties. Chidzidzo chezvivakwa izvi chichava musoro wezvimwe zviedzo zvinonakidza.

Rheology inodzidza nezvemaitiro emidziyo ine maitiro anopfuura dzidziso yekusimba kunoenderana nemutemo wambotaurwa waHooke. Hunhu uhu hunobatanidzwa nezviitiko zvakawanda zvinonakidza. Izvi zvinosanganisira, kunyanya: kunonoka kudzoka kwezvinhu kumamiriro ayo epakutanga mushure mekudonha kwemagetsi, kureva, elastic hysteresis; kuwedzera kwekurebesa kwemuviri pakugara uchinetseka, neimwe nzira inonzi kuyerera; kana kuwanda kwekuwedzera mukupokana ne deformation uye kuoma kwemuviri wekutanga wepurasitiki, kusvika pakuonekwa kwezvivakwa zvinotaridza brittle zvinhu.

mutongi ane usimbe

Imwe mugumo wepurasitiki mutongi 30 cm kana kupfuura kureba inogadziriswa muvhisi shaya kuitira kuti mutongi amire (Fig. 1). Isu tinoramba mugumo wepamusoro wemutongi kubva kune vertical nemamirimita mashoma uye kuisunungura. Ziva kuti chikamu chemahara chemutongi chinotenderera kakawanda kutenderedza vertical equilibrium chinzvimbo uye chinodzokera kumamiriro ayo ekutanga (Fig. 1a). Iwo anocherechedzwa oscillations ari harmonic, sezvo padiki kutsauka ukuru hweiyo elastic simba inobata sesimba rinotungamira yakanangana nekutsauka kwekupedzisira kwemutongi. Iyi maitiro emutongi anotsanangurwa nedzidziso ye elasticity. 

Mupunga. 1. Kudzidza elastic hysteresis uchishandisa mutongi

1 - ambulance,

2 - vise shaya, A - kutsauka kwekuguma kwemutongi kubva pakatarisana

Muchikamu chechipiri chekuedza, tinokanganisa mugumo wepamusoro wemutongi nemasendimita mashomanana, tisunungure, uye tinocherechedza maitiro ayo (Fig. 1b). Iye zvino magumo aya ari kudzoka zvishoma nezvishoma kunzvimbo yekuenzanisa. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuwedzera kweiyo elastic muganho wemutongi zvinhu. Mhedzisiro iyi inonzi elastic hysteresis. Zvinosanganisira kudzoka kunononoka kwemuviri wakaremara kune mamiriro awo epakutanga. Kana tikadzokorora chiyedzo chekupedzisira ichi nekurerekera kumucheto kwepamusoro kwemutongi zvakanyanya, tinozoona kuti kudzoka kwayo kuchaitawo zvishoma uye kunogona kutora kusvika kumaminetsi akati wandei. Pamusoro pezvo, mutongi haadzokeri kunzvimbo yakatwasuka uye acharamba akakotama zvachose. Migumisiro inotsanangurwa muchikamu chechipiri chekuedza ingori imwe chete rheology research zvidzidzo.

Kudzoka shiri kana mhungu

Pachiitiko chinotevera, tichashandisa toyi yakachipa uye iri nyore kutenga (dzimwe nguva inotowanikwa mumakiosks). Inoumbwa nemufananidzo wakatsetseka muchimiro cheshiri kana imwe mhuka, yakadai sedandemutande, yakabatanidzwa netambo refu ine ring-shaped handle (Fig. 2a). Toyi yacho yese yakagadzirwa nekusimba, serubha-sechinhu chinonamira zvishoma pakubata. Iyo tepi inogona kutambanudzwa nyore nyore, ichiwedzera kureba kwayo kakawanda pasina kubvarura. Isu tinoedza pedyo nenzvimbo yakatsetseka, segirazi regirazi kana madziro efenicha. Nezvigunwe zverumwe ruoko, bata mubato woita masaisai, nokudaro uchikanda chitoyi panzvimbo yakatsetseka. Iwe unozoona kuti chifananidzo chinonamira kumusoro uye tepi inoramba yakasimba. Tinoramba takabata mubato neminwe yedu kwemasekonzi akati wandei kana kupfuura.

Mupunga. 2. Muenzaniso wakajeka we elastic hysteresis, inoratidzwa uchishandisa muchinjikwa wekudzoka

1 - spider figurine, 2 - rubber band,

3 - mubato, 4 - muchanza, 5 - pamusoro

Mushure menguva yakati, tinoona kuti chifananidzo chichangoerekana chabuda pamusoro uye, chichikweverwa ne tepi inopisa inopisa, ichakurumidza kudzokera kuruoko rwedu. Muchiitiko ichi, sezvakaitwa mukuedza kwekare, kunewo kuderera kunononoka kwemagetsi, kureva, elastic hysteresis. Iro elastic mauto e tepi yakatambanudzwa inokunda masimba ekunamatira epateni kumusoro, ayo anopera simba nekufamba kwenguva. Somugumisiro, nhamba inodzokera kuruoko. Zvinhu zvetoyi zvakashandiswa muchiyedzo ichi zvinodaidzwa kuti rheologists viscoelastic. Iri zita rinopembedzwa nekuti rinoratidza zvese zvinonamira zvivakwa - kana yanamatira kune yakatsetseka pamusoro, uye elastic zvimiro - nekuda kweiyo inotyora kubva pane ino uye ichidzokera kune yayo yekutanga.

achiburuka murume

Mufananidzo 1. Chifananidzo chinodzika rusvingo rwakamira zvakare muenzaniso mukuru we elastic hysteresis.

Ichi kuyedza chinozoshandisawo chitoyi chiri nyore chakaitwa ne viscoelastic material (mufananidzo 1). Inogadzirwa muchimiro chechimiro chemurume kana mhungu. Isu tinokanda chitoyi ichi nemakumbo akaiswa uye takatsikitsira pasi pane yakadzikama yakatwasuka, zviri nani pagirazi, girazi kana madziro efenicha. Chinhu chinokandwa chinonamira pamusoro apa. Pashure penguva yakati, nguva iyo inoenderana, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, pakushata kwepamusoro uye nekukasira kwekukanda, pamusoro petoyi inobuda. Izvi zvinoitika semugumisiro wezvakambokurukurwa. elastic hysteresis uye chiito chehuremu hwemufananidzo, iyo inotsiva simba re elastic yebhanhire, raivepo mukuedza kwekare.

Pasi pesimba rehuremu, chikamu chakavharirwa chetoyi chinokotama uye chinodambuka mberi kusvikira chikamu chacho chabata zvakare kumusoro. Mushure mekubata uku, iyo inotevera gluing yemufananidzo kumusoro inotanga. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo nhamba ichanamirwa zvakare, asi mumusoro-pasi chinzvimbo. Maitiro anotsanangurwa pazasi anodzokororwa, nenhamba dzichibvarura makumbo uyezve musoro. Mhedzisiro yacho ndeyokuti nhamba yacho inodzika nepamusoro pepamusoro, ichiita mafiripi anoshamisa.

Fluid plasticine

Mupunga. 3. Plasticine flow test

a) mamiriro ekutanga, b) mamiriro ekupedzisira;

1 - palm, 2 - chikamu chepamusoro chepurasitiki,

3 - chiratidzo, 4 - constriction, 5 - chidimbu chakabvaruka chepurasitiki

Mune izvi uye zvakati wandei zviedzo zvinotevera, isu tichashandisa plasticine inowanikwa muzvitoro zvematoyi, inozivikanwa se "magic clay" kana "tricolin". Tinokanya chidimbu chepurasitiki muchimiro chakafanana nedumbbell, inenge 4 cm kureba uye nehupamhi hwezvikamu zvakakura mukati me 1-2 cm uye dhayamita inopera inenge 5 mm (Fig. 3a). Isu tinobata kuumbwa neminwe yedu nechekumusoro kwechikamu chakakora uye kuibata isina kufamba kana kuisungirira yakatwasuka padivi peiyo yakaiswa marker ichiratidza nzvimbo yepasi pekupedzisira chikamu chakakora.

Kucherechedza nzvimbo yepasi pekupedzisira kweplastiki, tinocherechedza kuti iri kufamba zvishoma nezvishoma pasi. Muchiitiko ichi, chikamu chepakati cheplasticine chinomanikidzwa. Iyi nzira inodaidzwa kuyerera kana kukambaira kwechinhu uye inosanganisira kuwedzera kureba kwayo pasi pechiito chekugara kushushikana. Muchiitiko chedu, kushungurudzika uku kunokonzerwa nekurema kwechikamu chepasi cheplasticine dumbbell (Fig. 3b). Kubva pane microscopic yekuona current ichi ndicho chikonzero chekuchinja kwechimiro chezvinyorwa zvakaiswa pasi pemitoro kwenguva yakakwana yakakwana. Pane imwe nguva, simba rechikamu chakamanikana chidiki zvekuti chinoputsika pasi pehuremu hwechikamu chepasi chepurasitiki chete. Kuyerera kweyero kunoenderana nezvinhu zvakawanda, kusanganisira rudzi rwezvinhu, huwandu uye nzira yekushandisa kushushikana kwairi.

Plasticine yatinoshandisa inonyatsonzwa kuyerera, uye tinogona kuiona neziso rakashama mumakumi mashoma emasekonzi. Zvakakosha kuwedzera kuti ivhu remashiripiti rakagadzirwa netsaona muUnited States, munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, apo kuedza kwakaitwa kugadzira chinhu chekugadzira chakakodzera kugadzirwa kwematayi emotokari dzehondo. Nekuda kwekusakwana kwepolymerization, chinhu chakawanikwa umo imwe nhamba yemamorekuru yakanga isina kusungwa, uye zvisungo pakati pemamwe mamorekuru zvinogona kushandura nzvimbo yavo zviri nyore pasi pesimba rekunze. Aya ma "bouncing" links anobatsira kune zvinoshamisa zvimiro zvevhu rinoputika.

bhora rakarasika

Mupunga. 4. Set yekuyedza plasticine yekuparadzira uye kuzorora kwekushushikana:

a) mamiriro ekutanga, b) mamiriro ekupedzisira; 1 - bhora resimbi,

2 - midziyo yakajeka, 3 - plasticine, 4 - base

Iye zvino svina mapurasitiki emagetsi mumudziyo muduku wakajeka, uvhure kumusoro, uchiona kuti hapana mabhuru emhepo mairi (Fig. 4a). Kureba uye dhayamita yemudziyo inofanira kuva masendimita akawanda. Isa bhora resimbi rinenge 1,5 cm muhupamhi pakati pepamusoro pepamusoro peplasticine Tinosiya mudziyo nebhora chete. Maawa mashomanana ega ega tinocherechedza nzvimbo yebhora. Cherechedza kuti inopinda mukati uye yakadzika mu plasticine, iyo, iyo, inopinda munzvimbo iri pamusoro pepamusoro pebhora.

Mushure menguva yakareba yakakwana, iyo inobva pane: uremu hwebhora, rudzi rwepurasitiki inoshandiswa, ukuru hwebhora uye pani, kutonhora kwemhepo, tinoona kuti bhora rinosvika pasi pepani. Nzvimbo iri pamusoro pebhora ichazadzwa zvachose neplasticine (Fig. 4b). Kuedza uku kunoratidza kuti zvinhu zvinoyerera uye kunyaradza kushushikana.

Kusvetuka plasticine

Gadzira bhora remashiripiti ekutamba uye nekukasira kurikanda panzvimbo yakaoma sepasi kana madziro. Tinoona nekushamisika kuti plasticine inobvongodzwa kubva panzvimbo idzi sebhora rerubha. Mashiripiti ivhu muviri unogona kuratidza ese epurasitiki uye elastic zvimiro. Zvinoenderana nekuti mutoro wacho uchaita nekukurumidza sei pairi.

Kana madhiri akaiswa zvishoma nezvishoma, sepakukanya, inoratidza zvinhu zvepurasitiki. Kune rumwe rutivi, nekukurumidza kushandiswa kwesimba, kunoitika kana kudhumhana nepasi kana madziro, plasticine inoratidza elastic properties. Ivhu remashiripiti rinogona kunzi muchidimbu muviri wepurasitiki-elastic.

Tensile plasticine

Mufananidzo 2. Mhedzisiro yekunonoka kutambanudza ivhu remashiripiti (kureba kwefiber yakatambanudzwa inenge 60 cm)

Panguva ino, gadzira mashiripiti epurasitiki silinda anenge 1 cm mudhayamita uye mashoma masendimita kureba. Tora magumo ose neminwe yeruoko rwako rworudyi uye rworuboshwe uye isa roller yakatwasuka. Zvadaro tinotambanudza maoko edu zvishoma nezvishoma kumativi mune imwe mutsara wakarurama, zvichiita kuti silinda itambanuke munzira yeaxial. Isu tinonzwa kuti plasticine inopa kunenge kusapokana, uye tinoona kuti inotetepa nepakati.

Kureba kweplasticine cylinder kunogona kuwedzerwa kusvika makumi emakumi emasendimita, kusvikira tambo yakaonda yakaumbwa muchikamu chayo chepakati, icho chichaputsika nekufamba kwenguva (mufananidzo 2). Chiitiko ichi chinoratidza kuti nekuisa zvishoma nezvishoma kunetseka kumuviri wepurasitiki-elastic, munhu anogona kukonzera deformation yakakura kwazvo pasina kuiparadza.

plasticine yakaoma

Isu tinogadzirira mashiripiti epurasitiki cylinder nenzira imwecheteyo seyeyedzo yapfuura uye tinoputira zvigunwe zvedu kumativi ayo nenzira imwecheteyo. Taisa pfungwa dzedu, tinotambanudza maoko edu kumativi nekukurumidza sezvinobvira, tichida kutambanudza zvakasimba silinda. Zvinoitika kuti munyaya iyi tinonzwa kupikisa kwakanyanya kwepurasitiki, uye cylinder, zvinoshamisa, haina kureba zvachose, asi inoputika nehafu yehurefu hwayo, sekunge yakachekwa nebanga (mufananidzo 3). Ichi chiedzo chinoratidzawo kuti chimiro che deformation yemuviri wepurasitiki-elastic zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwekushushikana kwekushandisa.

Plasticine haina kusimba segirazi

Mufananidzo 3. Mhedzisiro yekukurumidza kutambanudza yemashiripiti epurasitiki - iwe unogona kuona kakawanda kushoma kureba uye kupinza kunopinza, kwakafanana nekutsemuka muchinhu chisina kusimba.

Ichi chiedzo chinoratidza zvakatonyanya kujeka kuti chiyero chekushushikana chinokanganisa sei zvinhu zvemuviri wepurasitiki-elastic. Gadzira bhora rine dhayamita ringaita 1,5 cm kubva muvhu remashiripiti woriisa pahwaro hwakasimba, hombe, sendiro inorema yesimbi, dhiri, kana pasirengi. Zvishoma nezvishoma rova ​​bhora nesando inorema zvishoma 0,5 kg (Fig. 5a). Zvinoitika kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu aya bhora rinoita semuviri wepurasitiki uye rinoputika mushure mokunge nyundo inowira pairi (Fig. 5b).

Gadzira plasticine yakatsetseka mubhora zvakare woiisa mundiro sepakutanga. Zvakare tinorova bhora nenyundo, asi panguva ino tinoedza kuzviita nokukurumidza sezvinobvira (Fig. 5c). Zvinoitika kuti bhora repurasitiki munyaya iyi rinoita sekuti rakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvisina kusimba, zvakadai segirazi kana porcelain, uye pazvinoitika zvinoputika kuita zvidimbu kumativi ose (Fig. 5d).

Thermal muchina pamishonga rubber mabhendi

Kushungurudzika mune rheological zvinhu zvinogona kuderedzwa nekusimudza tembiricha yavo. Tichashandisa chiitiko ichi mune injini yekupisa ine nheyo inoshamisa yekushanda. Kuti uiunganidze, iwe uchada: chivharo chetindi chivharo, gumi nemaviri kana mapfupi mabhande erabha, tsono hombe, chidimbu cherectangular chesimbi yakatetepa, uye rambi rine girobhu rinopisa kwazvo. Kugadzirwa kwemotokari kunoratidzwa mumufananidzo 6. Kuti uiunganidze, cheka chikamu chepakati kubva pachivharo kuitira kuti mhete inowanikwa.

Mupunga. 5. Nzira yekuratidza plasticine uye brittle properties yeplasticine

a) kurova bhora zvishoma nezvishoma b) kurova zvishoma

c) kukurumidza kurova bhora, d) mhedzisiro yekukurumidza kurova;

1 - plasticine bhora, 2 - yakasimba uye yakakura ndiro, 3 - sando,

v - nyundo kumhanya

Pakati pechindori ichi tinoisa tsono, iyo ndiyo axis, uye tinoisa mabhanhire elastic pairi kuitira kuti pakati pehurefu hwayo vanozorora pamusoro pemhete uye vakatambanudzwa zvakasimba. Mabhandi e-elastic anofanirwa kuiswa symmetrically pamhete, saka, vhiri rine maspokes akaumbwa kubva kumabhandi elastic anowanikwa. Benda chidimbu chesimbi muchimiro checramponi nemaoko akatambanudzwa, zvichikutendera kuti uise denderedzwa rakamboitwa pakati pavo uye kuvhara hafu yepasi. Kune rumwe rutivi rwe cantilever, pamativi ayo ose akatwasuka, tinoita cutout inotibvumira kuisa vhiri revhiri mairi.

Isa vhiri remavhiri mukucheka kwerutsigiro. Tinotenderera gumbo neminwe yedu uye tarisa kana yakaenzana, i.e. inomira mune chero chinzvimbo. Kana zvisina kudaro, dzikamisa vhiri nekuchinja zvishoma nzvimbo iyo mabhande erabha anosangana nemhete. Isa bhuraketi patafura uye vhenekera chikamu chedenderedzwa chinobudikira kubva paari nerambi rinopisa kwazvo. Zvinoitika kuti mushure mechinguva vhiri rinotanga kutenderera.

Chikonzero chekufamba uku ndiko kushanduka kunogara kuchinzvimbo chepakati pehuremu hwevhiri nekuda kwechiitiko chinonzi rheologists. thermal stress relaxation.

Uku kuzorora kwakavakirwa pachokwadi chekuti yakanyanya kusimbiswa elastic zvinhu zvibvumirano kana ichipisa. Muinjini yedu, zvinhu izvi ivhiri-padivi mabhendi erabha anobuda kubva pabhuraketi uye achidziiswa negirobhu. Nekuda kweizvozvo, pakati pehuremu hwevhiri inochinjirwa kudivi rakafukidzwa nemaoko ekutsigira. Somugumisiro wekutenderera kwevhiri, mabhandi anopisa erubha anowira pakati pemapfudzi ekutsigirwa uye anotonhorera pasi, sezvo ipapo akavanzwa kubva kubhubhu. Marabha akatonhodzwa anorebesa zvakare. Kutevedzana kwemaitiro anotsanangurwa kunovimbisa kutenderera kunoramba kuripo kwevhiri.

Kwete chete kuedza kunoshamisa

Mupunga. 6. Kugadzirwa kwejini inopisa yakagadzirwa nemishonga yerubha mabhendi

a) maonero eparutivi

b) chikamu neaxial ndege; 1 - mhete, 2 - tsono, 3 - eraser yemishonga,

4 - bracket, 5 - cutout mubhuraketi, 6 - girobhu

Iye zvino rheology inzvimbo inokurumidza kukura yekufarira kune vese mafizikisi uye nyanzvi mumunda wehunyanzvi sainzi. Rheological phenomena mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu inogona kukanganisa nharaunda yazvinoitika uye inofanirwa kuverengerwa, semuenzaniso, pakugadzira mahombe esimbi ayo anokanganisa nekufamba kwenguva. Izvo zvinokonzerwa nekupararira kwezvinhu pasi pekuita kwekuita mitoro uye uremu hwayo.

Kuyera kwakaringana ukuru hwemachira emhangura anovhara matenga emawere uye mahwindo egirazi ane mavara mumakereke enhoroondo aratidza kuti zvinhu izvi zvakakora pasi pane kumusoro. Uyu ndiwo mugumisiro currentzvose mhangura negirazi pasi pehuremu hwazvo kwemazana emakore akawanda. Rheological phenomena inoshandiswawo mune akawanda emazuva ano uye ehupfumi ekugadzira matekinoroji. Muenzaniso ndeyekudzokorodza mapurasitiki. Zvizhinji zvinogadzirwa kubva kuzvinhu izvi zvino kugadzirwa neextrusion, kudhirowa uye kuvhuvhuta. Izvi zvinoitwa mushure mekupisa zvinhu uye kushandisa kumanikidza kwazviri pachiyero chakasarudzwa chakakodzera. Nokudaro, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, mapepa, tsvimbo, mapaipi, fiber, pamwe chete nematoyi uye zvikamu zvemichina zvine maitiro akaoma. Zvakanyanya kukosha zvakanakira nzira idzi yakaderera mutengo uye kwete-marara.