Liesegang mhete? zvisikwa zvinofadza zvechisikigo
"Denderedzwa raDhiyabhorosi"
Ndokumbira utarise mafoto mashoma anoratidza zvipenyu uye masamples ezvisikwa zvipenyu: boka rebhakitiriya pane agar medium, mold inokura pamichero, fungi palawn yemuguta uye zvicherwa - agate, malachite, sandstone. Zvinhu zvese zvinei zvakafanana? Ichi ndicho chimiro chavo, chinosanganisira (zvakawanda kana zvishoma-zvakanyatsotsanangurwa) madenderedzwa akakomba. Chemist vanozvidaidza Liesegang zvindori.
Zita rezvivakwa izvi rinobva pazita remuwani? Raphael Edouard Liesegang, kunyangwe anga asiri iye wekutanga kuvatsanangura. Izvi zvakaitwa muna 1855 naFriedlieb Ferdinand Runge, uyo aibatanidzwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, mukuita maitikiro emakemikari papepa resefa. Yakagadzirwa neGerman chemist? Mifananidzo yakazvikurira? () inogona kutorwa seyekutanga Liesegang mhete dzakawanikwa, uye nzira yekugadzirira kwavo ipepa chromatography. Zvisinei, kuwanikwa hakuna kuonekwa munyika yesayenzi? Runge akazviita hafu yezana pamberi pechirongwa (muRussia botanist Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvet, akashanda muWarsaw pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, muvambi anozivikanwa wechromatography). Zvakanaka, iyi haisi nyaya yekutanga munhoroondo yesainzi; nokuti kunyange zvakawanwa zvinofanira "kuuya nenguva."
Raphael Eduard Liesegang (1869-1947)? German chemist uye muzvinabhizimusi muindasitiri yemifananidzo. Semusayendisiti, akadzidza chemistry ye colloids uye mafoto zvinhu. Aive nemukurumbira nekuwana zvimiro zvinozivikanwa seLiesegang rings.
Mukurumbira weakawana wakawanikwa naR. E. Liesegang, uyo akabatsirwa nekusanganiswa kwemamiriro ezvinhu (uye kwete kekutanga munhoroondo yesainzi?). Muna 1896, akadonhedza kristaro yesirivheri nitrate AgNO.3 pandiro yegirazi yakavharwa nemhinduro ye potassium dichromate (VI) K2Cr2O7 mugelatin (Liesegang aifarira kutora mafoto, uye dichromates zvichiri kushandiswa mune izvo zvinodaidzwa hunyanzvi hwekuita mafoto echinyakare, semuenzaniso, muhunyanzvi hwerabha uye bromine). Concentric madenderedzwa ebrown precipitate yesirivheri(VI)Ag chromate yakaumbwa yakatenderedza lapis lazuli crystal.2CrO4 akafarira chemist yeGermany. Musayendisiti akatanga kuongorora kwakarongeka kwechiitiko chakaonekwa uye naizvozvo zvindori zvakazotumidzwa zita rake.
Kuita kwakaonekwa naLiesegang kwakaenderana neiyo equation (yakanyorwa muchidimbu ionic fomu):
Mune dichromate (kana chromate) mhinduro, kuenzana kunotangwa pakati peanions
, zvichienderana nekuita kwemhoteredzo. Nekuti sirivheri(VI) chromate haina kunyungudika pane sirivheri(VI) dichromate, inonaya.
Akaita kuyedza kwekutanga kutsanangura chiitiko chakaonekwa. Wilhelm Friedrich Ostwald (1853-1932), akahwina mubairo weNobel muna 1909 muChemistry. Nyanzvi yemakemikari yeGerman yakataura kuti kunaya kunoda supersaturation yemhinduro kuitira kuti igadzire crystallization nuclei. Kune rumwe rutivi, kuumbwa kwezvindori kunobatanidzwa nechiitiko chekupararira kweion mune imwe nzira inodzivirira kufamba kwavo (gelatin). Mushonga wekemikari kubva pamvura yakadzika inopinda mukati megelatin layer. Ioni dze "trapped" reagent dzinoshandiswa kugadzira mvura. mugelatin, iyo inotungamirira kuderera kwenzvimbo pakarepo pedyo ne sediment (ions inopararira mukutungamira kwekuderera kwekugadzirisa).
Liesegang anorira in vitro
Nekuda kwekusakwanisa kwekukurumidza kuenzana kwezvimiso ne convection (kusanganiswa kwemhinduro), iyo reagent kubva kune aqueous layer inodhumhana neimwe nharaunda ine huwandu hwakakwana hweiyoni iri mugelatin, chete pane imwe chinhambwe kubva kune yakatoumbwa layer? chiitiko chinodzokororwa nguva nenguva. Naizvozvo, zvindori zveLiesegang zvinoumbwa semhedzisiro yekunaya kwemvura kunoitwa pasi pemamiriro ekuoma kwekusanganiswa kweiyo reagents. Unogona here kutsanangura chimiro chemamwe maminerari nenzira yakafanana? Kupararira kweiyoni kunoitika mune dense medium yemagma yakanyungudutswa.
The ringed mhenyu nyika zvakare mugumisiro zvishoma zviwanikwa. Denderedzwa radhiabhorosi? inoumbwa nehowa (kubva panguva yekare yaionekwa sechiito che "mweya yakaipa"), inomuka nenzira iri nyore. Mycelium inokura kumativi ose (pasi pevhu, miviri ye fruiting chete inoonekwa pamusoro). Pashure penguva yakati, ivhu rinova sterilized pakati? iyo mycelium inofa, inoramba ichingova padivi, ichigadzira chimiro chakaita mhete. Kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvekudya mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzezvakatipoteredza kunogonawo kutsanangura chimiro chemhete yemabhakitiriya uye mold colonies.
Miedzo ne Liesegang zvindori zvinogona kuitwa kumba (muenzaniso wekuedza unotsanangurwa muchinyorwa; mukuwedzera, mumagazini ye8/2006 yeMłodego Technika, Stefan Sienkowski akapa Liesegang kuedza kwekutanga). Nekudaro, zvakafanira kubhadhara kune vanoedza kune akati wandei mapoinzi. Nechepfungwa, zvindori zveLiesegang zvinogona kuumbwa mune chero maitiro emvura (mazhinji acho haana kutsanangurwa mumabhuku, saka isu tinogona kuva mapiyona!), Asi kwete ese anotungamira kune inodiwa mhedzisiro uye anenge ese anogoneka musanganiswa we reagents mugelatin uye aqueous solution (inokurudzirwa nemunyori, ruzivo ruchava rwakanaka).
mold pamuchero
Yeuka kuti gelatin ipuroteni uye inoputsika nemamwe reagents (zvino gel layer haina kuumbwa). Mamwe mhete dzakadudzwa dzinofanirwa kuwanikwa uchishandisa test tubes sediki sezvinobvira (yakavharwa machubhu egirazi anogona kushandiswawo). Kushivirira kunokosha, zvisinei, sezvo zvimwe zviedzo zvinotora nguva yakawanda (asi zvakakodzera kumirira; mhete dzakagadzirwa zvakanaka zviri nyore? Akanaka!).
Kunyange zvazvo chiitiko chekugadzira Liesegang zvindori kungaratidzika kwatiri kungova kuda kuziva kwemakemikari (havazvidudzi muzvikoro), kwakapararira zvikuru muchisiko. Chiitiko chadudzwa muchinyorwa muenzaniso wechiitiko chakapamhama here? kemikari oscillatory reactions panguva iyo shanduko ye periodic muhuwandu hwe substrate inoitika. Liesegang zvindori ndiwo mugumisiro wekushanduka-shanduka kwechadenga. Zvekufarira ndezvekuita zvakare kunoratidza kuchinjika kwekusagadzikana mukati mekuita, semuenzaniso, nguva nenguva shanduko mukudzika kwe glycolysis reagents, kazhinji, inova pasi peiyo biological wachi yezvipenyu.
Ona chiitiko:
Chemistry pawebhu
?Abyss? Indaneti ine masayiti akawanda angave anofarira kune chemist. Nekudaro, dambudziko riri kukura nderokuwandisa kwedata rakaburitswa, dzimwe nguva zvakare remhando inokahadzika. Kwete? achatora pano kufanotaura kwakajeka kwaStanislav Lem, uyo anopfuura makore makumi mana apfuura mubhuku rake ?? yakazivisa kuti kuwedzera kwezviwanikwa zveruzivo panguva imwe cheteyo kunoganhurira kuwanikwa kwazvo.
Nokudaro, mukona yemakemikari kune chikamu umo maadhiresi uye tsanangudzo dzezvinonyanya kufadza "makemikari" nzvimbo dzichabudiswa. Inoenderana nechinyorwa chanhasi? kero dzinotungamira kunzvimbo dzinotsanangura Liesegang mhete.
Iro rekutanga basa raF.F. Runge mudhijitari fomu (iyo PDF faira pachayo inowanikwa kudhawunirodha pakero yakapfupikiswa: http://tinyurl.com/38of2mv):
http://edocs.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/volltexte/2007/3756/.
Webhusaiti ine kero http://www.insilico.hu/liesegang/index.html mubatanidzwa chaiwo weruzivo nezve Liesegang mhete? nhoroondo yekuwanikwa, dzidziso dzedzidzo nemifananidzo yakawanda.
Uye pakupedzisira, chimwe chinhu chakakosha? firimu rinoratidza Ag kunaya kwemvura kugadzira mhete2CrO4, basa remudzidzi wePolish, wezera reMT vaverengi. Ehe, yakatumirwa paYouTube:
Izvo zvakakoshawo kushandisa injini yekutsvaga (kunyanya graphical) nekuisa akakodzera mazwi mairi: "Liesegang mhete", "Liesegang mabhendi" kana kungoti "Liesegang mhete".
Mune dichromate (kana chromate) mhinduro, kuenzana kunotangwa pakati peanions
uye, zvichienderana nekuita kwezvakatipoteredza. Nekuti sirivheri(VI) chromate haina kunyungudika pane sirivheri(VI) dichromate, inonaya.
Kuedza kwekutanga kutsanangura chiitiko chakaonekwa kwakaitwa naWilhelm Friedrich Ostwald (1853-1932), akahwina Mubairo weNobel muChemistry muna 1909. Nyanzvi yemakemikari yeGerman yakataura kuti kunaya kunoda supersaturation yemhinduro kuitira kuti igadzire crystallization nuclei. Kune rumwe rutivi, kuumbwa kwezvindori kunobatanidzwa nechiitiko chekupararira kweion mune imwe nzira inodzivirira kufamba kwavo (gelatin). Mushonga wekemikari kubva pamvura yakadzika inopinda mukati megelatin layer. Ioni dze "trapped" reagent dzinoshandiswa kugadzira mvura. mugelatin, iyo inotungamirira kuderera kwenzvimbo pakarepo pedyo ne sediment (ions inopararira mukutungamira kwekuderera kwekugadzirisa). Nekuda kwekusakwanisa kwekukurumidza kuenzana kwezvimiso ne convection (kusanganiswa kwezvigadziriso), iyo reagent kubva kune aqueous layer inodhumhana neimwe dunhu rine yakaringana maion ayoni ari mugelatin, ari chinhambwe kubva kune yakatoumbwa layer? chiitiko chinodzokororwa nguva nenguva. Nekudaro, zvindori zveLiesegang zvinoumbwa semhedzisiro yekunaya kwemvura kunoitwa pasi pemamiriro ekuoma kwekusanganiswa kweiyo reagents. Unogona here kutsanangura magadzirirwo emutsetse wemamwe maminerari nenzira yakafanana? Kupararira kweiyoni kunoitika mune dense medium ye magma yakanyungudutswa.
The ringed mhenyu nyika zvakare mugumisiro zvishoma zviwanikwa. Denderedzwa radhiabhorosi? inoumbwa nehowa (kubva panguva yekare yaionekwa sechiito che "mweya yakaipa"), inomuka nenzira iri nyore. Mycelium inokura kumativi ose (pasi pevhu, miviri ye fruiting chete inoonekwa pamusoro). Pashure penguva yakati, ivhu rinova sterilized pakati? iyo mycelium inofa, inoramba ichingova padivi, ichigadzira chimiro chakaita mhete. Kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvekudya mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzezvakatipoteredza kunogonawo kutsanangura chimiro chemhete yemabhakitiriya uye mold colonies.
Kuedza nemhete dzeLiesegang kunogona kuitwa kumba (muenzaniso wekuedza unotsanangurwa muchinyorwa; mukuwedzera, mumagazini yeMłodego Technika ya8/2006, Stefan Sienkowski akapa yekutanga Liesegang kuyedza). Nekudaro, zvakafanira kubhadhara kune vanoedza kune akati wandei mapoinzi. Nechepfungwa, zvindori zveLiesegang zvinogona kuumbwa mune chero maitiro emvura (mazhinji acho haana kutsanangurwa mumabhuku, saka tinogona kuva mapiyona!), Asi kwete ese anotungamira kune inodiwa mhedzisiro uye anenge ese anogoneka kusanganiswa kwereagents mugelatin uye aqueous solution (inokurudzirwa nemunyori, ruzivo ruchava rwakanaka). Yeuka kuti gelatin ipuroteni uye inoputsika nemamwe reagents (zvino gel layer haina kuumbwa). Mamwe mhete dzakadudzwa dzinofanirwa kuwanikwa uchishandisa test tubes sediki sezvinobvira (yakavharwa machubhu egirazi anogona kushandiswawo). Kushivirira kunokosha, zvisinei, sezvo zvimwe zviedzo zvinotora nguva yakawanda (asi zvakakodzera kumirira; mhete dzakagadzirwa zvakanaka zviri nyore? Akanaka!).
Kunyange zvazvo kuumbwa kwemhete yeLiesegang kungaita sekuda kuziva kwemakemikari (hazvina kutaurwa muzvikoro), yakapararira zvikuru mumasikirwo. Chiitiko chadudzwa muchinyorwa muenzaniso wechiitiko chakapamhama here? kemikari oscillatory reactions panguva iyo shanduko ye periodic muhuwandu hwe substrate inoitika. Liesegang mhete mhedzisiro yekushanduka-shanduka kwechadenga. Zvekufarira ndezvekuita zvakare kunoratidza kuchinjika kwekusagadzikana mukati mekuita, semuenzaniso, nguva nenguva shanduko mukudzika kwe glycolysis reagents, kazhinji, inova pasi peiyo biological wachi yezvipenyu.
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