USS Hornet, chikamu 2
Muparadzi "Russell" anosimudza vekupedzisira vatakuri vendege "Hornet" kubva mumvura. Mufananidzo NHHC
Nenguva dza10:25 a.m., mutakuri wendege akanga achikukurwa muutsi, achinyora kune starboard. Kurwisa kwose kwakatora chikamu chimwe chete muzvina cheawa. Vafambisi vengarava nevaparadzi vakagadzira mhete yekudzivirira yakatenderedza Hornet uye yakatenderedzwa neruchidzira pamafundo makumi maviri nematatu, vachimirira zvimwe zviitiko.
Mukati me-30s, murairo weUS Army Air Corps (USAAC) yakatanga kuona kusasimba kwevarwi vavo, iyo, maererano nekugadzirwa, maitiro uye zvombo, zvakatanga kumira zvakanyanya uye zvakajeka pamusoro pemamiriro enyika. vatungamiri. Naizvozvo, zvakasarudzwa kutanga chirongwa chekutorwa kwemurwi mutsva wepamusoro-soro (kutsvaga). Kiyi yekubudirira yaive ine simba mvura-yakatonhorera inline injini. Kunyangwe nekuda kwekuvapo kweiyo yakakura yekutonhora sisitimu (radiators, nozzles, matangi, pombi), injini dzakadaro dzaive dzakanyanya kuoma uye dzichida kukuvadzwa kupfuura air-yakatonhodzwa radial injini (kuisa ndege uye kurasikirwa kweanotonhodza zvaisabatanidza ndege kubva kuhondo), asi. vaive nenzvimbo diki diki yemuchinjikwa-section, iyo yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuvandudza aerodynamic development yeairframe uye kuderedza kudhonza uye, nokudaro, kuvandudza kushanda. Nyika dzinotungamira dzeEurope mukuvandudza tekinoroji yendege - Great Britain, France, Germany - yakashandisa injini dzemutsara kufambisa mhando dzadzo nyowani dzevarwi.
Kufarira kukuru pakati pemauto kwakakonzerwa neAllison V-12 1710-cylinder in-line liquid-cooled engine. Imwe nzira kana imwe, panguva iyoyo ndiyo yega injini yeAmerica yerudzi rwayo yaigona kuzadzisa zvinotarisirwa nemauto. Iyo yakanyatsogadzirwa B-1710-C1 injini yakagadzira 1933 hp muna 750, uye makore mana gare gare yakabudirira kupfuura 150-awa mabhenji bvunzo, kuendesa simba risingaperi re1000 hp pagungwa. pa 2600 rpm. Allison mainjiniya anotarisirwa kuwedzera simba kusvika ku1150 hp munguva pfupi. Izvi zvakaita kuti USAAC ione injini yeV-1710 C-yakatevedzana sechitima chikuru chechizvarwa chitsva chendege dzehondo, kunyanya varwi.
Mukutanga kwaMay 1936, nyanzvi dzedhipatimendi rekutakura zvinhu reWright Field Air Corps (Ohio) vakagadzira zvinodiwa zvekutanga zvemurwi mutsva. Kumhanya kwepamusoro kwakaiswa kanenge 523 km/h (325 mph) pa6096 m uye 442 km/h (275 mph) pagungwa, nguva yekubhururuka pakumhanya kweawa imwe, nguva yekukwira 6096 m - isingasviki maminetsi mashanu, kumhanya- kumusoro uye kubuda-kunze (kune chinangwa uye pamusoro pechinangwa 5 m kureba) - isingasviki mamita 15. Zvisinei, zvinyorwa zvehutano zveindasitiri hazvina kupiwa, nokuti Iyo USAAC iri kukurukura nezvekugadzwa kwemurwi mutsva uye nzira yekuwana kuita kwepamusoro kwakadaro. Chakanga chasarudzwa kuti basa rayo guru raizova kurwisa mabhomba anorema zvikuru achibhururuka panzvimbo dzakakwirira zvikuru. Nokudaro, mubvunzo wekushandisa injini imwe kana mbiri uye kuvashongedza ne turbocharger yakaonekwa. Izwi rekuti "kutevera interceptor" rakaonekwa kekutanga. Zvakazoitika kuti ndege yaisada maneuverability yakanaka, nekuti yaisazopinda mumhepo inotakurika kurwisa nevarwi vevavengi. Panguva iyoyo zvaifungidzirwa kuti mabhomba akareba aisazova nevaperekedzi vevarwi. Zvisinei, zvainyanya kukosha kwaiva kukwira nekumhanya kwepamusoro. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, murwi wemapatya-injini ane kaviri simba reiyo propulsion system isingasviki kaviri uremu, zviyero uye kudhonza coefficient yakaita seyakanakisa sarudzo. Zvakakurukurwawo inyaya dzekuwedzera huwandu hunotenderwa overload coefficient yechimiro kubva ku g + 457g kusvika g + 5–8 uye kumisa ndege nepfuti huru-huru sechombo chinoshanda zvakanyanya kurwisa mabhomba kupfuura pfuti yemuchina.
Zvichakadaro, muna Chikumi 1936, USAAC yakaraira kugadzirwa kwevarwi makumi manomwe nenomwe veSeversky P-77, vachiteverwa nevarwi makumi maviri negumi Curtiss P-35A mwedzi wakatevera. Mhando mbiri idzi dzakafambiswa nePratt & Whitney R-210 radial engines uye pabepa dzaive nekumhanya kwepamusoro kwe36 uye 1830 km/h (452 ne500 mph) zvakateerana pa281 m. V-311 powered target fighter. MunaNovember, Dhipatimendi reZvishandiso rakachinja zvishoma zvinodiwa kune imwe-injini interceptor. Iyo yakanyanya kumhanya pagungwa yakaderedzwa kusvika 3048 km / h (1710 mph), nguva yekubhururuka yakawedzerwa kusvika maawa maviri, uye nguva yekukwira kusvika ku434 m yakawedzera kusvika 270 maminitsi. Panguva iyoyo, nyanzvi kubva kuGeneral Staff of the Air Force (GHQ AF) kuLangley Field, Virginia, vakabatana nehurukuro uye vakakurudzira kuwedzera kwekumhanya kusvika ku6096 km / h (7 mph) pakukwirira kwe579 m uye. 360 km/h. (6096 mph) pagungwa, kuderedza nguva yekubhururuka nekumhanya kukuru kudzokera kuawa imwe chete, kuderedza nguva yekukwira kubva pa467 m kusvika kumaminitsi matanhatu uye kuderedza nguva yekusimuka uye kubuda kusvika ku290 m. nhaurirano, izvo GHQ AF zvinodiwa zvakabvumidzwa nedhipatimendi rezvinhu zviwanikwa.
Zvichakadaro, mukuru weMay weUSAAC, General Oscar M. Westover, akaenda neMunyori weHondo Harry Woodring nechikumbiro chekutenga prototypes yezvipingamupinyi zviviri - neinjini imwe uye mbiri. Mushure mekugamuchira mvumo yekuitwa kwechirongwa, munaKurume 19, 1937, Dhipatimendi reMateriel rakaburitsa iyo X-609 yakatarwa, ichijekesa iyo tactical uye tekinoroji zvinodiwa kune imwechete-injini interceptor (pakutanga, muna Kukadzi, yakapa X yakafanana. -608 tsanangudzo). -38 yemurwi wemapatya-injini, inotungamira kuLockheed P-608). Yakatumirwa kuna Bell, Curtiss, North America, Northrop uye Sikorsky (X-609 - Consolidated, Lockheed, Vought, Vultee naHughes). Iwo akanakisa madhizaini akaunzwa muboka rega rega aifanira kuvakwa se prototypes, izvo zvazove zvekukwikwidzana. Iye chete akahwina mukwikwidzi uyu ndiye aifanira kupinda mukugadzirwa kweserial. Mukupindura kutsanangudzo yeX-1937, makambani matatu chete ndiwo akatumira zvikumbiro zvavo: Bell, Curtiss naSeversky (iyo yekupedzisira yakanga isati yambotorwa, uye chinangwa chekutora chikamu mumakwikwi hachina kuendeswa kusvika pakutanga kwe18). North America, Northrop naSikorsky vakabuda mumakwikwi. Bell naCurtiss vakaendesa maviri mumwe nemumwe, ukuwo Seversky akaendesa mashanu. Zvigadziriso zveBell zvakagamuchirwa nedhipatimendi rezvinhu muna Chivabvu 1937, XNUMX.
Pakati paNyamavhuvhu, nyanzvi kubva kuAir Corps Directorate dzakatanga kuongorora dhizaini yakatumirwa. Chirongwa chisina kuzadzisa chinodikanwa chimwe chakangorambwa. Aya ndiwo aive magumo eprojekiti yeSeversky's Model AR-3B, iyo inofungidzirwa nguva yekukwira kusvika kureba 6096 m yakapfuura maminitsi matanhatu. Bell Model 6 uye Model 3, Curtiss Model 4 uye Model 80A uye Seversky AP-80 mushanduro mbiri uye mapurojekiti eAP-3A akaramba ari munhandare yehondo. Bell Model 3 yakawana chiyero chepamusoro chekushanda, ichiteverwa neBell Model 4 uye yechitatu, Curtiss Model 3. Mamwe mapurojekiti haana kugamuchira kunyange hafu yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu. Kuongorora kwacho hakuna kufunga nezvemitengo yekugadzira zvinyorwa, kugadzira prototype uye kuyedza modhi mugero remhepo, iro mune yemuenzaniso 80 rakasvika PLN 4. madhora akakwira kupfuura Model 25 uye $3k yakakwira kupfuura Model 15.
