Project 68K cruisers
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Project 68K cruisers

28.07.2022 /

Zheleznyakov pamatambudziko egungwa. Mufananidzo wengarava inofamba ichimhanya zvikuru zvichida wakatorwa mukuwedzera kwekiromita. Soviet cruiser yemapurojekiti 26, 26bis, 68K uye 68bis aive nemitsara inoyevedza, ine chimiro cheItaly chekuraira shongwe.

Pakati pemakore ekuma30, zvirongwa zvakakura zvekuvakwa kwechikepe chegungwa chakagadzirwa muUSSR. Pakati pemakirasi ega ega uye madiki ezvikepe, mafambisi akareruka, akaitirwa kushanda sechikamu cheamangwana epamusoro squadrons, aive akakosha zvikuru. Kusiyana nevafambisi verudzi 26 "Kirov" uye mhando 26bis "Maxim Gorky" yakatovakwa pazvikepe zvemumba nerubatsiro rwevaItari, itsva idzi dzinofanirwa kuve dzakaratidzwa nehunhu husina kunaka.

Muna Kurume 1936, iyo WMO Board yeRed Army (Naval Forces of the Workers-Christian Red Army, gare gare - ZVMS) yakaendesa zvikumbiro kuKanzuru yePeople's Commissars (kureva, hurumende yeSoviet) pamakirasi (madiki) ezvikepe zviri kuvakwa. , kusanganisira cruisers chiedza ne 180 mm artillery (yakavandudzwa chirongwa 26 rudzi Kirov). Nechisarudzo cheKanzuru yeBasa neDziviriro yeUSSR yaMay 27, 1936, tonnage yeramangwana "zvikepe zvihombe" zvakatemwa (8 liner of standard displacement of 35 tons each and 000 of 12 tonnes), kusanganisira vanorema cruiser vane artillery caliber ye 26 mamirimita ekurwa kwesestova kuhondo. ZVMS uye Main Directorate of Naval Shipbuilding yeNavy (inozonzi GUK) vakarayirwa kuti vagadzirire chirongwa chekuvakwa kwezvikepe izvi, zvakaputsika nemakore kusvika 000, uye pakarepo vanotanga kugadzira zvikamu zvakatsetseka, pamwe chete nezvikepe zvinorema uye zvishoma.

Kutariswa kunokweverwa kune kuda chinzvimbo kunobva kuhurongwa hweSoviet. Pakutanga, matani ose ezvikepe zvakaratidzwa kuti zvivakwe aifanira kuva 1 matani (!), Yakanga iri kure nekukwanisa kweindasitiri yemunharaunda (pakuenzanisa, inenge yakaenzana nehuwandu hwematoni eRoyal Navy neUnited States Navy panguva yaikurukurwa). Zvisinei, ngatisakanganwa kuti “zvirongwa” izvi zvakaitwa kupi uye mumamiriro api ezvinhu. Kutanga, masimba emugungwa akavaka zvikepe zvinorema, uye chechipiri, panguva iyoyo muUSSR zvaive zvakaoma uye zvine ngozi kupikisa "general line" yekuona. Kutsvaga kwezvigadziriso zvitsva kwaisagona kuitika pasi pemamiriro ekudzvinyirira kusati kwamboitika kwezvematongerwe enyika, kwakasvika pakati pemakore ekuma 727. Kubva pakunyangarika pasina mutsara muStalinist Gulag, hapana akanga akachengeteka, kusanganisira vatungamiri vezvikepe uye indasitiri. Izvi zvakakonzera kukanganisa mukugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa, uye pasina kunonoka zvakakonzera kuderera kwehutano hwechigadzirwa (matambudziko ose aingokonzerwa ne "manomano evavengi vevanhu"), uye, naizvozvo, zvirongwa zvekutakura kwechikepe uye zvirongwa zvekuvaka kwavo zvakakanganiswa.

Musi waChikumi 26, 1936, nechisungo chehurumende, sarudzo yepamutemo yakaitwa yekuvaka "zvikepe zvegungwa nemakungwa" zvinokwanisa kurwisa zvine mutsindo mauto e "chero nyika dze capitalist kana mubatanidzwa wavo." Nekudaro, chirongwa che "hombe yekuvaka ngarava" yakabvumidzwa, ichipa kugadzirwa kweanotevera makirasi makuru (madiki):

  • Zvikepe zvehondo zveKirasi A (35 matani, 000 zvikamu - 8 muBaltic Fleet uye 4 muBlack Sea Fleet);
  • mhando B zvehondo (26 matani, 000 zvikamu - 16 muPacific Fleet, 6 muBaltic, 4 muBlack Sea uye 4 muNorth);
  • vafambisi verudzi rutsva (7500 tons, 5 units - 3 paBaltic Fleet uye 2 kuNorthern Fleet);
  • Vafambisi vechiedza ve "Kirov" mhando (7300 matani, 15 zvikamu - 8 paPacific Fleet, 3 paBaltic uye 4 paGungwa Dzvuku).

Zvisinei, musi waChikunguru 17, 1937, chibvumirano cheAnglo-Soviet chakasainwa muLondon kuderedza nhamba yezvikepe zvemakirasi makuru, maererano neiyo USSR yakavimbisa kutevedzera zvibvumirano zvepasi rose mumunda wezvombo zvehondo uye miganhu yakabva. ivo. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nemumwe mutemo wehurumende, wakagamuchirwa munaAugust 13-15, "pakudzokororwa kwepurogiramu yekuvaka ngarava ye1936." MunaSeptember wegore rino, hurumende yakaratidzwa ne "Plan of Combat Shipbuilding yeNavy yeRed Army", umo zvikamu zvakafanana zvichiri kuitika: 6 Type A (4 yePacific Fleet uye 2 yeNorthern), 12 Type B (2 yePacific Fleet, 6 yeBaltic

uye 4 yeGungwa Dzvuku), 10 inorema uye 22 light cruisers (kusanganisira Kirov kirasi). Hurongwa uhu hahuna kutambirwa zviri pamutemo. Kuitwa kwayo kwaivewo kusahadzika, asi dhizaini yezvikepe, uye pamwe nadzo masisitimu ezvombo zvisipo, akaenderera mberi.

Muna Kukadzi 1938, Main Naval Staff vakaendesa kuPeople's Commissariat yeIndasitiri "Purogiramu Yekuvaka Kwekurwa uye Kubatsira Ngarava dze1938-1945". Isati yatanga hondo neGermany (June 22, 1941), yaizivikanwa se "purogiramu huru" uye yaisanganisira: 15 ngarava dzehondo, 15 dzinorema cruisers, 28 light cruisers (kusanganisira 6 Kirov kirasi) uye mamwe makirasi akawanda. uye mhando. Kutariswa kunokweverwa pakudzikiswa kwehuwandu hwezvikepe zvehondo uchichiwedzera mune malight cruisers. Musi waNyamavhuvhu 6, 1939, iyo itsva People's Commissar yeNavy, N. G. Kuznetsov, yakapa hurumende chirongwa che "Ten-Year Shipbuilding Plan yeNavy", iyo yakapa kuvakwa, kusanganisira: 15 zvikepe zverudzi "A", 16 zvinorema cruisers uye 32 light cruisers (kusanganisira 6 "Kirishi"). Tichifunga nezvemikana chaiyo yeindastiri, kusanganisira nzvimbo panzira, yakakamurwa kuita makosi maviri emakore mashanu - 1938-1942 uye 1943-1947. Pasinei nokuti chinangwa chikuru chezvirongwa izvi chaiva kuvakwa kwezvikepe zvinorema zvezvombo, izvo Comrade Stalin pachake aifarira, vafambisi vezvikepe vakaumbawo chikamu chikuru chezvirongwa zvakarongwa uye zvinoda kunyatsotarisirwa. Chirongwa chekuvandudza cheRed Army Navy cha1936, chataurwa pamusoro apa, chakafunga nezvekudiwa kwechikepe chitsva chekirasi iyi, yakagadzirirwa kushanda sechikamu chechikwata chezvikepe.

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