Skis, mabhodhi uye ski tekinoroji

Maererano nenyanzvi dzeChinese, makore akapoteredza 8000 B.C. kune mareferensi ekutanga skis muAltai Mountains. Zvisinei, vamwe vatsvakurudzi havabvumirani nekufambidzana uku. Nekudaro, isu tinogona kutaura kuti ndipo pakatanga nhoroondo yealpine skiing uye ski zvishandiso.

3000 peni Zvikeche zvekare zvinoonekwa pamatombo akapendwa muRødøy, Norway.

1500 peni Iyo yekare inozivikanwa yeEuropean skis kubva panguva ino. Ivo vakawanikwa mudunhu reSweden reAngermanland. Vaive 111 cm kureba uye 9,5 kusvika 10,4 cm paupamhi. Pamigumo yakanga yakareba masendimita 1, uye kumagumo, pasi petsoka, inenge masendimita maviri. Paiva negororo mukati mechikamu chepakati kudzivirira tsoka kuti isatsvedza kumativi. Aya akanga asiri maskis ekudzika, asi kuti aiva oga akawedzerwa kuti asazonyura muchando.

400 peni Yokutanga yakanyorwa kutaurwa nezve skiing. Munyori wayo aive munyori wenhoroondo wechiGiriki, munyori wezvinyorwa uye mutungamiri wemauto Xenophon. Yakagadzirwa mushure mekudzoka kubva kurwendo kuenda kuScandinavia.

1713 Kutanga kutaurwa nezve skier achishandisa mapango maviri.

1733 Yekutanga post nezve skiing. Munyori wayo aive mauto eNorway Jen Henrik Emahusen. Iri bhuku rakanyorwa muchiGerman uye raive neruzivo rwakawanda nezve ski kuvaka uye skiing matekiniki.

1868 Murimi wekuNorway uye muvezi Sondre Norheim anobva kupurovhinzi yeTelemark, uyo akabatsira mukusimudzira skiing, anoshandura nzira yekutsvedza - anovandudza pfungwa itsva yeskiing. Vane kureba kwemamita maviri kusvika ku2 uye upamhi hwakasiyana: 2,5 mm kumusoro, 89 mm pachiuno, uye 70 mm pachitsitsinho. Iyi ski geometry pateni ichatsanangura dhizaini yekugadzira kwemakore zana nemakumi maviri anotevera. Norheim yakagadzirawo nzira itsva yekubatanidza ski. Kune mabhanhire atozivikanwa anosunga tsoka munzvimbo yezvigunwe, akabatanidza tendon yemidzi yakamonyoroka yebirch, yakavhara nzvimbo yechitsitsinho. Nokudaro, prototype ye telemark bindings yakagadzirwa, iyo inovimbisa kufamba kwakasununguka kwechitsitsinho mumhepo yepamusoro uye pasi, uye panguva imwechete inodzivirira pakurasikirwa netsaona kweski pakuchinja nzira kana kusvetuka.

1886 Yekutanga ski fekitori yakavambwa muNorway. Nekuvandudzwa kwayo, nhangemutange yetekinoroji yakatanga. Pakutanga, maskis aigadzirwa kubva kumapuranga epine akatsikirirwa, akareruka kupfuura walnut kana madota.

1888 Norwegian oceanographer uye polar muongorori Fridtjof Nansen (1861-1930) anotanga rwendo rweski muGreenland. Muna 1891, tsananguro yerwendo rwake yakabudiswa - bhuku rinonzi Skiing muGreenland. Kudhindwa kwacho kwakabatsira zvikuru mukupararira kwe<em>skiing munyika. Nansen uye nyaya yake yakava kurudziro yevamwe vanhu vakakosha munhoroondo yeskiing, vakadai saMatthias Zdarsky.

1893 Yekutanga multilayer skis yakagadzirwa. Vagadziri vavo vaive vagadziri vekambani yekuNorway HM Christiansen. Sechigadziko, vakashandisa zvakajairwa zvakaoma mbishi zvinhu, kureva, walnut kana madota, izvo zvakasanganiswa nechiedza, asi spruce yakasimba. Pasinei nekuvandudzwa kwayo kusina mubvunzo, pfungwa yacho yakadzokera shure. Iyo yose pfungwa yakaparadzwa nekushayikwa kwekunamatira kwakakodzera kwaizopa kubatana kwakasimba kwezvinhu, elasticity uye kushorwa kwemvura panguva imwe chete.

1894 Fritz Huitfeldt anogadzira shaya dzesimbi kuti dzibate kumberi kweski boot panzvimbo. Vakazozivikanwa seHuitfeldt bindings uye yaive nzira yakakurumbira yekubatanidza forefoot kune skis kusvika mukupera kwema30. Chikamu chepamberi chekusunga chaisanganisira chidimbu chimwe chete, chakabatanidzwa kune ski, ne "mapapiro" maviri akakotama kumusoro, kuburikidza neapo tambo yakapfuura, ichisunga kumberi kwebhutsu. Chitsitsinho chakasungirirwa netambo kuburikidza nemadhiraivha pamativi eski. Chigadzirwa chacho chainzi Kandahar Cable Binding.

kupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX Matthias Zdarsky, wekuAustria-anogara kuCzech uyo anoonekwa sebaba vemazuva ano ekutsvedza kweAlpine, anogadzira masimbi ekuvandudza nzira yekutsvedza mualpine. Dzakanga dzakagadzirwa nendiro yesimbi yakagadzikwa pamberi pechitsiko chechikepe. Ski boot yakanamirwa mundiro ine tambo, uye kukwira kumusoro kweplate ine bhutsu kwakaganhurirwa nekuita kwechitubu chiri pamberi pechibatanidzwa, chichiita pane inofambiswa ndiro pamberi. Zdarsky akashanda pane alpine skiing matekiniki uye akagadzirisa kureba kweskis kune alpine mamiriro. Gare gare akatangawo kushandiswa kwematanda maviri panzvimbo perimwe refu. Munguva iyi, skiing yakawanda inoberekwa, iyo inosanganisira kudiwa kwekugadzira skis yakawanda uye yakawanda, uchishandisa teknolojia yakawedzerwa uye yakawanda.

1928 Austrian Rudolf Lettner anobva kuSalzburg anoshandisa mipendero yesimbi kekutanga. Masikirwo emazuva ano, nekuda kwekuvaka kwavo kwemapuranga, akakuvadzwa nyore nyore nekukuvadzwa kwemichina kune inotsvedza uye madziro emadziro akabatana nematombo uye nemumwe. Lettner akafunga kugadzirisa izvi nekubatanidza tambo dzakatetepa dzesimbi kune skis yemapuranga. Akawana chinangwa chake, skis yakave yakadzivirirwa zviri nani, asi mukana mukuru wehunyanzvi hwake yaive imwe mhando yemhedzisiro. Lettner akacherekedza kuti simbi-yakasimbiswa mipendero inopa kwakawanda kugona kutyaira, kunyanya pamateru.

1928 Vagadziri vaviri, vakazvimiririra kune mumwe nemumwe, vakaratidza yekutanga yakabudirira modhi ye ski ine akawanda-layer kuvaka (mushure meChristiansen isina kunyatsobudirira dhizaini yekupera kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX). Wokutanga, Bjorn Ullevoldseter, akashanda muNorway. Wechipiri, George Aaland, muSeattle, America. Skis yaive nemitsara mitatu. Panguva ino, zvakanamira zvakashandiswa izvo zvaipesana nekunyorova uye zvakaringana elastic, izvo zvaireva kuti mativi ega ega akaumba imwechete yakazara, isinganyanyi kukonzeresa delamination.

1929 Chigadzirwa chekutanga chinoyeuchidza mapuranga echando anozivikanwa nhasi anoonekwa sechidimbu cheplywood iyo MJ "Jack" Burchett akaedza kutsvedza pasi, achichengetedza makumbo ake netambo uye reins.

1934 Kuberekwa kwekutanga-aruminiyamu skis. Muna 1945, Chance Aircraft yakagadzira aluminium uye huni sandwich chimiro chinonzi Metallite uye yakaishandisa kugadzira ndege. Mainjiniya matatu, Wayne Pearce, David Ritchie naArthur Hunt, vakashandisa zvinhu izvi kugadzira matanda-core aluminum skis.

1936 Kutanga kwekugadzirwa kwe multilayer skis muAustria. Kneissl yakagadzira yekutanga Kneissl Splitklein uye yakapayona yemazuva ano ski tekinoroji.

1939 Aimbove mumhanyi wekuNorway Hjalmar Hvam ari kuvaka rudzi rutsva rwekusunga muUnited States, yekutanga nekuburitswa. Zvaiita kunge zvemazuvano. Yakanga iine shaya dzaipfuura chikamu chakabudikira chebhutsu, yakamonerera mukucheka kwayo. Muchina wemukati wakabata latch panzvimbo yepakati kusvika mauto aibata pairi anoenderana neaxis yeski uye bhutsu yakatsikirirwa gomo.

1947 Muinjiniya wekuAmerica aeronautical Howard Head anogadzira yekutanga "metal sandwich" ine aluminum uye yakareruka epurasitiki core muchimiro chemuchadenga mizinga. Mushure mekutevedzana kwekuyedza uye kukanganisa, skis yakagadzirwa ne plywood core, inoenderera simbi mipendero uye yakaumbwa phenolic base. Iyo yakakosha yakasungirirwa kune aluminium layers nekutsikirira kupisa. Zvose zvinopera nemapuranga emativi epurasitiki. Iyi nzira yekugadzira skis ichatonga kwemakumi emakore.

1950 Yekutanga yekusimbisa fuse pamberi uye kumashure kwebhutsu, yakagadzirwa neCubco (USA). Mushure mekunatswa, vakave magirodhi ekutanga akasungirirwa nebhatani, achitsika chitsitsinho chebhutsu. Makore maviri gare gare, yekutanga Fuse Marker (Duplex) inokwira yakaonekwa.

1955 Iyo yekutanga polyethylene slide inooneka. Yakatangwa nekambani yeAustria Kofler. Polyethylene yakapotsa yatsiva iyo yakamboshandiswa muna 1952. Yekutanga skis uchishandisa fiberglass - Bud Philips Ski. Akavakunda pane zvose. Sinou haina kunamatira kune skis, uye glide yakanga yakakwana mumamiriro ese ezvinhu. Izvi zvakabvisa kudiwa kwekuzora. Nekudaro, chakanyanya kukosha kwaive kugona kukurumidza uye zvakachipa kudzoreredza hwaro nekuzadza makomba ne polyethylene yakanyungudutswa.

1959 Yekutanga yakabudirira dhizaini uchishandisa kabhoni fibers yakapinda mumusika. Iro zano rechigadzirwa rakagadzirwa naFred Langendorf naArt Molnar muMontreal. Saka yakatanga nguva yekuvakwa kwekabhoni fiber sandwich.

1962 Tarisa Nevada II single axle bindings yakagadzirwa nemapapiro marefu pamabatiro epamberi akabata pamusoro pepamberi yeshangu. Iyo dhizaini ine patent yakaramba iri hwaro hwevanochengeta kumberi kwaLooka kwemakore makumi mana anotevera.

1965 Sherman Poppen anogadzira snorkels, matoyi evana ayo ave kunzi ndiwo ekutanga mabhodhi echando. Aya aive maviri enguva dzose skis akasungwa pamwechete. Zvisinei, munyori haana kugumira ipapo – kuti afambise hutungamiri hwebhodhi, akaboora buri pauta ndokukweva tambo yeuta nemubato paruoko.

1952 Yekutanga skis yakagadzirwa nefiberglass - Bud Philips Ski.

1968 Jake Burton, munhu anofarira snorkel, akakwenenzvera kugadzirwa kwaPoppen nekubatanidza tambo dzebhutsu pabhodhi. Nekudaro, hazvina kusvika muna 1977, apedza kudzidza kubva kukoreji, ndipo paakatanga kugadzira ake epatent Burton Boards. Panguva imwecheteyo, pasina Burton, Tom Sims, nyeredzi ye skateboard, akanga achishanda pa snowboard. Achida kutsvedza gore rose, Sims akasunungura mavhiri eskateboard yake munguva yechando ndokunanga kumateru. Zvishoma nezvishoma, akavandudza skateboard yechando, akachinja kune yakareba uye inodzoreka skateboard, uye muna 1978, pamwe chete naChuck Barfoot, akazarura imba yekugadzira. Parizvino, Sims Snowboards pamwe neBurton Boards ndevamwe vakanyanya kukosha vagadziri vemidziyo yechando.

1975 Mucherechedzo unosuma yekusimbisa sisitimu yekumberi kwebhutsu - M4, uye kumashure - M44 (bhokisi).

1985 Metal edges inoonekwa paBurton uye Sims snowboards. Nguva yekufembedza pesvedzero iri kusvika kumagumo, uye tekinoroji yekugadzira iri kuramba ichiwedzera kunge ski. Yakagadzirwawo ndiyo yekutanga freestyle board (Sims) uye bhodhi rekuveza (Gnu), kwaunotendeuka nekushandisa kumucheto kudzvanya pane kutsvedza.

1989 Volant inosuma yekutanga simbi skis.

1990 Mukutanga 90s, Kneisl naElan vakagadzira prototypes yekugadzira skis ine chiuno chakamanikana. Vakanga vakabudirira zvikuru, uye mamwe makambani akadzika mapurojekiti avo mumwaka unotevera pane iyi pfungwa. Iyo SCX Elana naErgo Kneissl yakaunza nguva yekudzika yakadzika yekuveza skis.