M1 Abrams

Prototype yeMVT-70 tangi ine yakaiswa mock-ups yemoto control system uye yakazotevera pfuti isina injector supercharger, ine pneumatic exhaust gas purge system.

Munguva yeCold War, iyo M48 Patton yaive tangi huru yeAmerica uye mazhinji emubatanidzwa wayo, ichiteverwa nekuvandudzwa kweM60. Sezvineiwo, mhando mbiri dzemotokari dzehondo dzakanambwa semotokari dzekuchinja dzaifanira kukurumidza kutsiviwa nemagadzirirwo akatarwa, echizvino-zvino, akavakwa pachishandiswa tekinoroji yakanakisa iripo. Nekudaro, izvi hazvina kuitika, uye apo "vavariro" yakamirirwa kwenguva refu M1 Abrams yakazooneka muXNUMXs, Hondo Yemashoko yakanga yatopera.

Kubva pakutanga, matangi eM48 aionekwa semhinduro yenguva pfupi muUnited States, saka yaifanira kutanga kugadzira tangi nyowani inovimbisa. Muzhizha ra1951, zvidzidzo zvakadaro zvakatumwa neaimbova Chief American Weapons, Tanks and Vehicle Technology, Ordnance Tank uye Vehicle Command (OTAC), iri paDetroit Arsenal, Warren pedyo neDetroit, Michigan. Panguva iyoyo, murairo uyu waive pasi pemurairo weUS Army Ordnance Command, iri paAberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, asi yakatumidzwa zita rekuti US Army Materiel Command muna 1962 uye yakatamira kuRedstone Arsenal pedyo neHuntsville, Alabama. OTAC yakaramba iri kuDetroit Arsenal nanhasi, kunyangwe muna 1996 yakachinja zita rayo kuita mukuru wezvombo, matangi nemotokari - US Army Tanks and Weapons Command (TACOM).

Ikoko ndiko kunogadzirwa mhinduro dzematangi matsva eAmerica, uye ipapo vagadziri vanowanzopihwa marongero chaiwo uye zvigadziriso zvinoenderana netsvakiridzo yakaitwa pano. Matangi muUnited States akagadzirwa nenzira yakasiyana zvachose pane, somuenzaniso, ndege. Panyaya yezvivakwa zvendege, zvinodiwa zvakatsanangurwa maererano nekuita kwaidiwa uye kugona kurwisa, zvisinei, vagadziri kubva kumakambani ega ega vakasara vane yakawanda wiggle kamuri pakusarudza maitiro ehurongwa, zvinhu zvinoshandiswa uye zvakanangana. mhinduro. Panyaya yematangi, magadzirirwo ekutanga emotokari dzehondo akagadzirwa kuArmaments, Tangi neMotokari Headquarters (OTAC) kuDetroit Arsenal uye akaitwa nemainjiniya einjiniya kubva kuhunyanzvi masevhisi eUS Army.

Yekutanga studio concept yaive M-1. Hazvifanirwe kuvhiringika neakazotevera M1 Abrams, kunyangwe rekodhi rekodhi raive rakasiyana. Panyaya yepurojekiti, zita M-1 rakanyorwa kuburikidza nedash, uye kana iri tangi yakagamuchirwa kuti ishandiswe, kupinda kunozivikanwa kubva kuUS Army zvombo nomenclature yakagamuchirwa - M ine nhamba isina dash uye isina. kuzorora, kana nzvimbo, sezvatingataura nhasi.

Mifananidzo yeM-1 modhi ndeye Nyamavhuvhu 1951. Chii chinogona kuvandudzwa mutangi? Unogona kumupa zvombo zvakasimba uye nhumbi dzokurwa dzine simba guru. Asi kunoendepi? Zvakanaka, izvi zvinotisvitsa zvakananga kuGermany yakakurumbira "Mouse", dhizaini inoshamisa Panzerkampfwagen VIII Maus, inorema matani 188. Yakashonga ne 44 mm KwK55 L / 128 cannon, tangi yakadaro yakanga ine kukurumidza kwepamusoro kwe20 km / h uye yakanga chivharo chekumhanya, uye kwete tangi. Nokudaro, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuita zvisingabviri - kuvaka tangi ine zvombo zvakasimba uye zvombo, asi nehuremu hunonzwisisika. Ndingaiwana sei? Chete nekuda kwekuderera kwakanyanya kwezviyero zvetangi. Asi sei kuita izvi, tichifunga kuti isu kuwedzera dhayamita turret kubva 2,16 m nokuda M48 kusvika 2,54 m kuti muchina mutsva, kuitira kuti zvimwe zvombo simba kupinda turret iyi? Uye mhinduro dzakakodzera, sezvazvakaita panguva iyoyo, dzakawanikwa - kuisa shongwe panzvimbo yemutyairi.

Muchirongwa cheM-1, kumberi kwe turret kwakapfuura fuselage yekumberi, yakafanana neSoviet IS-3. Iyi nzira yakashandiswa muIS-3. Nehupamhi hukuru hweshongwe, mutyairi akaendeswa mberi, akasimwa pakati, uye pfuti yemuchina yakasiiwa, ichiganhurira vashandi kune vanhu vana. Mutyairi aive akagara mu "grotto" akasundidzirwa mberi, nekuda kwekuti kureba kwemativi etangi uye pasi kwakaderedzwa, izvo zvakaderedza uremu hwavo. Uye muIS-3, mutyairi aive akagara pamberi peturet. Mune pfungwa yeAmerica, aifanirwa kuvanda kuseri kweshongwe uye kutarisa nzvimbo kuburikidza ne periscopes mu fuselage kumucheto kwepepa remberi, uye kutora nzvimbo yake, sevamwe vashandi, kuburikidza nemapuranga mukati. shongwe. Munzvimbo yakashongedzwa, shongwe yaifanira kudzoserwa kumashure, uye mukucheka pasi peshure kweshongwe pakanga paine visor yekuvhura, iyo, kana yakavhurwa, yakapa mutyairi maonero akananga emugwagwa. Nhumbi dzepamberi dzaive neukobvu hwe102 mm uye yaive pakona ye60 ° kuenda kumberi. Nhumbi dzetangi padanho rekusimudzira dzaive dzakafanana neiyo T48 (yakazotevera M48) prototypes, i.e., inofanirwa kunge ine pfuti ine 139 mm T90 uye coaxial 1919 mm Browning M4A7,62 muchina pfuti. Ichokwadi, zvikomborero zvehupamhi hukuru hwechigadziko cheshongwe hazvina kushandiswa, asi mune ramangwana zvombo zvine simba zvakanyanya zvinogona kuiswa pairi.

Mufananidzo wacho unoratidza imwe yeaina prototypes yeT95 inovimbisa tangi mune yayo yekutanga fomu ine 208-mm T90 smoothbore pfuti.

Tangi yaifanirwa kufambiswa neinjini yeContinental AOS-895. Yakanga iri compact 6-cylinder boxer injini ine feni yekutenderedza mweya unotonhorera wakananga pamusoro payo. Nekuda kwekuti yaive yakatonhodzwa nemhepo, yakatora nzvimbo shoma. Yakanga iine vhoriyamu yekushanda ye14 cm669 chete, asi nekuda kweiyo supercharging, yakasvika 3 hp. pa 500 rpm. Injini yaifanira kupetwa neye otomatiki mbiri-range (terrain / mugwagwa) General Motors Allison CD 2800 gearbox ine simba rekusiyanisa pamavhiri ese, i.e. ine musanganiswa wekutungamirira (unonzi Cross-drive). Sezvineiwo, chakadaro simba chirimwa, kureva, injini ine kutapurirana uye simba rekufambisa sisitimu, yakashandiswa paM500 Walker Bulldog light tank uye M41 Duster self-propelled anti-ndege pfuti yakagadzirwa pahwaro hwayo. Kunze kwekuti iyo M42 yairema isingasviki matani makumi maviri nemana, ichiita iyo 41 hp injini. yakapa simba rakawandisa, uye maererano nekuverenga, M-24 yaifanira kunge yakayera matani makumi mana, saka haigoni kurambwa kuti yakanga yakakura zvikuru. PzKpfw V Panther yekuGermany yairema matani makumi mana nemashanu, uye injini ye500 hp. akapa kumhanya 1 km / h mumugwagwa uye 40-45 km / h mumunda. Ko mota yekuAmerica yakareruka sei ine 700 hp injini ingamhanya sei?

Saka nei injini yeAOC-895 yakarongerwa kushandiswa pachinzvimbo cheiyo 12-cylinder Continental AV-1790 injini kubva ku48 hp M690 tank? Zvechokwadi, mushanduro yedhiziri yeAVDS-1790, injini iyi yakasvika 750 hp. Chinhu chikuru chaiva chokuti injini yeAOS-895 yakanga iri duku uye yakareruka, uremu hwayo hwakanga huri 860 kg zvichienderana ne1200 kg ye 12-cylinder version. Iyo injini diki zvakare yakaita kuti zvikwanise kupfupisa hull, iyo, iyo, zvakare, inofanira zvakare kuderedza uremu hwetangi. Zvisinei, munyaya yeM-1, izvi zvakakwana zviyero, sezviri pachena, hazvina kubatwa. Ngatitarisei sarudzo iyi. PzKpfw VI Tiger yeGerman inorema matani makumi mashanu nemanomwe yaive neiyo 57 hp injini yakafanana nePzKpfw V Panther. Muchiitiko chake, simba rekutakura rinenge 700 hp. patani. Kune iyo M-12,3 dhizaini, iyo yakaverengerwa mutoro simba ndeye 1 hp. patani, inenge yakafanana. Ingwe yakagadzira kumhanya kwe12,5 km / h mumugwagwa mukuru, uye kusvika ku35 km / h kubva munzira. Maparamita akafanana aifanira kutarisirwa kubva kupurojekiti yeM-20, muchina uyu waizova nekushomeka kwemagetsi kwakafanana.

Muna Kurume 1952, musangano wekutanga, wakanzi "Question Mark" wakaitirwa kuDetroit Arsenal, iyo yakafunga zvakanakira nekuipira kwemhinduro dzakasiyana mukugadzira matangi anovimbisa. Zvimwe zvirongwa zviviri, M-2 neM-3, zvinorema matani 46 nematani 43, zvakatoratidzwa pamusangano wacho.