Magnetic vhiri raMaxwell

Nyanzvi yefizikisi yechiRungu James Clark Maxwell, akararama kubva muna 1831-79, anozivikanwa zvikuru nekugadzira hurongwa hwemaequation pasi pesimba remagetsi — uye kuishandisa kufanotaura kuvepo kwemafungu emagetsi. Nekudaro, izvi handizvo zvese zvakakosha zvaakaita. Maxwell akabatanidzwawo mune thermodynamics, incl. akapa pfungwa ye "dhimoni" rakakurumbira rinotungamira mafambiro emamorekuru egasi, uye rakatora fomula inotsanangura kugoverwa kwemasipidhi avo. Akadzidzawo kuumbwa kwemavara uye akagadzira chishandiso chakareruka uye chinonakidza kuratidza imwe yemitemo yakakosha yechisikigo - musimboti wekuchengetedza simba. Ngatiedzei kuziva mudziyo uyu zviri nani.

Zvishandiso zvataurwa zvinodaidzwa kuti vhiri raMaxwell kana pendulum. Tichabata neshanduro mbiri dzayo. Kutanga kuchagadzirwa naMaxwell - ngatitii iyo yekare, umo musina magineti. Gare gare tichakurukura shanduro yakagadziridzwa, iyo inonyanya kushamisa. Kwete chete isu tichakwanisa kushandisa ese ari maviri demo sarudzo, i.e. kuyedza kwemhando, asiwo kuona kushanda kwavo. Saizi iyi yakakosha parameter kune yega injini uye muchina unoshanda.

Ngatitangei neyakare vhezheni yevhiri raMaxwell.

Lynx. Poshi. Iyo yekare vhezheni yevhiri raMaxwell: 1 - yakatwasuka bar, 2 - yakasimba shinda, 3 - axle, 4 - vhiri ine yakakwira nguva inertia.

Iyo yakasarudzika vhezheni yeMaxwell vhiri inoratidzwa muFig. fig. 1. Kuti tiite, tinosungira tsvimbo yakasimba yakatarisa - inogona kuva tsvimbo-brashi yakasungirirwa kumashure kwechigaro. Ipapo iwe unofanirwa kugadzirira vhiri rakakodzera uye riise risingafambi pane axle yakaonda. Nenzira yakanaka, kureba kwedenderedzwa kunofanira kunge kuri 10-15 cm, uye uremu hunofanira kunge hunenge 0,5 kg. Zvakakosha kuti inenge yese yakawanda yevhiri inowira padenderedzwa. Mune mamwe mazwi, vhiri rinofanira kunge riine nzvimbo yakareruka uye rimu rinorema. Nechinangwa ichi, unogona kushandisa vhiri diki rakapetwa kubva mungoro kana chivharo chikuru cherata kubva mugaba uye wozvitakura zvakapoteredza denderedzwa nenhamba yakakodzera yekutendeuka kwewaya. Vhiri rinoiswa risingafambi paekisero yakatetepa pahafu yehurefu hwaro. Axis ichidimbu chealuminium pombi kana tsvimbo ine dhayamita ye8-10 mm. Nzira iri nyore ndeyekuboora gomba muvhiri rine dhayamita ye 0,1-0,2 mm pasi pe dhayamita ye ekisi, kana kushandisa buri riripo kuisa vhiri paekisero. Kuti iwirirane zvirinani nevhiri, axle inogona kuzorwa neglue panzvimbo yekubatana kwezvinhu izvi usati wadzvanya.

Pamativi ese ari maviri edenderedzwa, tinosunga zvikamu zveshinda yakaonda uye yakasimba 50-80 cm kureba kune axis.Zvisinei, kugadzirisa kwakavimbika kunowanikwa nekuboora axis kumagumo ese maviri neatete drill (1-2 mm) padhayamita rayo, achipinza shinda mumaburi aya oisunga. Isu tinosunga migumo yakasara yeshinda kune tsvimbo uye nokudaro tinorembera denderedzwa. Izvo zvakakosha kuti axis yedenderedzwa yakanyatso kuchinjika, uye tambo dzakamira uye dzakaenzana kubva mundege yayo. Kuti uwane ruzivo rwakakwana, runofanira kuwedzerwa kuti iwe unogona zvakare kutenga rakapera Maxwell vhiri kubva kumakambani anotengesa zvekudzidzisa kana matoyi ekudzidzisa. Kare, yaishandiswa munenge muchikoro chese chefizikisi lab. 

Kutanga kuedza

Ngatitange nemamiriro ezvinhu apo gumbo rinorembera pane yakadzikama axis munzvimbo yakaderera, i.e. shinda dzose dziri mbiri hadzina kukuvadzwa zvachose. Tinobata ekisero yevhiri neminwe yedu kumativi ose uye tichitenderedza zvishoma nezvishoma. Nokudaro, tinomonera tambo paaxis. Iwe unofanirwa kutarisisa kune chokwadi chekuti kutendeuka kunotevera kweshinda kwakapatsanurwa zvakaenzana - imwe padivi peimwe. Ekisero yemavhiri inofanira kugara yakachinjika. Kana vhiri rasvika padanda, rega kumonereka uye rega ekisero ifambe zvakasununguka. Pasi pesimba rehuremu, vhiri rinotanga kufamba richidzika uye tambo dzinosununguka kubva muekisero. Gumbo rinotenderera zvishoma nezvishoma pakutanga, uye nekukurumidza uye nekukurumidza. Kana tambo dzacho dzanyatsozarurwa, vhiri rinosvika pakadzika paro, uye ipapo chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa chinoitika. Kutenderera kwevhiri kunopfuurira kwakananga kumwe chete, uye vhiri rinotanga kukwira kumusoro, uye shinda dzinomonererwa paaxisi yaro. Kumhanya kwevhiri kunodzikira zvishoma nezvishoma uye pakupedzisira kuenzana ne zero. Vhiri rinobva raita kunge rakareba serisati raburitswa. Mafambiro ekukwira nekudzika anotevera anodzokororwa kakawanda. Nekudaro, mushure mekufamba kwakadai mashoma kana gumi nemaviri, tinoona kuti kureba kunokwira vhiri kunove kudiki. Pakupedzisira vhiri richamira panzvimbo yaro yakaderera. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, zvinowanzogoneka kuona oscillations yeaxis yevhiri munzira inotenderera kune shinda, senge mune yepanyama pendulum. Naizvozvo, vhiri raMaxwell dzimwe nguva rinonzi pendulum.

Lynx. Poshi. Iwo makuru ma paramita evhiri reMaxwell: - uremu, - vhiri redhiyo, - axle radius, - huremu hwevhiri neaxle, - mutsara kumhanya, ₀ - kureba kwekutanga.

Ngatitsanangurei zvino kuti sei vhiri raMaxwell richiita seizvi. Kupeta tambo pa ekisero, simudza vhiri kureba ₀ uye kuita basa nazvo (fig. 2) Nekuda kweizvozvo, vhiri riri munzvimbo yaro yepamusoro rine simba regiravhiti _pinoratidzwa neformula [1]:

kupi kusununguka kudonha kukurumidza.

Sezvo shinda inosununguka, kureba kunoderera, uye pamwe naro simba rinogoneka regiravhiti. Nekudaro, vhiri rinotora kumhanya uye nekudaro rinowana kinetic simba. _kiyo inoverengerwa neformula [2]:

iripi nguva yeinertia yevhiri, uye iri angular velocity (= /). Munzvimbo yakaderera yevhiri (₀ = 0) simba rinokwanisa kuenzanawo ne zero. Simba iri, zvisinei, harina kufa, asi rakashandurwa kuita kinetic simba, iro rinogona kunyorwa maererano neformula [3]:

Sezvo vhiri richikwira kumusoro, kumhanya kwaro kunoderera, asi kureba kunowedzera, uye ipapo kinetic simba rinova rinogona kuita simba. Shanduko idzi dzinogona kutora nguva chero ipi zvayo dai isiri yekupikisa kufamba - kushorwa kwemhepo, kushorwa kwakabatana nekupeperetswa kweshinda, izvo zvinoda rimwe basa uye zvinoita kuti vhiri riderere kusvika pakumira zvachose. Simba haritsikidzi, nokuti basa rinoitwa mukukunda kupikisa kufamba rinokonzera kuwedzera kwesimba remukati regadziriro uye kuwedzera kwakabatana kwekushisa, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa ne thermometer yakanyanyisa. Mechanical basa rinogona kushandurwa kuita simba remukati pasina muganhu. Nehurombo, iyo reverse process inomanikidzwa nemutemo wechipiri we thermodynamics, uye saka iyo inogona uye kinetic simba revhiri rinopedzisira radzikira. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti vhiri raMaxwell muenzaniso wakanaka kwazvo wekuratidza kushanduka kwesimba uye kutsanangura musimboti wemaitiro ayo.

Kubudirira, sei kuzviverenga?

Kushanda kwechero muchina, mudziyo, sisitimu kana maitiro anotsanangurwa sereshiyo yesimba inogamuchirwa mune inobatsira fomu. _u kuunza simba _d. Kukosha uku kunowanzo kuratidzwa sechikamu, saka kushanda kunoratidzwa neformula [4]:

                                                        .

Kubudirira kwezvinhu zvechokwadi kana maitiro anogara ari pasi pe100%, kunyange zvazvo inogona uye inofanira kuva pedyo zvikuru neiyi kukosha. Ngatienzanisire tsanangudzo iyi nemuenzaniso wakapfava.

Simba rinobatsira remota yemagetsi ndiyo kinetic simba rekutenderera kwekufamba. Kuti injini yakadaro ishande, inofanira kushandiswa nemagetsi, somuenzaniso, kubva kubhatiri. Sezvaunoziva, chikamu chesimba rekuisa chinokonzera kupisa kwemhepo, kana inodiwa kukunda masimba ekukwesha mumabhengi. Naizvozvo, iyo inobatsira kinetic simba ishoma pane yekupinza magetsi. Panzvimbo pesimba, kukosha kwe [4] kunogona zvakare kutsiviwa mufomula.

Sezvatakambotanga, vhiri raMaxwell rine simba regiravhiti risati ratanga kufamba. _p. Mushure mekupedza kutenderera kumwechete kwekukwira nekudzika kwekufamba, vhiri zvakare rine simba rinokwevera rinogoneka, asi pakukwirira kwakadzikira. ₁saka kune simba shoma. Ngatiratidze simba iri se _P1. Zvinoenderana neformula [4], kushanda zvakanaka kwevhiri redu seanoshandura simba kunogona kuratidzwa neformula [5]:

Formula [1] inoratidza kuti masimba anogona kuenzana zvakananga nehurefu. Pakutsiva fomula [1] kuita fomula [5] uye uchifunga nezvehurefu mamaki uye ₁, tobva tawana [6]:

Formula [6] inoita kuti zvive nyore kuona kushanda kwedenderedzwa reMaxwell - zvakakwana kuyera hurefu hunoenderana uye kuverenga quotient yavo. Mushure mekutenderera kumwe kwekufamba, nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzinogona kuramba dziri padyo kune mumwe nemumwe. Izvi zvinogona kuitika nevhiri rakanyatsogadzirwa rine nguva huru ye inertia yakasimudzwa kusvika pakureba. Saka iwe uchafanirwa kutora zviyero nekururama kukuru, izvo zvichange zvakaoma kumba nemutongi. Chokwadi, unogona kudzokorora zviyero uye kuverenga avhareji, asi iwe unozowana mhedzisiro nekukurumidza mushure mekutora formula inorangarira kukura mushure mekufamba kwakawanda. Patinodzokorora nzira yapfuura yekufambisa mavhiri, mushure mezvo vhiri richasvika pakureba kwayo _n, ipapo fomula inoshanda ichave [7]:

kureba _n mushure memashoma kana gumi nemaviri kana zvakadaro kutenderera kwekufamba, kwakasiyana kubva ₀kuti zvichava nyore kuona uye kuyera. Kubudirira kwevhiri reMaxwell, zvichienderana nemashoko ekugadzirwa kwayo - saizi, uremu, rudzi uye ukobvu hwetambo, nezvimwewo - kazhinji 50-96%. Zvidiki zvakakosha zvinowanikwa mavhiri ane mashoma mashoma uye radii yakamiswa pashinda dzakaomarara. Sezviri pachena, mushure mehuwandu hwakakwana hwehuwandu hwekutenderera, gumbo rinomira munzvimbo yakaderera, i.e. _n =. Maererano naye, mukutenderera kwega kwega kwekufamba, gumbo rinorasikirwa nemugove wakafanana wesimba rayo razvino uye kushanda kwayo kunogara kuripo. Mumutauro wemasvomhu, taifungidzira kuti hurefu hunotevedzana hunoumba kufambira mberi kwejometri ine quotient. Muchokwadi, izvi hazvifanirwe kunge zvakadaro kusvikira vhiri razomira pakureba kwakaderera. Mamiriro aya ndiwo muenzaniso wemaitiro akajairika, maererano neizvo zvese mafomula, mitemo uye dzidziso dzemuviri zvine mwero wakaganhurirwa wekushandiswa, zvichienderana nekufungidzira uye kurerutswa kunogamuchirwa mukuumbwa kwavo.

Magnetic version

Lynx. Poshi. Magnetic vhiri raMaxwell: 1 - gumbo rine nguva yakakwirira ye inertia, 2 - axis ine magineti, 3 - mutungamiri wesimbi, 4 - chibatanidza, 5 - tsvimbo.

Iye zvino tichabata neiyo magnetic version yeMaxwell vhiri - ruzivo rwekuvaka runoratidzwa Mupunga. 3uye 4. Kuti uiunganidze, iwe uchada magineti maviri ecylindrical neodymium ane dhayamita ye6-10 mm uye kureba kwe15-20 mm. Isu tichagadzira ekisero yevhiri kubva muchubhu yealuminium ine dhayamita yemukati yakaenzana nedhayamita remagineti. Rusvingo rwechubhu runofanira kuva rwakaonda zvakakwana

1 mm. Isu tinoisa magineti muchubhu, tichiaisa kure ne 1-2 mm kubva kumagumo ayo, toanamatira ne epoxy glue, sePoxipol. Mamiriro ematanda emagineti haana basa. Isu tinovhara magumo echubhu nemadiki ealuminium discs, ayo achaita kuti magineti arege kuonekwa, uye axis ichaita setsvimbo yakasimba. Mamiriro ekusangana nevhiri uye kuti anoimisa sei akafanana nekare.

Kune iyi vhezheni yevhiri, inofanirwawo kugadzira madhairekitori esimbi kubva kune zvikamu zviviri zvakaiswa mukufanana. Muenzaniso wehurefu hwemadhairekitori ari nyore mukushandiswa kunoshanda ndeye 50-70 masendimita.Iyo inonzi yakavharwa profiles (hollow mukati) yesquare section, rutivi rwayo rune urefu hwe10-15 mm. Nhambwe iri pakati pemadhiraivha inofanirwa kuenzana nedaro remagineti akaiswa paaxis. Migumo yevatungamiri kune rumwe rutivi inofanira kuiswa mu semicircle. Kuti zvive nani kuchengetedza axis, zvidimbu zvesimbi yesimbi zvinogona kudzvinyirirwa mumitungamiri pamberi pefaira. Migumo yakasara yerairi mbiri inofanira kusungirirwa kune tsvimbo yekubatanidza nenzira ipi zvayo, semuenzaniso, nemabhoti uye nuts. Nekuda kweizvi, isu tine mubato wakagadzikana unogona kubatwa neruoko rwako kana kusungirirwa kune matatu matatu. Kuonekwa kweimwe yemakopi akagadzirwa eMagwell's magnetic wheel anoratidza PHOT. Poshi.

Kuti uvhure magineti vhiri raMaxwell, isa magumo eekisero yaro pakatarisana nenzvimbo dzepamusoro dzenjanji padyo nechokubatanidza. Wakabata madhairekitori nemubato, woarerekesa diagonally akananga kumagumo akatenderedzwa. Ipapo vhiri rinotanga kukunguruka richitevedza magwara, sokunge riri mundege yakarerekera. Kana migumo yakapoteredza yevatungamiri inosvika, gumbo haridonhe, asi rinoputika pamusoro pavo uye

Lynx. Poshi. Ruzivo rwemagadzirirwo eMagwell's magnetic vhiri anoratidzwa muaxial chikamu:

1 - vhiri rine nguva yakakwirira ye inertia, 2 - aluminium tube axle, 3 - cylindrical neodymium magnet, 4 - aluminium disk.

inoita shanduko inoshamisa - inotenderedza nzvimbo dzepasi dzemadhiraivha. Iyo yakatsanangurwa kutenderera kwekufamba inodzokororwa kakawanda, senge classical vhezheni yevhiri raMaxwell. Isu tinokwanisa kuseta njanji yakatwasuka uye vhiri richaita zvakafanana. Kuchengeta vhiri panzvimbo yegwaro zvinogoneka nekuda kwekukwezva kweaxle ine neodymium magineti akavanzwa mairi.

Kana, pamakona makuru ekutenderera kwevatungamiri, gumbo rinotsvedza pamwe chete navo, ipapo migumo yeaxis yaro inofanira kuputirwa nekamwe jira rejecha rakatsetseka uye rakanamirwa neButapren glue. Nenzira iyi, isu tichawedzera kukwesha kunodiwa kuti tive nechokwadi chekutenderera pasina kutsvedza. Kana iyo magineti vhezheni yeMaxwell vhiri inofamba, shanduko dzakafanana musimba remagetsi dzinoitika, senge muchiitiko cheiyo classical vhezheni. Nekudaro, kurasikirwa kwesimba kungave kwakati kurei nekuda kwekukwenya uye magnetization kudzoserwa kwemadhairekitori. Kune iyi vhezheni yevhiri, isu tinokwanisa zvakare kuona kushanda kwayo nenzira imwechete sezvakatsanangurwa pakutanga kweiyo classic vhezheni. Zvichava zvinonakidza kuenzanisa maitiro akawanikwa. Zviri nyore kufungidzira kuti madhairekitori haafanire kuve akatwasuka (anogona kuve, semuenzaniso, wavy) uye ipapo kufamba kwevhiri kuchanyanya kunakidza.

uye kuchengetedza simba

Iwo maedzo akaitwa nevhiri reMaxwell anotibvumira kutora mhedziso dzakawanda. Chinonyanya kukosha pane izvi ndechekuti shanduko yemagetsi yakajairika muzvisikwa. Iko kune nguva dzose kunonzi kurasikirwa kwesimba, izvo chaizvoizvo shanduko mumhando dzesimba dzisingabatsiri kwatiri mune imwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Nechikonzero ichi, kushanda zvakanaka kwemichina chaiyo, zvishandiso uye maitiro anogara ari pasi pe100%. Ndicho chikonzero nei zvisingabviri kuvaka chigadziro icho, kana chaiswa mukufamba, chichafamba nekusingaperi pasina kunze kwekunze kwesimba rinodiwa kuvhara kurasikirwa. Nehurombo, muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, havasi vese vanoziva izvi. Ndokusaka, nguva nenguva, Hofisi yePatent yeRepublic yePoland inogamuchira dhizaini yemhando ye "Universal mudziyo wekutyaira michina", vachishandisa "isingapere" simba remagineti (zvichida zvinoitika kune dzimwe nyika zvakare). Chokwadi, mishumo yakadaro inorambwa. Chirevo chacho chipfupi: chigadziro hachizoshanda uye hachina kukodzera kushandiswa kwemaindasitiri (saka hachizadzisi mamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa ekuwana patent), nokuti haaenderani nemutemo wekutanga wechisikigo - musimboti wekuchengetedza simba.

Mufananidzo 1. Kuonekwa kweimwe yemavhiri eMagwell's magnetic vhiri.

Vaverengi vanogona kuona imwe fananidzo pakati pevhiri raMaxwell nechitoyi chakakurumbira chinonzi yo-yo. Panyaya yeyo-yo, kurasikirwa kwesimba kunozadzikiswa nebasa remushandisi wetoyi, uyo anosimudza zvine rhythmically uye kudzikisa kumucheto kwepamusoro kweshinda. Zvakakoshawo kugumisa kuti muviri une nguva huru ye inertia yakaoma kutenderera uye yakaoma kumira. Naizvozvo, vhiri raMaxwell rinosimudza sipidhi zvishoma nezvishoma parinofamba richidzika uyezve rinoderedza zvishoma nezvishoma parinokwira. Kukwidza nekudzika kutenderera kunodzokororwawo kwenguva yakareba vhiri risati ramira. Zvose izvi imhaka yekuti simba guru rekinetic rinochengetwa muvhiri rakadaro. Nokudaro, mapurojekiti ari kutariswa kushandiswa kwemavhiri ane nguva huru ye inertia uye akambounzwa mukutenderera kwakakurumidza, semhando ye "accumulator" yesimba, inotarisirwa, semuenzaniso, yekuwedzera kufamba kwemotokari. Kare, mavhiri anobhururuka ane simba aishandiswa mumainjini emhepo kuti ape zvakanyanya kutenderera, uye nhasi ariwo chikamu chakakosha chemotokari mukati meinjini dzinopisa.