Motokari inotanga uye pakarepo inomira painotonhora - chii chingava zvikonzero
Zviri mukati
Injini yemotokari yakaoma multi-component system, saka kushanda kusina kunaka kwechinhu chiduku kana chikamu chinogona kuvhara kushanda kwesimba rose remagetsi.
Kana motokari ikatanga uye inomira painotonhora, ipapo injini yemotokari kana hurongwa hwemafuta hunoda kugadziriswa. Asi kuti ugadzirise dambudziko racho, iwe unofanira kutanga waona chikonzero chemaitiro aya echikwata chemagetsi. Pasina izvi, kuisa mari mukugadzirisa hazvina musoro.
Kana injini inomira kana kuti isati yatanga, unofanira kutarisa chikonzero chekushaya simba
Chii chinoitika panguva yekutanga uye kushanda kweinjini "inotonhora"
Kutanga "kutonhora" kunoreva kuti iwe unofanirwa kutanga chikwata chemagetsi, iyo tembiricha yakaenzana nekushisa kwemugwagwa. Nokuda kweizvi:
- mafuta anopisa uye anopisa zvishoma nezvishoma;
- iyo air-mafuta musanganiswa inobata zvakanyanya kuipa kune spark;
- iyo nguva yekudzima (UOZ) yakaderedzwa kusvika padiki;
- iyo air-mafuta musanganiswa inofanira kunge yakapfuma (ine yakawanda peturu kana dizeli mafuta) kupfuura mushure mekudziya kana pakushanda pasi pemutoro;
- mafuta akanyanya kukora haapi lubrication inoshanda yezvikamu zvekukwesha;
- iyo inopisa kupisa kwepiston zvindori zvakanyanya, izvo zvinoderedza kudzvinyirira;
- apo piston inosvika panzvimbo yepamusoro yakafa (TDC), kudzvinyirirwa mukamuri yekupisa kunooneka kuderera kupfuura mushure mekudziya kana kushanda nekumhanya kwakanyanya;
- iyo yekupisa kubviswa kwemavharuvhu kwakakwira, ndicho chikonzero nei isingavhure zvizere (kunze kwekunge injini ine hydraulic compensator);
- kana iyo yekutanga yakavhurwa, bhatiri voltage (bhatiri) inonyura zvakanyanya;
- kudyiwa kwemafuta kushoma nekuda kwekudzika kwazvo kwekutanga kumhanya.
Ichi chimiro cheinjini dzese dzemotokari, zvisinei nerudzi rwemafuta, uye nzira yekupihwa kwayo.
Mhedzisiro yekutanga injini pasina kudziyisa
Kana injini yatangwa, yobva yapinda mune isina basa (XX) kana yekudziya-up mode, nepo:
- iyo mhepo-mafuta musanganiswa zvishoma zvishoma, kureva, kuwanda kwemafuta kunoderedzwa;
- kuwedzera zvishoma UOZ;
- iyo voltage ye-on-board network inowedzera zvakanyanya, nokuti mutangi unodzima uye jenereta inotendeuka;
- kudzvanywa mukamuri yekupisa kana ichisvika kuTDC kunowedzera zvakanyanya, nekuda kwekumhanya kwepiston.
Sezvo mafuta anopisa, kutonhora kwemafuta kunowedzera, nokudaro kuwedzera kushanda kwekuzora kwezvikamu zvekutsvaira, uye kamuri rinopisa rinopisa zvishoma nezvishoma, nekuda kwekuti musanganiswa wemhepo-mafuta unopisa uye unopisa nokukurumidza. Zvakare, nekuda kwekumhanya kwakanyanya, kushandiswa kwemafuta kunowedzera.
Kuti injini itange zvakajairika uye itange kushanda isina basa, zvinotevera zvinodiwa:
- kukwana kwakakwana;
- UOZ yakarurama;
- kusanganiswa kwemafuta emhepo;
- Spark simba rakakwana;
- voltage yakakwana uye simba rebhatiri;
- kushanda kwe generator;
- kupiwa kwemafuta akakwana nemhepo;
- mafuta ane mamwe ma parameter.
Kusapindirana kweimwe yemapoinzi kunotungamira kune chokwadi chekuti mota haina kutanga, kana mota inotanga uye pakarepo inomira kana kutonhora.
Sei injini isingatangi
Hezvino zvikonzero nei mota ichimira kana ichitanga injini pane inotonhora:
- mhepo yakaipa-mafuta musanganiswa;
- kusakwana kwebhatiri voltage;
- zvakaipa UOZ;
- kusakwana kudzvinyirira;
- weak spark;
- mafuta akaipa.
Izvi zvikonzero zvakakosha kune ese marudzi epeturu uye dizeli injini. Zvisinei, dhiziri-powered power unit haifaniri kudzima moto wemusanganiswa, saka jekiseni remafuta panguva yakakodzera, nguva pfupi piston isati yasvika kuTDC, yakakosha kwairi. Iyi parameter inodaidzwawo kuti ignition timing, nekuti mafuta anopisa nekuda kwekusangana nemhepo inopisa kubva mukudzvanywa.
Kuwana dambudziko muinjini
Musanganiswa usina kunaka wemhepo-mafuta
Iyo chaiyo air-mafuta reshiyo zvinoenderana ne:
- mamiriro emhepo uye mafirita emafuta;
- kushanda kwe carburetor;
- kushanda kwakaringana kweECU (injini dzejekiseni) uye masensa ayo ese;
- jekiseni chimiro;
- mamiriro epombi yemafuta uye cheki valve.
Mamiriro emhepo uye mafirita emafuta
Dosing masisitimu emhando ipi neipi yeinjini inoshanda nehumwe huwandu hwemhepo uye mafuta. Nokudaro, kuderedzwa kupi zvako kusingatarisirwi mukubuda kunoguma nekusawirirana kwakaenzana kwemhepo-mafuta musanganiswa. Mhando mbiri dzemafirita dzinodzikamisa kuyerera kwemhepo nemafuta, kupikisa kufamba kwavo, asi kushorwa uku kunotariswa mune metering system.
Sezvo mafirita emhepo nemafuta anosviba, kubuda kwavo kunoderera, izvo zvinonyanya kutyisa kumota dzecarbureted, nekuti zviyero zvemusanganiswa zvinoiswa nemadhayamita ejeti. Muinjini dzine ECU, ma sensor anozivisa iyo control unit nezve huwandu hwemhepo iyo iyo simba unit inopedza, pamwe nekumanikidza munjanji uye kushanda kwenozzles. Nokudaro, inogadzirisa kuumbwa kwemusanganiswa mukati mechikamu chiduku uye inopa mutyairi chiratidzo pamusoro pekushaya simba.
Asi kunyange mumagetsi emagetsi ane magetsi ekugadzirisa unit, kusvibiswa kwakanyanya kwemhepo nemafuta emafuta kunokanganisa kuenzana kwemhepo-mafuta musanganiswa - kana motokari inomira painotonhora, saka kutanga kwezvose tarisa mamiriro ezvisefa.
Sefa yemhepo chikamu chakakosha cheinjini
Kushanda uye kuchena kwecarburetor
Ichi chishandiso chine masisitimu akati wandei emhando dzakasiyana dzekushandisa injini, saka kutanga injini inotonhora inopihwa nemumwe wavo. Iyo system inosanganisira:
- nzira dzemhepo nemafuta;
- jets dzemhepo nemafuta;
- damper yemhepo (kusveta);
- mamwe maturusi (haawanikwe pane ese carburetors).
Iyi sisitimu inopa inotonhora yekutanga injini isina kudzvanya gasi pedal. Zvisinei, kugadzirisa kusina kunaka kana tsvina mukati, pamwe chete nekukanganisa kwakasiyana-siyana kwemagetsi, zvinowanzotungamirira kune chokwadi chokuti motokari inomira panotanga kutonhora. Iyi sisitimu chikamu cheiyo idle system, iyo inovimbisa kugadzikana kushanda kwesimba remagetsi pakumhanya kwakaderera, zvisinei nekupisa kwayo.
Kuongorora hutano hwe carburetor
Zviri nani kutarisa kuchena uye kushanda kwe carburetor, saka pfuurira nekubvisa - kana zvimwe zvikonzero zvose zvisingabatanidzwi, ndizvo zvazviri. Kana iwe usingazivi kugadzirisa uye kugadzirisa chikamu ichi, taura nemuongorori ane ruzivo kana carburetor.
Kushanda chaiko kwekombuta uye masensa ayo
Yese injini dzejekiseni (jekiseni uye yemazuva ano dhiziri) ine emagetsi control unit inounganidza ruzivo kubva kune akawanda masensa uye, ichitarisa pairi, inopa mafuta. Gasoline kana dizeli mafuta ari muchitima pasi peimwe kudzvinyirirwa, uye huwandu hwemafuta hunoiswa nekushandura nguva yekuvhura yenozzles - iyo yakareba yakavhurika, iyo yakawanda mafuta inopinda mukamuri yekupisa. Kuverenga kusina kururama sensor kana kukanganisa mukushanda kweECU pane injini inodziya inotungamirira mukurasikirwa kwesimba kana kuwedzera kwemafuta ekushandisa, asi kana kutanga "kutonhora", vanogona kuvhara zvachose injini.
Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti nekusakwana kumanikidza mukamuri yekupisa uye tembiricha yakaderera, musanganiswa wemhepo-mafuta ane zvisizvo zviyero zvinopisa zvakanyanya kupfuura zvakanakisa, nekuda kwekuti mota inotanga uye inomira pakarepo kana ichitonhora kana isingatangi pa. zvose. Kubatsira kwemotokari dzine ECU ndeyokuti control unit processor inoongorora kushanda kwemaitiro ose uye, kana pakaitika kusashanda, inogadzira chiratidzo chekukanganisa chinogona kuverengwa uchishandisa yakakosha scanner.
Injector mamiriro
Kupisa kunoshanda kwemafuta mumajekiseni uye injini dzedhiziri, mafuta anofanira kubaiwa kuitira kuti ashanduke kuita guruva. Iyo diki hukuru hwemadonhwe, zviri nyore kuti spark kana mhepo inopisa inopisa mafuta, saka motokari inowanzomira pane injini inotonhora nekuda kwekushanda kusina kunaka kwezviputi. Kuongororwa kwekombuta chete pamakina emazuva ano kana kana kukuvara kwakanyanya kune majekiseni kunopa chiratidzo nezve kusashanda kwavo. Iwe unogona kutarisa kushanda kwezvikamu izvi chete panzvimbo yakakosha. Kuti utarise kushanda kwemajekiseni, uye kana zvichidiwa, zvigadzirise, taura nebasa guru remotokari uko kune mafuta akanaka.
Mishonga inopinza uye inopfapfaidza mafuta, kushanda kweinjini kunoenderana nemamiriro avo.
Pombi yemafuta uye cheki mamiriro evharuvhu
Izvi zvinoenderana neiyo chaiyo dosing yemafuta ne carburetor kana nozzles. Pamotokari ine carburetor, kushanda kusina kunaka kwepombi yemafuta kunotungamirira kuhuwandu husina kukwana hwemafuta muimba yekuyangarara, izvo zvinoreva kuderedzwa kwechikamu chayo mumhepo-mafuta musanganiswa. Pamagetsi edhiziri uye jekiseni, kushanda kwepombi kusingashande kunotungamirira kukushaya atomization yemafuta uye kudzikiswa kwechikamu chayo mumusanganiswa, izvo zvinoita kuti zviome kubatidza zviri mukati mecylinder.
Ivhavhavhavha yekuongorora inogadzirisa kudzvinyirira munjanji, nokuti kudzvinyirirwa kunogadzirwa nepombi kwakakwirira kudarika izvo zvinodiwa pakushanda kwenjanji. Painjini dzine carburetor, basa iri rinotambwa nekuyangarara uye tsono. Mukuwedzera, valve isingadzoki inodzivirira hurongwa kubva pamhepo mushure mokunge mafuta akawandisa akaraswa. Kana cheki vharafu yakanamira yakavhurika uye isingasununguri yakawandisa mafuta, saka musanganiswa wakapfuma kwazvo, izvo zvinokanganisa kupisa kwayo. Kana chikamu ichi chichipfuura mafuta kumativi ose, ipapo rampu kana carburetor inova airy, ndicho chikonzero motokari inomira mushure mekutanga injini inotonhora.
Kusakwana kwemagetsi e-on-board network
Iyo yakajairika voltage yebhatiri isina mutoro ndeye 13-14,5 V, zvisinei, kana uchichinja kune ignition mode uye wozobatidza bhatiri, inogona kudonha kusvika padanho re 10-12 V. Kana bhatiri radzimwa kana kuti rakarasika simba. , zvino kana iyo yekutanga ikabatidzwa, voltage inogona kudonha zvinooneka pazasi peiyi nhanho, zvichikonzera kusakwana kwesimba respark. Nekuda kweizvi, mafuta acho haabatike zvachose, kana kuti anopisa zvishoma nezvishoma uye haana nguva yekuburitsa magasi emhepo akakwana kuti ape piston kukurumidza kunofanirwa.
Chimwe chikonzero cheiyo yakaderera voltage ye-on-board network, nekuda kwekuti mota inomira kana ichitonhora, ndeye oxidized bhatiri terminals. Iyo oxide layer ine yakakwirira kupikisa kupfuura simbi iyo inogadzirwa materminals, saka kudonha kwevoltage kana tangi ichivhurwa ichave yakakura kwazvo, izvo zvinoita kuti spark idonhe. Kana, mukuwedzera kune oxide layer, materminal haana kusimbiswa zvakakwana, saka kana iyo yekutanga ikavhurwa, kutapurirana kwesimba remagetsi kuburikidza nematerminal kunomira zvachose, uye kuti utangezve, zvinodikanwa kuve nechokwadi chekubatana kwakasimba. bhatiri terminal.
Pamotokari dzine jekiseni kana injini yedhiziri yemazuva ano, kudonha kwemhepo ye-on-board network kunowedzera kana kukanganisa kushanda kwepombi yemafuta, nekuda kwekuti kumanikidzwa munjanji kana painjector inlet iri pasi pemazuva ose. Izvi zvinotungamirira mukuderera kweatomization yemafuta, zvinoreva kuti inopisa zvishoma nezvishoma kupfuura zvayaifanira, uye kupisa kwayo kunoda spark yakasimba (injector) kana tembiricha yepamusoro yemhepo (dhiziri). Zvakare, chikonzero chekutadza kana kusashanda kwepombi yemafuta kunogona kunge kusiri kusangana musimba rayo redunhu, nekuda kwekuti kudzvanywa kwenjanji kwakadzikira zvakanyanya pane zvakafanira, izvo zvinotungamira kushayikwa kweatomization yepeturu kana dizeli uye kuomesa kupisa. yemusanganiswa.
Iyo jenareta inogadzira magetsi uye inovimbisa kushanda kwese midziyo yemagetsi mumotokari.
Wrong POD
Iyo nguva yekudzima yakasungirirwa kune chinzvimbo che crankshaft kana camshaft. Pamotokari ine carburetor, yakasungirirwa kune camshaft, uye kona yacho pachayo inoshandiswa uchishandisa muparadzi (ignition distributor). Painjini dzejekiseni, yakasungirirwa kune crankshaft, nepo pamidziyo yedhiziri, sarudzo dzese dziri mbiri dzinowanikwa. Pamichina ine carburetor, iyo UOZ inogadziriswa nekushandura muparadzi maererano nemusoro wecylinder (cylinder head), asi kana ketani yenguva kana bhandi renguva (nguva) yakasvetuka mazino rimwe kana kupfuura, ipapo nguva yekudzima inoshanduka zvakare.
Pamotokari dzine jekiseni, iyi parameter yakanyoreswa mu firmware ye electronic control unit (ECU) yejini uye haigone kuchinjwa nemaoko. Iyo komputa inogamuchira masaini kubva ku crankshaft position sensor (DPKV), saka kana iyo damper giya ikasvetuka kubva kana kutendeuka, uye kana conductivity yeDPKV yedunhu ichikanganiswa, masaini haasvike nenguva kana kusasvika zvachose, izvo zvinokanganisa kushanda kweiyo ignition system.
Kutsikirira kusina kukwana
Kugadzika uku kunoenderana nenzvimbo:
- humburumbira madziro;
- pisitoni;
- piston mhete;
- mavharuvhu nezvigaro zvawo;
- kukwira ndege dze block uye cylinder musoro;
- humburumbira musoro gaskets;
- kusangana kwemavara e crankshaft uye camshaft.
Kune injini dzepeturu, kudzvanywa kwe11-14 atm kwakajairika (zvichienderana nenhamba yeoctane yemafuta), kune injini yedhiziri iri 27-32 atm, zvisinei, kuita kweinjini "pakupisa kunochengetwa pamitengo yakaderera. Iyo diki iyi parameter, iyo mhepo shoma inoramba iri mukamuri yekupisa kana TDC yasvika, iyo yakasara yemhepo kana mweya-mafuta musanganiswa inopinda mukati mekutora kana exhaust manifold, pamwe neiyo injini crankcase. Sezvo mu carburetor uye mono-injection injini, pamwe chete nemasimba emagetsi ane jekiseni risina kunanga, mhepo uye peturu zvakasanganiswa kunze kwekamuri rinopisa, saka musanganiswa unosvinwa kunze kwehumburumbira.
Pakumanikidzwa kwakaderera, piston painosvika kuTDC, huwandu hwemusanganiswa hauna kukwana kutanga injini, uye mumajini edhiziri nemajini ejekiseni ane jekiseni rakananga, chiyero chemusanganiswa wemafuta emhepo zvakare chinoshanduka chakananga kupfumisa. Chigumisiro cheizvi zvakaoma kutanga injini inotonhora, asi kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu iwayo kana zvichibvira kutanga chikwata chemagetsi, motokari inotanga uye inomira mushure memasekondi mashomanana kana ichitonhora.
Izvi zvinonyanya kutaurwa mumotokari dzine carburetor, apo mutyairi anogona kubatsira kutanga nekutsikirira gasi pedal. Iyi nzira inonzi "gassing". Asi mushure mekutanga, motokari yakadaro inogona kumira chero nguva, nokuti simba rinobudiswa necylinder imwe neimwe harina kukwana kunyange kuchengetedza rpm inodiwa. Uye chero humwe hurema hwekuwedzera hunongowedzera mamiriro acho ezvinhu.
Yeuka, kana motokari inomira kana ichitonhora, asi mushure mekudziya, XX inogadzikana, iva nechokwadi chekuyera kudzvinyirira.
Uchishandisa mudziyo uyu (compressometer) kuyera kudzvanywa kwemota
Weak spark
Hazvina kuoma kuona kusimba kweiyo spark, nekuti izvi unogona kuodha paInternet kana kutenga yakakosha probe ine spark gap pane iri padyo auto zvikamu chitoro uye woishandisa kuyera kusimba kweiyo spark. Kana pasina michina yakadaro, saka unogona kupfuura neyakajairika mbambo yakakora: isa mu spark plug waya uye uuye nayo kune simbi zvikamu zvejini iri chinhambwe che 1,5-2 cm, wozokumbira mubatsiri kuti atendeuke. pa ignition uye shandura starter. Tarisa pa spark inoratidzika - kana ichinyatsooneka kunyange masikati, uye kurira kukuru kunonzwika, ipapo simba rayo rinokwana uye chikonzero nei motokari inotanga uye matanda muchando inofanira kutariswa mune chimwe chinhu.
Mafuta akaipa
Kana iwe uchiwanzozadza mota yako pazviteshi zvepeturu zvisingazivikanwe, uye uchityaira nemafuta mashoma mutangi, zvino kana mota yatanga uye pakarepo inomira muchando, ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvinowanzoitika. Mvura iri mumafuta inogara pazasi petangi, saka nekufamba kwenguva huwandu hwayo hunoshanduka huve hwakakura zvekuti hunotanga kukanganisa kushanda kweinjini. Kuti utarise kunaka kwemafuta, dhonza imwe yemvura kubva mutangi mubhodhoro kana chirongo, izvi zvinogona kuitwa nenzira mbiri:
- isa hose refu inochinjika mumudziyo;
- bvisa pombi yekugovera kana njanji chubhu, wobva wabatidza moto, mushure mezvo pombi yemafuta inoburitsa zvimwe zvirimo mutangi remafuta.
Kana bhodhoro rakasviba, zvino dururira zviri mukati muhari yakajeka uye uiise muimba inotonhorera, ine rima kwezuva, zvakasimba kuvhara chivharo. Kana mukati mezuva izvo zviri mukati meiyo zvinogona kupatsanurwa kuita mvura yakajeka uye isina kujeka ine muganho wakajeka pakati pavo, ipapo hurombo husina kunaka hwemafuta, pamwe nepamusoro pemvura yemukati, zvinoratidzwa, kana zvisiri, ipapo mafuta. , maererano neiyi parameter, inoenderana neyakajairwa.
Kutarisa kunaka kwemafuta nemudziyo
Mushure mekuita chokwadi chekuti mvura yakakwira, bvisa mvura yese kubva mutangi, wozozadza peturu nyowani. Muchiitiko ichi, zvinodikanwa kubvisa zviri mukati mehutori system, nokuti inewo mvura yakawanda. Kana iwe usingakwanisi kuita izvi iwe pachako, zvino taura nevepedyo yebasa remotokari, uko basa rose richaitwa mumaminitsi makumi maviri-20.
mhedziso
Kana motokari ikatanga uye inomira painotonhora, usabvisa bhatiri nekuedza kudzoreredza injini kakawanda, pane kudaro, ongorora uye uone chikonzero chemaitiro aya. Yeuka, injini yemotokari yakaoma yakawanda-chikamu system, saka kushanda kusina kunaka kwe kunyange chidimbu chiduku kana chikamu chinogona kuvhara kushanda kwesimba rose remagetsi.
