Nyanzvi dzeMasvomhu nemichina
Vanhu vazhinji vanofunga kuti kuvakwa kwemasvomhu michina? uye makombiyuta here? mainjiniya chete ndivo vakabatsira. Ichi hachisi chokwadi, nyanzvi dzemasvomhu dzakabatsira pabasa iri kubva pakutanga. Uye ava ndivo avo vane dzidziso chete. Zvamazvirokwazvo, vamwe vavo vaiva nekariro duku here yokuti zvavakawana nerimwe zuva zvaizoshandiswa mubhizimisi rimwe chetero renguva dzose sekugadzirwa kwamaakaundi?
Nhasi ndichakuudza nezvemasvomhu maviri ekare. Mumwe (kureva, John von Neumann), pasina basa rake uye mazano makombiyuta angadai asina kugadzirwa zvachose, ndinosiya kuti gare gare; yakakurisa uye yakakosha kuti ibatanidzwe nevamwe munyaya imwe. Iniwo ndinobatanidza vaviri ava nekuti vaive shamwari dzepedyo, kunyangwe paive nemusiyano wezera pakati pavo.
Alternative uye mubatanidzwa
Asi vaviri ava havanawo kushomeka kune Neumann. Nekudaro, tisati taenderera kune yavo biography, ini ndinopa basa riri nyore. Funga chero mutsara unosanganisira zvikamu zviviri zviri pasi zvakabatanidzwa nemubatanidzwa (mutsara wakadaro, uyo asingayeuki, unonzi imwe nzira) Ngatitii:. Dambudziko nderekuramba chirevo ichi. Saka izvi zvinorevei:
Zvakanaka, mutemo ndeuyu: isu tichatsiva mubatanidzwa uye nekupokana nemitsara yakasanganiswa, saka:.
Hazvina kuoma. Zvakanaka, ngatiedze kupokana nemutsara une mitsara miviri yakabatana nemubatanidzwa (zvakare, uyo asingayeuki izwi iri: Mubatanidzwa) Semuyenzaniso: Mutemo wakafanana, kureva kutsiviwa nemitsara yakasanganiswa? ndinoramba saka tinowana :, zvinoreva zvakafanana ne
Kazhinji: (1) kuregeredza kweimwe nzira kubatanidzwa kwekuramba, uye (2) kuregeredza kwemubatanidzwa iko kubatanidzwa kwekuramba. Izvi ? zvakakosha zvikuru? Mitemo miviri yaMorgan ye propositional calculus.
Fragile aristocrat
August de Morgan, wokutanga wenyanzvi dzemasvomhu dzakadudzwa pakutanga, munyori weiyi mitemo, akaberekerwa muIndia muna 1806 mumhuri yomukuru mukuru muuto reBritain rokutonga. Muna 1823-27 akadzidza paCambridge? uye pakarepo mushure mokunge apedza kudzidza akava purofesa payunivhesiti yakanaka iyi. Aive murume wechidiki asina simba, ainyara uye asina kunyanya kupfuma, asi aikwanisa zvikuru munjere. Zvakwana kutaura kuti akanyora uye akabudisa mabhuku makumi matatu emasvomhu uye anopfuura 30 zvinyorwa zvesainzi; inhaka inokatyamadza. Paiva nevakawanda vevadzidzi vake panguva iyoyo here? taizoti sei nhasi? vakakurumbira uye vane mukurumbira. Kusanganisira mwanasikana wemudetembi mukuru weRudo Lord Byron? anozivikanwa Ada Lovelace (1815-1852), akafunga nhasi mugadziri wekutanga munhoroondo (akanyora zvirongwa zvemichina yaCharles Babbage, yandichakurukura zvakadzama). Nenzira, mutauro unozivikanwa wechirongwa ADA wakatumidzwa zita rake here?
Basa raDe Morgan (akafa ari mudiki muna 1871) rakaratidza kutanga kwekubatanidzwa kwenheyo dzine musoro dzemasvomhu. Kune rumwe rutivi, mitemo yake yakataurwa pamusoro apa yakawana magetsi akanaka (uyezve emagetsi) kushandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemagedhi ane logic ari pasi pekushanda kwepurosesa yega yega.
Zviya. Kana tikafuratira mutsara: tinowana mutsara: Nenzira imwecheteyo, kana tikafuratira mutsara:, tinowana mutsara: Iyi zvakare mitemo yaDe Morgan, asi ye quantifier calculus. Interesting ? pane paungaratidza here? uku ndiko kujekeswa kwakapusa kwemitemo yaMorgan yepropositional calculus?
Mwana wemugadziri weshangu ane chipo
Zvizhinji kana zvishoma nhasi, mumwe wemagamba edu aigara naDe Morgan, kureva, George Bull. MaBoules aive mhuri yevarimi vadiki nevatengesi kubva kuNorth East yeEngland. Mhuri iyi yaisava chinhu chakakosha kusati kwasvika John Nzombe? kunyange zvazvo aingovawo mugadziri weshanguwo zvake? akadanana nemasvomhu, nyeredzi uye? mumhanzi zvekusvika pakuti semugadziri weshangu? yakabhuroka. Zvakanaka, muna 1815, John aiva nemwanakomana, George (ndiko kuti, George).
Mushure mekubhuroka kwababa vake, George muduku aitofanira kubviswa kuchikoro. Maths? zvakabudirira sei? baba vake vamene vakamudzidzisa; asi iyi yakanga isiri nyaya yokutanga iyo Yurek muduku akadzidza kumba. Kutanga kwaiva nechiLatin, tevere mitauro: chiGiriki, chiFrench, chiGermany uye chiItaly. Asi zvakanyanya kubudirira kwaiva kudzidzisa kwemukomana wemasvomhu: pazera remakore 19, mukomana akabudiswa? muCambridge Journal yeMasvomhu? ? basa rangu rekutanga rakakomba munzvimbo ino. Zvino vakatevera vakauya.
Kwapera gore, George, asina kudzidza, akavhura chikoro chake pachake. Uye muna 1842 akasangana De Morgan uye akava shamwari naye.
De Morgan aive nematambudziko panguva iyoyo. Pfungwa dzake dzakasekwa uye dzakatsoropodzwa zvakanyanya nevazivi venyanzvi avo vasingagoni kufungidzira kuti nyanzvi yemasvomhu yakatanga kutaura chimwe chinhu muchirango kusvikira zvino ichionekwa sebazi reuzivi hwakachena, i.e. mukufunga (nenzira, masayendisiti mazhinji anhasi anofunga kuti pfungwa inongova imwe chete. yemapazi emasvomhu akachena, ayo asina kana chekuita nehuzivi, hongu, anomukira vazivi zvakada kufanana nenguva yaDe Morgan?). Buhl, hongu, akatsigira shamwari? uye muna 1847 akanyora kabhuku kane musoro. Ichi chinyorwa chinonakidza.
De Morgan akatenda basa iri. Mwedzi mishoma yaburitswa, akadzidza nezvehuprofesa hwaive husina munhu paKing's College ichangotangwa, University of Cork kuIreland. Buhl akakwikwidza pachinzvimbo ichi asi akabviswa uye makwikwi haana kubvumidzwa. Pashure penguva yakati, shamwari yakamubetsera netsigiro yake? naBoole, zvisinei, vakagamuchira sachigaro wemasvomhu payunivhesiti iyi; kusatombova nedzidzo yemasvomhu kana kuti chero imwe nzvimbo?
Makore mashoma gare gare, nyaya yakafanana yakaitika kune mumwe wedu akangwara Stefan Banach. Nekudaro, zvidzidzo zvake asati ajoinha professorship muLviv zvaive zvishoma kune undergraduate uye imwe semesita yepolytechnic?
Asi kudzokera ku booleans. Achiwedzera pane pfungwa dzake kubva mumonograph yekutanga, akaburitsa muna 1854 basa rake rakakurumbira uye ranhasi rekare? (zita racho, mukuwirirana nefashoni yenguva yacho, rakanga rakareba zvikuru). Mubhuku iri, Boolev akaratidza kuti tsika yekufunga zvine musoro inogona kunyatso kuderedzwa kuita iri nyore? asi kushandisa zvishoma zvemasvomhu (mabhinari!)? Accounts. Makore mazana maviri pamberi pake, Leibniz mukuru aiva nemafungiro akafanana, asi iyi titan yepfungwa yakanga isina nguva yekupedzisa nyaya yacho.
Asi ndiani anofunga kuti nyika yakawira pasi nemabvi ayo pamberi pebasa raBoole uye akashamiswa nekudzika kwenjere dzake? hazvina kunaka. Kunyange zvazvo Boole akanga atove nhengo yeRoyal Academy kubvira 1857 uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu inoremekedzwa zvikuru uye ine mukurumbira, pfungwa dzake dzine musoro dzakagara dzichionekwa sezvinhu zvisingakoshi. Kutaura idi, kwakanga kusati kuri kutozosvikira muna 1910 apo masayendisiti makuru eBritain Bertrand Russell i Alfred North Whitehead, nekutsikisa vhoriyamu yekutanga yebasa ravo rakanaka (), vakaratidza pfungwa dzeBoolean - uye kwete chete vane hukama hwakakosha kune pfungwa? asi kunyange pane logics. Kupfuura pfungwa dzaGeorge Boole, ndeye classical logic iri nyore? nekamwe kakuwedzerera? haipo zvachose. Aristotle, iyo yekare yepfungwa, yakave yekuda kuziva kwenhoroondo pazuva rekuburitswa.
Nenzira, imwezve inonakidza chikamu cheruzivo: inenge hafu yezana remakore gare gare, ose mafuta theorems ave akanyatsoratidzwa neBoolean calculus kwemakore akawanda? mumaminetsi masere yakazova komputa ine simba shoma, yakarongedzwa nenyanzvi yekuChina yekuAmerica Wang Hao.
Nenzira, Boole aive nerombo rakanaka: dai akapidigura Aristotle kubva pachigaro mazana matatu emakore apfuura, angadai akapiswa padanda.
Uye zvakazoitika kuti izvo zvinonzi Boolean algebras? iyi haingori nzvimbo yakakosha uye yakapfuma yemasvomhu, ichiri kusimukira nhasi, asiwo hwaro hunonzwisisika hwekuvakwa kwemichina yemasvomhu. Uyezve, dzidziso dzeBoolean, pasina chero shanduko, dzinoshanda kwete chete kune logic, apo dzinotsanangura classical propositional calculus, asiwo kune binary calculus (mune nhamba yenhamba inoshandisa manhamba maviri chete - zero uye imwe, inova hwaro hwemasvomhu ekombuta), asi anoshandiswawo mune set theory, yakagadziridzwa gare gare. Zvinoitika kuti mune iyi dzidziso mhuri yezvikamu zvechero set inogona kubatwa seBoolean algebra.
boolean value? ari sei de morgan? akanga asina utano hwakanaka. Ngativei vakatendesekawo kuti akanga asina hanya nezvehutano uhwu zvachose: aishanda zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya, uye aibishaira zvakanyanya. Gumiguru 24, 1864, aizoenda kunodzidzisa rini? Ainge atota zvakanyanyisa. Haana kuda kunonotsa zvidzidzo haana kuchinja kana kubvisa hembe. Mugumisiro wacho wakanga uri dzihwa rakaipa, mabayo, uye rufu mwedzi mishomanene gare gare. Akafa aine makore 49 chete.
Boole akanga akaroorwa naMary Everest, mwanasikana wemuongorori weBritish ane mukurumbira uye geographer (hongu, hongu? uyo anobva pagomo refu kwazvo munyika) makore gumi nemanomwe ari junior wake. Romance? yakaguma muwanano yakabudirira zvikuru? akatanga ne? kudzidzisa mune acoustics kunopiwa nemusayendisiti kumusikana wechidiki akanaka. Aive nevanasikana vashanu naye, vatatu vacho vakawana zita remhando yepamusoro: Alice akave nyanzvi yemasvomhu, Lucy aive purofesa wekutanga wekemesitiri muEngland, Ethel Lillian akazivikanwa munguva yake semunyori.
