mifananidzo yezvokurapa

Muna 1896, Wilhelm Roentgen akawana X-rays, uye muna 1900, yekutanga chipfuva X-ray. Ipapo panouya X-ray chubhu. Uye zvazvinoita nhasi. Iwe uchawana mune chinyorwa pazasi.

1806 Philippe Bozzini anovandudza endoscope muMainz, achibudisa pachiitiko "Der Lichtleiter", bhuku rezvidzidzo pamusoro pezvidzidzo zvemukati wemuviri womunhu. Wekutanga kushandisa mudziyo uyu mukuvhiya kwakabudirira aive murume wechiFrench Antonin Jean Desormeaux. Pamberi pekugadzirwa kwemagetsi, magetsi ekunze aishandiswa kuongorora dundira, chibereko uye colon, pamwe nemakumbo emhino.

1. X-ray yekutanga - ruoko rwemudzimai waRoentgen

1896 Wilhelm Roentgen anoona X-rays uye kugona kwavo kupinda mukati mezvakaoma. Nyanzvi dzekutanga dzaakaratidza "roentgenograms" yake dzakanga dzisiri vanachiremba, asi vashandi vaRoentgen - physicists (1). Kugona kwekiriniki kwechigadzirwa ichi kwakazivikanwa mavhiki mashoma gare gare apo x-ray yegirazi shard mumunwe wemwana ane makore mana yakabudiswa mumagazini yezvokurapa. Mumakore mashoma akatevera, kushambadzira uye kugadzirwa kwakawanda kwemachubhu eX-ray kwakaparadzira tekinoroji nyowani pasi rose.

1900 First chest x-ray. Kushandiswa kwakapararira kwechipfuva x-rays kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kuona chirwere chetachiona panguva yekutanga, iyo panguva iyoyo yaiva imwe yezvikonzero zvinowanzokonzera rufu.

1906-1912 Kuedza kwekutanga kushandisa maajenti ekusiyanisa kuongorora zviri nani nhengo nemidziyo.

1913 Iyo chaiyo X-ray chubhu, inonzi hot cathode vacuum chubhu, iri kubuda, iyo inoshandisa inoshanda inodzorwa maerekitironi sosi nekuda kwechiitiko chekupisa kwekupisa. Akavhura nguva itsva mune zvekurapa uye maindasitiri eradiological maitiro. Mugadziri waro aive muvambi weAmerica William D. Coolidge (2), anozivikanwa zvikuru se "baba veX-ray chubhu." Pamwe chete negedhi rinofambiswa rakagadzirwa naChicago radiologist Hollis Potter, rambi reCoolidge rakagadzira radiography chishandiso chakakosha kuvarapi munguva yeHondo Yenyika I.

1916 Haasi ese maradiographs aive nyore kuverenga - dzimwe nguva matishu kana zvinhu zvaivharira izvo zvaiongororwa. Nokudaro, chiremba wedermatologist weFrance André Bocage akagadzira nzira yekubudisa X-rays kubva kumativi akasiyana, iyo yakabvisa matambudziko akadaro. Yake .

1919 Pneumoencephalography inooneka, inova invasive diagnostic process yepakati tsinga system. Yaisanganisira kutsiva chikamu checerebrospinal fluid nemhepo, okisijeni kana helium, yakaunzwa kuburikidza nekupinza mugomba remusana, uye kuita x-ray yemusoro. Iwo magasi akanyatso kupesana neiyo ventricular system yeuropi, iyo yakaita kuti zvikwanise kuwana mufananidzo weiyo ventricles. Nzira yacho yakashandiswa zvakanyanya pakati pezana remakore rechi80, asi yakange yakasiyiwa zvachose mumaXNUMXs, sezvo kuongorora kwairwadza zvikuru kumurwere uye kwaibatanidza nengozi yakakomba yezvinetso.

30s uye 40s Mumushonga wepanyama uye kugadzirisa, simba remafungu e ultrasonic rinotanga kushandiswa zvakanyanya. Russian Sergey Sokolov ari kuyedza nekushandisa ultrasound kutsvaga simbi dzakaremara. Muna 1939, anoshandisa frequency ye3 GHz, iyo, zvisinei, isingapi zvinogutsa kugadzirisa kwemifananidzo. Muna 1940, Heinrich Gohr naThomas Wedekind veMedical University yeCologne, Germany, vakapa munyaya yavo "Der Ultraschall in der Medizin" mukana wekuongorora ultrasound zvichienderana nemaitiro echo-reflex akafanana neaya anoshandiswa pakuona kukanganisa kwesimbi. .

Vanyori vakafungidzira kuti nzira iyi yaizobvumira kuonekwa kwemamota, exudates, kana abscesses. Zvisinei, havana kukwanisa kubudisa migumisiro inogutsa yezvidzidzo zvavo. Iyo inozivikanwawo ndeye ultrasonic medical experiments yeAustrian Karl T. Dussik, chiremba wetsinga kubva kuYunivhesiti yeVienna muAustria, yakatanga mukupera kwe30s.

1937 Nyanzvi yemasvomhu yekuPoland Stefan Kaczmarz anogadzira mubasa rake "Technique of Algebraic Reconstruction" nheyo dzedzidziso dzenzira yekuvakazve algebraic, iyo yakazoshandiswa mucomputed tomography uye digital signal processing.

Ma40. Kuiswa kwechifananidzo chetomographic pachishandiswa x-ray chubhu yaitenderera nemuviri wemurwere kana nhengo dzega dzega. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kuona ruzivo rweanatomy uye pathological shanduko muzvikamu.

1946 Nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzekuAmerica Edward Purcell naFelix Bloch vakazvimiririra vakagadzira nuclear yenyu yemagineti resonance NMR (3). Vakapiwa mubairo weNobel muPhysics nokuda kwe "kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro matsva ekuyera chaiwo uye zvakawanikwa zvakawanikwa mumunda we nyukliya magnetism."

3. Seti yemidziyo yeNMR

1950 inomuka rectilinear scanner, rakanyorwa naBenedict Cassin. Chishandiso chiri muiyi vhezheni chakashandiswa kusvika kumavambo 70s neakasiyana radioactive isotope-based pharmaceuticals kufananidzira nhengo mumuviri wese.

1953 Gordon Brownell weMassachusetts Institute of Technology anogadzira chishandiso chinova chinotungamira chemazuvano PET kamera. Nebetsero yake, iye, pamwe chete nachiremba wokuvhiya tsinga William H. Sweet, vanokwanisa kunzvera mapundu omuuropi.

1955 Dynamic x-ray image intensifiers iri kugadzirwa inoita kuti zvikwanise kuwana x-ray mifananidzo yemifananidzo inofamba yematishu uye nhengo. Max-rays aya akapa ruzivo rutsva pamusoro pemabasa emuviri akadai semoyo unorova uye kutenderera kweropa.

1955-1958 Chiremba wekuScottish Ian Donald anotanga kushandisa zvakanyanya ultrasound bvunzo dzekuongororwa kwekurapa. Ndiye gynecologist. Chinyorwa chake "Kuferefeta kweAbdominal Masses nePulsed Ultrasound", yakabudiswa muna Chikumi 7, 1958 mupepanhau rezvokurapa The Lancet, yakatsanangura kushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwe ultrasound uye yakateya hwaro hwekuongororwa kwepamuviri (4).

1957 Yekutanga fiber optic endoscope inogadzirwa - gastroenterologist Basili Hirshowitz nevamwe vake kubva kuYunivhesiti yeMichigan patent a fiber optic, semi-flexible gastroscope.

1958 Hal Oscar Anger anopa kumusangano wepagore weAmerican Society for Nuclear Medicine kamuri ye scintillation inobvumira kune simba. mifananidzo yenhengo dzevanhu. Chigadzirwa chacho chinopinda mumusika mushure memakore gumi.

1963 Dr. David Kuhl, pamwe chete neshamwari yake, injiniya Roy Edwards, varipo kune nyika yekutanga basa rakabatanidzwa, mugumisiro wemakore akawanda ekugadzirira: midziyo yekutanga yenyika kune inonzi. emission tomographyyavanodaidza kuti Mark II. Mumakore akatevera, dzidziso dzakarurama uye modhi yemasvomhu dzakagadzirwa, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaitwa, uye mimwe michina yemhando yepamusoro yakavakwa. Pakupedzisira, muna 1976, John Keyes anogadzira yekutanga SPECT muchina - single photon emission tomography - zvichibva pane zvakaitika kuCool naEdward.

1967-1971 Achishandisa nzira yealgebraic yaStefan Kaczmarz, Chirungu injiniya wemagetsi Godfrey Hounsfield anogadzira hwaro hwedzidziso hwekombuta tomography. Mumakore anotevera, anovaka yekutanga kushanda EMI CT scanner (5), iyo, muna 1971, kuongororwa kwekutanga kwemunhu kunoitwa paAtkinson Morley Hospital muWimbledon. Chigadzirwa chacho chakaiswa mukugadzirwa muna 1973. Muna 1979, Hounsfield, pamwe chete nenyanzvi yefizikisi yekuAmerica Allan M. Cormack, vakapihwa Mubairo weNobel nekuda kwekubatsira kwavo mukuvandudza komputa tomography.

5. EMI Scanner

1973 Muongorori wemakemikari wekuAmerica, Paul Lauterbur (6) akawana kuti nekuisa magiraidhi enzvimbo yemagineti inopfuura nemuchinhu chakapihwa, munhu anogona kuongorora nekuona maumbirwo echinhu ichi. Musayendisiti anoshandisa nzira iyi kugadzira mufananidzo unosiyanisa pakati pemvura yakajairika uye inorema. Zvichienderana nebasa rake, nyanzvi yefizikisi yeChirungu Peter Mansfield anovaka dzidziso yake uye anoratidza maitiro ekuita chifananidzo chinokurumidza uye chakarurama chechimiro chemukati.

Mhedzisiro yebasa revasayendisiti vose yakanga isiri-invasive yekuongorora yezvokurapa, inozivikanwa semagnetic resonance imaging kana MRI. Muna 1977, muchina weMRI, wakagadzirwa navanachiremba vekuAmerica Raymond Damadian, Larry Minkoff naMichael Goldsmith, wakatanga kushandiswa kudzidza munhu. Lauterbur naMansfield vakapihwa pamwe chete mubairo weNobel we2003 muPhysiology kana Mushonga.

1974 American Michael Phelps ari kugadzira kamera yePositron Emission Tomography (PET). Yekutanga yekutengesa PET scanner yakagadzirwa nekuda kwebasa raPhelps naMichel Ter-Poghosyan, uyo akatungamira kuvandudzwa kwehurongwa paEG&G ORTEC. Iyo scanner yakaiswa paUCLA muna 1974. Nekuda kwekuti masero egomarara anogadzika glucose nekukurumidza zvakapetwa kagumi kupfuura maseru akajairwa, mapundu anouraya anoita semakwapa akajeka paPET scan (7).

1976 Chiremba wekuvhiya Andreas Grünzig anopa coronary angioplasty paUniversity Hospital Zurich, Switzerland. Iyi nzira inoshandisa fluoroscopy kurapa ropa retsinga stenosis.

1978 inomuka digital radiography. Kekutanga, chifananidzo chinobva kuX-ray system chinoshandurwa kuita dhijitari faira, iyo inogona kugadziridzwa kuti iongororwe zvakajeka uye yakachengetwa digitaalinen tsvakurudzo uye kuongorora ramangwana.

Ma80. Douglas Boyd anozivisa nzira ye electron beam tomography. EBT scanners akashandisa danda rinodzorwa nemagineti remagetsi kugadzira mhete yeX-ray.

1984 Yekutanga 3D imaging uchishandisa dhijitari makomputa uye CT kana MRI data inooneka, zvichikonzera XNUMXD mifananidzo yemapfupa uye nhengo.

1989 Spiral computed tomography (spiral CT) inotanga kushandiswa. Uyu muedzo unobatanidza kuenderera mberi kutenderera kutenderera kwemwenje-detector system uye kufamba kwetafura pamusoro pekuedzwa kwepamusoro (8). Mukana wakakosha we spiral tomography ndiko kudzikiswa kwenguva yebvunzo (inobvumidza iwe kuti uwane mufananidzo wemakumi gumi nemaviri akaturikidzana mune imwe scan inotora masekonzi akati wandei), muunganidzwa wekuverenga kubva kuvhoriyamu yese, kusanganisira zvidimbu zvenhengo, iyo dzaive pakati pema scans ane echinyakare CT, pamwe neiyo yakakwana shanduko yescan yekutenda kune itsva software. Muvambi wenzira itsva aive Siemens Mutungamiriri weKutsvakurudza uye Kubudirira Dr. Willy A. Kalender. Vamwe vagadziri vakakurumidza kutevera tsoka dzeSiemens.

8. Scheme ye spiral computed tomography

1993 Gadzira echoplanar imaging (EPI) nzira inobvumira maMRI masisitimu kuti aone sitiroko yakaoma padanho rekutanga. EPI inopawo kushanda kwekufungidzira kwe, semuenzaniso, basa rehuropi, zvichibvumira varapi kuti vadzidze basa rezvikamu zvakasiyana zvehuropi.

1998 Iyo inonzi multimodal PET bvunzo pamwe nekomputa tomography. Izvi zvakaitwa naDr. David W. Townsend weYunivhesiti yePittsburgh, pamwe chete naRon Nutt, nyanzvi yePET systems. Izvi zvakavhura mikana mikuru ye metabolic uye anatomical imaging yevarwere vegomarara. Yekutanga prototype PET/CT scanner, yakagadzirwa uye yakavakwa neCTI PET Systems muKnoxville, Tennessee, yakagara muna 1998.

2018 MARS Bioimaging inosuma iyo color i maitiro XNUMXD yekurapa mifananidzo (9), iyo, panzvimbo yemifananidzo yakasviba nechena yemukati yemuviri, inopa hutsva hutsva mumishonga - mifananidzo yemavara.

Rudzi rutsva rwe scanner runoshandisa tekinoroji yeMedipix, yakatanga kugadzirwa kuti masayendisiti kuEuropean Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) vatarise zvimedu paLarge Hadron Collider vachishandisa algorithms yekombuta. Panzvimbo yekurekodha maX-rays sezvaanopfuura nemumatishu uye kuti anotorwa sei, scanner inosarudza chaiyoiyo simba remaX-rays sezvaanorova mativi akasiyana emuviri. Inobva yashandura zvabuda kuita mavara akasiyana kuti aenderane nemapfupa, tsandanyama, uye mamwe matishu.

9. Chikamu chemavara chechanza, chakagadzirwa uchishandisa MARS Bioimaging tekinoroji.

Kurongwa kwemifananidzo yezvokurapa

1. X-ray (X-ray) Iyi i x-ray yemuviri nekuburitsa x-rays pafirimu kana detector. Matishu akapfava anoonekwa mushure mekusiyana kwaitwa. Iyo nzira, inoshandiswa kunyanya pakuongorora skeletal system, inoratidzirwa nekuderera kwepasi uye kusiyanisa kwakaderera. Mukuwedzera, mwaranzi ine simba rakaipa - 99% yedhesi inotorwa nemuviri wekuedzwa.

2. tomography (ChiGiriki - chikamu chemuchinjikwa) - zita rinobatanidzwa rekuongorora nzira, iyo inosanganisira kuwana mufananidzo wemuchinjikwa wemuviri kana chikamu chayo. Tomographic nzira dzakakamurwa kuita mapoka akati wandei:

• UZI (UZI) - nzira isina-invasive inoshandisa wave phenomena yezwi pamiganhu yezvakasiyana-siyana zvenhau. Inoshandisa ultrasonic (2-5 MHz) uye piezoelectric transducers. Mufananidzo wacho unofamba munguva chaiyo;
• computed tomography (CT) - inoshandisa x-rays inodzorwa nekombuta kugadzira mifananidzo yemuviri. Kushandiswa kweX-rays kunounza CT pedyo neX-rays, asi X-rays uye CT scans inopa ruzivo rwakasiyana. Ichokwadi kuti nyanzvi yeradiologist ine ruzivo inogonawo kukanganisa nzvimbo ye-dimensional ye, semuenzaniso, bundu rinobva pamufananidzo we-x-ray, asi x-rays, kusiyana neCT scans, inogara mairi-dimensional;
• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - Iyi mhando ye tomography inoshandisa masaisai eredhiyo kuongorora varwere vakaiswa mune yakasimba magineti. Mufananidzo unoguma unobva pamasaisai eredhiyo anoburitswa nematishu ari kuongororwa, ayo anoburitsa mamwe kana mashoma masaini akasimba zvichienderana nemamiriro emakemikari. Mufananidzo wemuviri wemurwere unogona kuchengetwa sedata rekombuta. MRI, seCT, inopa mifananidzo yeXNUMXD uye XNUMXD, asi dzimwe nguva inzira inonzwisisika, kunyanya yekusiyanisa matishu akapfava;
• positron emission tomography (PET) - kunyoreswa kwemifananidzo yekombuta yekuchinja mune shuga metabolism inoitika mumatishu. Murwere anobaiwa jekiseni rechinhu chiri musanganiswa weshuga neshuga yakanyorwa isotope. Iyo yekupedzisira inoita kuti zvikwanise kuwana kenza nekuti maseru egomarara anotora mamorekuru eshuga zvakanyanya kupfuura mamwe matishu emuviri. Mushure mekutora shuga ine radiolabeled, murwere anorara pasi kwenguva yakareba.
• Maminitsi makumi matanhatu apo shuga yakanyorwa ichitenderera mumuviri wake. Kana pane bundu mumuviri, shuga inofanira kuungana mairi zvinobudirira. Ipapo murwere, akaiswa patafura, zvishoma nezvishoma anounzwa muPET scanner - 60-6 nguva pamusoro pe7-45 maminetsi. A PET scanner inoshandiswa kuona kugoverwa kweshuga mumatishu emuviri. Nekuda kwekuongorora kweCT uye PET scans, bundu rinobvira rinogona kutsanangurwa zvirinani. Mufananidzo wakagadzirwa nekombuta unoongororwa neradiologist. PET inogona kuona zvisizvo kunyange kana dzimwe nzira dzichiratidza nyama yakajairika. Inoitawo kuti zvikwanise kuongorora kenza kudzokorora uye kuona kushanda kwekurapa - sezvo bundu rinoderera, masero ayo anogadzirisa zvishoma uye zvishoma shuga;
• Imwe chete photon emission tomography (SPECT) - tomographic tekinoroji mumunda wemishonga yenyukireya. Uchishandisa gamma radiation, zvinokwanisika kugadzira mufananidzo wenzvimbo weiyo biological chiitiko chechero chikamu chemuviri wemurwere. Iyi nzira inokubvumira kuti uone kuyerera kweropa uye metabolism mune imwe nzvimbo yakapiwa. Inoshandisa radiopharmaceuticals. Iwo makemikari emakemikari anoumbwa nezvinhu zviviri - tracer, inova radioactive isotope, uye mutakuri anogona kuiswa munyama uye nhengo uye kukunda ropa-uropi chipingamupinyi. Vatakuri vanowanzove nemidziyo yekusarudza inosunga kune masoja ekudzivirira e tumor cell. Vanogara muhuwandu hunoenderana nemetabolism; 
• Optical coherence tomography (OCT) - nzira itsva yakafanana ne ultrasound, asi murwere anoongororwa achishandisa danda rechiedza (interferometer). Inoshandiswa pakuongorora ziso mune dermatology uye mazino. Chiedza chakafuratira chinotiudza nzvimbo yenzvimbo dziri munzira yemwenje wemwenje panochinja indekisi refractive.

3. Scintigraphy - pano tinowana mufananidzo wemitezo, uye pamusoro pezvose basa ravo, tichishandisa madiki madiki eradioactive isotopes (radiopharmaceuticals). Iyi nzira inobva pamaitiro eimwe mishonga yemishonga mumuviri. Ivo vanoita semotokari yekutakura iyo isotope iri kushandiswa. Mushonga wakanyorwa unoungana munhengo iri kuongororwa. Iyo radioisotope inoburitsa ionizing radiation (kazhinji gamma radiation), ichipinda kunze kwemuviri, kwainorekodhwa neinonzi gamma kamera.