Megacity uye zvitangwena

Hutongi hwepasi rose hwenzvimbo dzemuEurope neAmerica metropolitan inguva yakatokanganwa zvachose. Semuyenzaniso, sekureva kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hweUS Census Bureau, mumwedzi gumi nembiri kusvika Chikunguru 2018, maguta mashoma ekumaodzanyemba akakura muUS, nepo huwandu hwevanhu hwakadzikira munzvimbo dzekare dzeNew York, Chicago, neLos Angeles.

Sekureva kweGlobal Cities Institute, kuungana kweAfrica kuchave maguta makuru muna 2100. Idzi dzatove nzvimbo huru dzemadhorobha, dzinozivikanwa kwete zvakanyanya senzvimbo dzakanakisa dzizere nehukuru hwezvivakwa uye dzinopa hupenyu hwepamusoro, asi semakungwa makuru ezvitangwe zvakatora nguva yakareba zvakapfuura maguta ezvidhoma senge. Mexico City (1).

1. Mafungu ezvitangwena zveguta guru muMexico City

guta guru reNigeria, Lagos (2) ndeimwe yeanokurumidza. Kutaura idi, hapana anoziva ukuru chaihwo hwechiverengero chavagari vayo. UN yakafungidzira kuti vanhu vane mamiriyoni 2011 vaigara imomo muna 11,2, asi gore rakatevera The New York Times yakashuma kuti yakanga vanenge mamiriyoni 21. Maererano neGlobal Cities Institute, vagari vomuguta racho vachasvika pakupera kwezana rino remakore. 88,3 mamiriyonizvichiita kuti ive metropolitan yakakura kwazvo pasi rose.

Guta guru reDemocratic Republic of the Congo Kinshasa, akanga ari makumi mashomanene amakore apfuura boka remisha yokuredza. Iyezvino apasa Parisuye GCI inofanotaura kuti ne2100 ichave yechipiri munyika mushure meLagos, ine 83,5 miriyoni vagari. Dzimwe fungidziro dzinoti panosvika gore ra2025, chikamu che60% chevanhu 17 miriyoni vanogaramo vanenge vave nemakore ari pasi pegumi nemasere, izvo zvinotarisirwa kuita sembiriso pamasteroids.

Zvinoenderana nekufanotaura uku, Tanzania inofanirwa kuve guta rechitatu pasi rose pakupera kwezana ramakore. Dar es-Salam z 73,7 miriyoni vagari. Vanoongorora uwandu hwevanhu vanofanotaura kuti East Africa mumakore makumi masere ichange izere nemaguta makuru ane mamiriyoni emadhora, uye maguta anogara pamusoro pemaguta gumi epamusoro mumakore gumi aripo, kunyanya Asia, achatsiviwa nenzvimbo dzisinganyatsozivikanwa nhasi, dzakadai se. Guta reBlantyre, Lilongwe i Lusaka.

Zvinoenderana nekufanotaura kweGCI, ne2100 chete nzvimbo dzemuIndia metropolitan dzakadai Bhomba (Mumbai) – 67,2 mamiriyoniи Delhi i Calculatezvose pashure vanopfuura mamirioni makumi matatu nemashanu vagari venyika.

Kubudirira kweaya maguta egig kwakabatana nemhedzisiro yakawanda isingagamuchirwe. Makumi maviri nemaviri emakumi matatu akanyanya kusvibiswa agglomerations epasi anowanikwa. Zvinoenderana neshumo yeGreenpeace neAirVisual, yemaguta gumi pasirese ane huwandu hwakanyanya hwekusvibiswa kwemhepo, anokwana manomwe ari muIndia.

Maguta eChinese aimbotungamira chikamu ichi chine mukurumbira wakashata, asi vaona kuvandudzwa kwakanyanya. Kutungamira mukuyera Gurugram, musha weguta guru reIndia, New delhi, guta rakanyanya kusvibiswa paNyika. Muna 2018, avhareji yemhando yemhepo yakakwira yakapetwa katatu pane iyo US Environmental Protection Agency inoona sengozi yakananga hutano.

Chiroto cheChinese chemvuu dzemuguta

Muna 1950, apo ruzivo rwakakosha rwakatanga kuunganidzwa, makumi maviri emakumi matatu makuru makuru emaguta aive, ngatiti, munyika dzekutanga. Guta gurusa munyika panguva iyoyo rakanga riri Guta reNew York, rine vagari vemo vanosvika mamiriyoni 12,3. Chechipiri pakurongwa Tokyo, kwakanga kusisina maguta ane chiverengero chavagari vapasi chavanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 11,3 (kana kuti, kutaura idi, mubatanidzwa wamaguta, sezvo tisingarangariri miganhu yokutarisira yamaguta muchiitiko ichi).

Parizvino pane makumi maviri nemasere avo! Zvinofungidzirwa kuti panosvika 2030 chete megacities mana kubva kunyika dzinonzi dzakabudirira nhasi dzicharamba dziri muhurongwa hwemakumi matatu makuru epasi rose. Vanofanira kudaro Tokyo i Osaka Oraz NY i Los Angeles. Zvisinei, Tokyo (3) chete ndiyo inotarisirwa kuramba iri mugumi. Uyezve, pamwe kusvika pakupera kwemakore gumi anotevera, guta guru reJapan richachengetawo zita reguta rakakura kwazvo pasirese, kunyangwe huwandu hwevanhu hausisiri kukura (maererano neakasiyana masosi, inotangira pa38 kusvika 40 mamiriyoni).

MaChinese anosanganiswa muzvikamu zvemaguta makuru. Vakurirwa nerudzi rwe megalomania, vanogadzira zvirongwa uye vanonyatsogadzira zvipenyu zvakakura zvekutonga izvo zvinozova kana kuti zvinogona kuve maguta makuru epasirese.

Kare makore mashoma apfuura, takaverenga nezve pfungwa yekugadzira guta hofori muMiddle Kingdom yakakura kupfuura Uruguay uye ine vanhu vakawanda kupfuura Germany, iyo zvino ine vanhu vangangoita mamirioni makumi masere. Chisikwa chakadaro chichamuka kana zviremera zveChinese zvikaita hurongwa hwavo hwekuwedzera guta guru reBeijing nenzvimbo huru dzedunhu reHebei uye kubatana neguta reTianjin kune ichi chimiro. Sekureva kwezvirongwa zvepamutemo, kusikwa kwechisikwa chakakura kudaro chemudhorobha kunofanirwa kudzikisira kupfungaira uye kuzara nehutsi muBeijing uye dzimba dzevachiri kusvika kubva kumatunhu.

Jing-Jin-Ji, nokuti ndiro zita repurojekiti iyi kuderedza zvinetso zveguta guru nekugadzira guta rakatokura, rinofanira kuva ne216 zviuru. km². Nhamba inofungidzirwa yevagari vemo inofanira kuva 100 mln, zvichiita kuti ive kwete chete nzvimbo huru yeguta, asiwo chipenyu chine vanhu vakawanda kupfuura nyika zhinji pasirese - kupfuura iyo hypothetical Lagos muna 2100.

Zvichida muedzo wepfungwa iyi ndiyo "guta". Chongqing , inozivikanwawo seChongqing, ichangobva kukwira pamusoro pemazita emaguta makuru epasirese, achipfuura. Shanghai, Beijing, Lagos, Mumbai uye zvakare Tokyo. KuChongqing, nhamba yevagari ve "guta chairo" inoratidzwa muhuwandu inenge 31 miriyoni vagari uye kanenge kakapetwa kana kupfuura mu "agglomeration".

Nzvimbo huru (4) inoratidza kuti iyi iguta rine vanhu vakawanda, rakashandurwa kuita guta. Mukutonga, ndeimwe yemanisiparati mana eChinese ari pasi pehurumende yepakati (mamwe matatu Beijing, Shanghai, neTianjin) uye ndiyo yega maneja akadaro muCelestial Empire iri kure nemahombekombe. Iyo fungidziro yekuti zviremera zveChinese zviri kuyedza kuti zvipenyu izvi zvinoshanda sei ivo pachavo vasati vagadzira behemoth yemudhorobha kuchamhembe pamwe haina hwaro.

4. Mepu yeChongqing kuseri kweChina yese.

Zvakakodzera kuyeuka kuti pane kumwe kuvhiringika mune masosi uye data pahukuru hwemaguta. Vanyori vadzo dzimwe nguva vanongofunga nezvehukuru hwemaguta pachawo, ayo - nekuda kwekuti maguta ekutonga aiwanzo kusarudzwa - anowanzoonekwa sechiratidzo chakaipa. Agglomeration data inowanzo shandiswa zvakanyanya, asi muzviitiko izvi miganhu inowanzoramba iri mvura uye kune tsananguro dzakasiyana dzezvinonzi. nzvimbo dzemadhorobha.

Mukuwedzera, kune dambudziko rekuunganidza kwemaguta makuru emaguta, anonzi. nzvimbo dzemadhorobhaine nzvimbo dzakawanda pasina kutonga kwe "guta" rimwe chete. Ndinofunga chinhu chakadai Guangzhou (Canton), iyo, maererano neGerman saiti citypopulation.de, inofanira kunge iine 48,6 miriyoni vagari - mushure mekuwedzera maguta ese makuru munzvimbo yakapoteredza, kusanganisira. Hong Kong, Macau uye Shenzhen.

Kwete saizi, kwete huwandu, asi mhando

Pfungwa yeChinese yekugadzirisa matambudziko e megacities nekuvaka kunyange akakura megacities inozivikanwa chete muChina pachayo. Munyika dzakabudirira dzekuMadokero, ikozvino iri kufamba nenzira yakasiyana zvachose. Panzvimbo yekuti, semuenzaniso, kugovera ivhu rakawanda rekusimudzira maguta uye kuderedza nzvimbo yenzvimbo inorimwa kana masango, kazhinji kazhinji imhinduro dzakangwara dzemaguta, hupenyu hwehupenyu uye ecology.tichivavarira zero kusagadzikana kune zvakatipoteredza uye nevanhu vanogara mairi.

Kune kunyange avo vanoda kudzokera shure munguva, kudzorera chimiro chevanhu kumaguta uye ... Vakuru veHamburg vanoronga kubvisa 40% yeguta kubva mumigwagwa yemotokari mumakore makumi maviri anotevera.

Prince Charles Foundation iyewo, anogadzirisa maguta ese senge ekare - ane masikweya, migwagwa yakamanikana uye masevhisi ese maminetsi mashanu kubva kumba. Zviito zvakare zvinodzokera kune zvinyorwa NdiGela, mugadziri weDanish asingagadziri mapurojekiti makuru matsva, asi anodzosera "chiyero chevanhu" kumaguta. Mugadziri wezvivakwa anosimbisa kuti matanhatu emaguta gumi akatemerwa zvakanyanya munyika maererano nehupenyu hwehupenyu akatopfuura nzira ye "humanization" yakagadzirwa neboka rake. Copenhagen, Guta rekumusha kwaGel, rinotanga muboka iri - raive pano kuti mumakore ekuma60 akatanga kudzidza maitiro evanhu muguta.

Saka, remangwana rekuvandudzwa kwemaguta munyika rinotaridzika seizvi: kune rumwe rutivi, anogara akachena, ane vanhu uye ane hushamwari maguta ari kuchamhembe, uye akakura, akakomberedzwa kusvika kumiganhu isingafungidziki, yakasvibiswa nezvose zvinogona kubudiswa nemunhu, zvitangwena. gomba rezasi.

Kuti tivandudze hupenyu nekushanda kwevagari mudunhu rega rega, maguta akachenjerakushandisa matekinoroji epamusoro senge smart building. Maererano nekufungidzira uku, vagari vemo vanofanira kurarama zviri nani uye vakasununguka, uye panguva imwecheteyo, mari yekushanda kwehupenyu hweguta rose inofanira kunge yakaderera sezvinobvira.

Muiyo 2018 Smart Cities Index, yakaburitswa muna 2017, i.e. Nzvimbo yemaguta akangwara kwazvo pasi rose akagadzirirwa ne EasyPark Group inotongwa neEuropean "kero", neCopenhagen, Stockholm i Zurich pamberi.

Nekudaro, maguta eAsia akangwara, ari kukura nekukurumidza, ari kuwedzerawo simba. Nekondinendi, rondedzero yemaguta zana akangwara anosanganisira: 57 agglomerations kubva kuEurope, 18 kubva kuAsia, 14 kubva kuNorth America, 5 kubva kuSouth America, 5 kubva kuAustralia uye imwe kubva kuAfrica.

Pfungwa yakakosha muhurongwa hutsva hwemadhorobha imhando yehupenyu, zvinoreva zvakawanda zvakasiyana uye pamwe munhu wese anoinzwisisa zvishoma zvakasiyana. Kune vamwe mutengo wakaderera wekugara, dzimba dzinokwanisika uye hutano hwehutano, kune vamwe huwandu hwakaderera hwekusvibiswa, traffic uye kuparwa kwemhosva. Numbeo, dhatabhesi repasi rose rinofambiswa nevashandisi, rinopa mhando yehupenyu data kumaguta akatenderedza pasirese. Zvichibva pazviri, chinzvimbo chepasi rose chakagadzirwa.

Australia inonyanya kunaka ikoko. Maguta anouya pekutanga ipapo - Canberra (5), chechina (Adelaide) nechinomwe (Brisbane) IUnited States ine vamiririri vana mugumi yepamusoro uye haisi iyo metropolis yakakura zvachose. Kubva kuEurope, maDutch akauya pechipiri. Eindhovenuye Zuriki pachishanu. Pakondinendi yedu, hupenyu hwehupenyu hwakabatana nehupfumi, kana nekuda kwemitengo yezvivakwa.

Zvechokwadi, zvose zviri zviviri zvehupenyu uye ecology zvinogona kuchinja zvinoshamisa mumaguta akapfuma eNorth, kana maodzanyemba-mbiru, apo hupenyu hunova husingatsungiririki, vanoda kuuya kwavari.

Asi iyo inyaya yeimwe nyaya.