Metal Pattern Part 3 - Zvese Zvimwe

Mushure me lithiamu, iyo iri kuwedzera kushandiswa muhupfumi hwemazuva ano, uye sodium uye potasium, izvo zviri pakati pezvinhu zvakakosha muindasitiri uye nyika mhenyu, nguva yasvika yezvimwe zvinhu zvealkaline. Pamberi pedu pane rubidium, cesium uye franc.

Zvinhu zvitatu zvekupedzisira zvakafanana kune mumwe nemumwe, uye panguva imwechete zvine zvinhu zvakafanana ne potassium uye pamwe chete nazvo zvinoumba boka duku rinonzi potassium. Sezvo usingazokwanisi kuita ongororo yerubidium necesium, unofanira kuzvigutsa neruzivo rwekuti vanoita se potassium uye kuti makombonis avo ane kunyungudika kwakafanana nemakomboni ayo.

1. Madzibaba e<em>spectroscopy: Robert Wilhelm Bunsen (1811-99) ari kuruboshwe, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824-87) kurudyi

Kufambira mberi kwekutanga mune spectroscopy

Chiitiko chekupenda murazvo nemakomboni ezvimwe zvinhu chaizivikanwa uye chaishandiswa mukugadzira mafirework nguva refu zvisati zvaburitswa mumahara. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe, masayendisiti akadzidza mitsara ye spectral inoonekwa muchiedza cheZuva uye inobudiswa nemakemikari anopisa. Muna 1859, maGerman mafizikisi maviri - Robert Bunsen i Gustav Kirchhoff - yakagadzira chishandiso chekuyedza mwenje wakaburitswa (1). Yekutanga spectroscope yaive nedhizaini iri nyore: yaive neprism yaiparadzanisa mwenje mumitsara yekuona uye. ziso rine lens nokuda kwekucherechedza kwavo (2). Kubatsira kweiyo spectroscope yekuongorora kemikari kwakakurumidza kucherechedzwa: chinhu chinotsemuka kuita maatomu pakupisa kwakanyanya kwemurazvo, uye iyi inoburitsa mitsetse inozvibata ivo pachavo.

2. Г. Kirchhoff pane spectroscope

3. Metallic cesium (http://images-of-elements.com)

Bunsen naKirchhoff vakatanga tsvakiridzo yavo uye gore rakatevera vakafefetera matani makumi mana nemana emvura yemamineral kubva muchitubu muDurkheim. Mitsetse yaionekwa musediment spectrum yaisakwanisa kuverengerwa kune chero chinhu chaizivikanwa panguva iyoyo. Bunsen (aivewo kemisiti) akatsaura chloride yechinhu chitsva kubva kune sediment, ndokupa zita kusimbi irimo. KUBVA zvichibva pamitsetse yebhuruu yakasimba mumutsara wayo (Latin = bhuruu) (3).

Mwedzi mishomanana gare gare, kare muna 1861, masayendisiti akaongorora huwandu hwemunyu munyu zvakadzama uye akawana kuvapo kwechimwe chinhu mairi. Vakakwanisa kupatsanura chloride yayo uye kuona huwandu hwayo hweatomu. Sezvo mitsara mitsvuku yainyatsooneka mu spectrum, iyo itsva lithium metal yakatumidzwa rubid (kubva muchiLatin = rima dzvuku) (4). Kuwanikwa kwezvinhu zviviri kuburikidza nekuongorora kwe spectral kwakagutsikana nevemakemikari nefizikisi. Mumakore akatevera, spectroscopy yakava imwe yezvishandiso zvikuru zvekutsvagisa, uye zvakawanikwa zvakanaya secornucopia.

4. Metal rubidium (http://images-of-elements.com)

Rubid haiumbe zvicherwa zvayo, uye cesium inongova imwe chete (5). Zvose zviri zviviri. Nzvimbo yepasi pePasi ine 0,029% rubidium (nzvimbo yechigumi nenomwe mune runyorwa rwezvekutanga abundances) uye 17% cesium (0,0007th nzvimbo). Haasi ma<em>bioelements, asi zvimwe zvinomera zvinochengeta rubidium, zvakadai sefodya neshuga beet. Kubva pane physicochemical point of view, masimbi ese ari "potassium pa steroids": kunyange akapfava uye fusible, uye anotonyanya kuita (somuenzaniso, anobatidza ega mumhepo, uye anotoita nemvura nekuputika).

kuburikidza ndiyo yakanyanya "simbi" chinhu (mukemikari, kwete mupfungwa yezwi). Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, maitiro emakomponi avo akafananawo neaya anofananidzira potassium makomisheni.

5 Pollucite Ndiyo Chete Cesium Mineral (USGS)

metallic rubidium uye cesium inowanikwa nekuderedza makemikari avo ne magnesium kana calcium mune vacuum. Sezvo ivo vachingodiwa chete kugadzira mamwe marudzi e photovoltaic masero (chiitiko chiedza chinobudisa nyore ma electrons kubva panzvimbo yavo), kugadzirwa kwegore negore kwe rubidium uye cesium kuri pahurongwa hwemazana emakirogiramu. Mishonga yavo hainawo kushandiswa zvakanyanya.

Sezvakaita potassium, imwe isotopes yerubidium inonzi radioactive. Rb-87 ine hafu yeupenyu hwemakore 50 bhiriyoni, saka mwaranzi yakaderera zvakanyanya. Iyi isotopu inoshandiswa ku date rocks. Cesium haina zvinowanzoitika radioactive isotopes, asi CS-137 chimwe chezvakagadzirwa zvefission zve uranium mumareactor enyukireya. Iyo inoparadzaniswa kubva kune yakashandiswa mafuta tsvimbo nekuti iyi isotopu yakashandiswa sesosi ye gamma radiation, semuenzaniso, kuparadza mamota ane cancer.

Mukukudza France

6. Muvambi wemutauro wechiFrench - Marguerite Perey (1909-75)

Mendeleev akanga atoona kuvapo kwe lithium metal inorema kupfuura cesium uye akazvipa zita rekushanda. Chemist vakaitsvaga mune mamwe ma lithium minerals nekuti, sehama yavo, inofanirwa kunge iripo. Nguva zhinji zvaiita sekuti zvakawanikwa, kunyangwe nekufungidzira, asi hazvina kumboitika.

Mukutanga kwema87, zvakava pachena kuti element 1914 yaive radioactive. Muna 227, mafizikisi eAustria aive pedyo nekuwana. S. Meyer, W. Hess, naF. Panet vakacherechedza kubudiswa kwealpha kusina kusimba kubva mugadziriro yeactinium-89 (pamwe nezvikamu zvebeta zvakavanzwa zvakawanda). Sezvo nhamba yeatomu ye actinium iri 87, uye kubuda kwe alpha particle kunokonzerwa ne "kuderedzwa" kwe element kusvika panzvimbo mbiri mu periodic table, isotopu ine nhamba yeatomu 223 uye nhamba yehuwandu XNUMX inofanira kunge iri alpha particles. simba rakafanana, zvisinei (huwandu hwezvimedu mumhepo hunoyerwa zvakaenzanirana simba ravo) zvakare inotumira isotope yeprotactinium, mamwe masayendisiti akakurudzira kusvibiswa kwemushonga.

Hondo yakakurumidza kutanga uye zvose zvakakanganwika. Mumakore ekuma30, ma particle accelerators akagadzirwa uye zvinhu zvekutanga zvakagadzirwa zvakawanikwa, zvakadai seastatium yakamirirwa kwenguva refu ine nhamba yeatomu 85. Muchiitiko chechikamu 87, chiyero che teknolojia yenguva iyoyo haina kubvumira kuwana chiyero chaidiwa che zvinhu zve synthesis. Nyanzvi yefizikisi yechiFrench yakabudirira zvisingatarisirwi Marguerite Perey, mudzidzi waMaria Sklodowska-Curie (6). Iye, kufanana neAustria kota yezana remakore rapfuura, akadzidza kuora kwe actinium-227. Kufambira mberi kworuzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kwakaita kuti kubvire kuwana gadziriro yakachena, uye nguva ino hapana akanga ane panikiro dzipi nedzipi kuti yakanga yazivikanwa pakupedzisira. Muongorori akamutumidza zita french mukukudza nyika yavo. Element 87 ndiyo yaive yekupedzisira kuwanikwa muzvicherwa, zvakazotevera zvakawanikwa zvisirizvo.

ChiFrench inoumbwa mudivi rebazi reradioactive series, mukuita nekushanda kwakaderera uye, uyezve, inogara kwenguva pfupi. Isotopu yakasimba kwazvo yakawanikwa naMai Perey, Fr-223, ine hafu yehupenyu hwemaminitsi anopfuura makumi maviri (zvinoreva chete 20/1 yemari yepakutanga inoramba iri mushure meawa). Izvo zvakaverengerwa kuti pasi rose rine chete magiramu makumi matatu efranc (yakaenzana inotangwa pakati peinoora isotope uye ichangobva kuumbwa isotopu).

Kunyange zvazvo chikamu chinooneka chezvikamu zvefranc chakanga chisina kuwanikwa, zvinhu zvayo zvakadzidzwa, uye zvakaonekwa kuti ndezveboka re alkaline. Semuenzaniso, kana perchlorate yawedzerwa kune mhinduro ine franc uye potassium ions, iyo precipitate ichava radioactive, kwete mhinduro. Maitiro aya anoratidza kuti FrClO₄ zvishoma soluble (inonaya neKClO₄), uye maitiro efrancium akafanana neaya e potassium.

France, angave sei ...

… Kana ndaigona kuwana muenzaniso wayo unooneka nemaziso? Ehe, yakapfava senamo, uye pamwe ine goridhe hue (cesium pamusoro payo yakapfava uye yero muruvara). Yaizonyunguduka pa20-25°C uye ichinyungudika kunosvika 650°C (kufungidzira kunoenderana nedata kubva muchikamu chakapfuura). Mukuwedzera, inenge ichinyanya kushandiswa nemakemikari. Naizvozvo, inofanira kuchengetwa pasina kuwana oxygen uye mwando uye mumudziyo unodzivirira kubva kumwaranzi. Zvingave zvakafanira kukurumidza kuyedza, nekuti mumaawa mashoma pangave pasina chiFrench chasara.

Honorary lithium

Rangarira pseudo-halogens kubva gore rapfuura halogen kutenderera? Aya ndiwo maion anoita semaanioni akadai saCl^- kana kwete^-. Izvi zvinosanganisira, semuenzaniso, cyanides CN^- uye SCN moles^-, kugadzira munyu nekunyungudika kwakafanana neiyo yeboka 17 anions.

MaLithuanians zvakare ane muteveri, inova iyo ammonium ion NH. ₄ ⁺ - chigadzirwa chekuparara kweammonia mumvura (mhinduro ndeye alkaline, kunyange zvazvo isina simba kupfuura yealkali metal hydroxides) uye maitiro ayo ane acids. Iyo ion inobata zvakafanana neinorema alkali simbi, uye hukama hwayo hwepedyo ndeye potassium, semuenzaniso, yakafanana muhukuru kune potassium cation uye kazhinji inotsiva K + mumakomisheni ayo echisikigo. Lithium simbi dzakanyanya kusimba kuti dziwanikwe ne electrolysis yeaqueous mhinduro dzemunyu uye hydroxides. Kushandisa mercury electrode, mhinduro yesimbi mu mercury (amalgam) inowanikwa. Iyo ammonium ion yakafanana nesimbi yealkali zvekuti inoumbawo amalgam.

Mukufamba kwakarongeka kwekuongorora kweL.magnesium ion zvinhu ndidzo dzekupedzisira kuwanikwa. Chikonzero ndiko kunyungudika kwakanaka kwemakloridi avo, sulfates uye sulfides, zvinoreva kuti haadonhe pasi pechiito chezvakambowedzerwa reagents anoshandiswa kuona kuvepo kwesimbi inorema mumuenzaniso. Kunyangwe ammonium munyu ichinyungudika zvakanyanya, inoonekwa pakutanga kwekuongorora, sezvo isingamirire kupisa uye kubuda kwemhinduro (inoora zviri nyore nekuburitswa kweammonia). Iyo nzira inogona kunge ichizivikanwa kune wese: mhinduro yehwaro hwakasimba (NaOH kana KOH) inowedzerwa kune sampuli, iyo inokonzera kuburitswa kweammonia.

Sam ammonia inoonekwa nekunhuwa kana nekuisa bepa repasi rose rakanyoroveswa nemvura kumutsipa wetest tube. NH gasi₃ inonyungudika mumvura uye inoita kuti mhinduro ive alkaline uye inoshandura bepa bhuruu.

7. Kuonekwa kwemaammonium ions: kuruboshwe, tambo yekuyedza inoshanduka bhuruu pasi pechiito cheammonia yakaburitswa, kurudyi, mhedzisiro yakanaka yebvunzo yeNessler.

Kana ammonia ichionekwa nekunhuhwirira, yeuka mitemo yekushandisa mhino mu laboratori. Naizvozvo, usazembere pamusoro pemudziyo wekuita, tungamira mhute kwauri nekufambisa kwefan kweruoko rwako uye usafemedze mweya "chipfuva chizere", asi rega kunhuhwirira kwekomboni kusvike pamhino dzako wega.

Iko kunyungudika kweammonium munyu kwakafanana neiyo yakafanana potassium makomisheni, saka zvingave zvinoyedza kugadzirira ammonium perchlorate NH.₄Change₄ uye musanganiswa wakaoma necobalt (kuti uwane ruzivo, ona chikamu chakapfuura). Nekudaro, nzira dzakaunzwa hadzina kukodzera kuona zvidiki zvidiki zveammonia uye ammonium ion mumuenzaniso. Mumarabhoritari, Nessler's reagent inoshandiswa kune ichi chinangwa, iyo inonaya kana kuchinja ruvara kunyangwe paine maratidziro eNH.₃ (7).

Nekudaro, ini ndinoraira zvakasimba kusaita bvunzo yakakodzera kumba, sezvo zvichidikanwa kushandisa chepfu mercury makomisheni.

Mirira kusvika wava murabhoritari yehunyanzvi pasi pekutariswa kwehunyanzvi hwemuperekedzi. Chemistry inonakidza, asi - kune avo vasingazvizivi kana vasina hanya - inogona kuva nengozi.

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