Metallurgical dzinza reCoalbrookdale

Coalbrookdale inzvimbo yakakosha pamepu yenhoroondo. Yakanga iri pano kekutanga: simbi yakanyungudutswa ichishandisa mineral fuel - coke, simbi yekutanga yakashandiswa, bhiriji rekutanga resimbi rakavakwa, zvikamu zveinjini dzekare dzakagadzirwa. Nzvimbo iyi yaive nemukurumbira nekuvaka mabhiriji, kugadzira injini dzehutsi uye hunyanzvi hwekukanda. Zvizvarwa zvinoverengeka zvemhuri yekwaDarby inogara pano zvakabatanidza hupenyu hwavo nesimbi.

Muono mutema wedambudziko remagetsi

Mumazana emakore apfuura, tsandanyama dzevanhu nemhuka dzaibva simba. MuMiddle Ages, mavhiri emvura uye zvigayo zvemhepo zvakapararira muEurope yose, zvichishandisa simba remhepo inovhuvhuta nemvura inoyerera. Huni dzaishandiswa kupisa dzimba munguva yechando, kuvaka dzimba nezvikepe.

Yakanga iriwo midziyo yekugadzira marasha, iyo yaishandiswa mumapazi mazhinji eindastiri yekare - kunyanya kugadzirwa kwegirazi, kunyungudutsa kwesimbi, kugadzirwa kwedoro, kudhaya uye kugadzirwa kwepfuti. Metallurgy yakadya huwandu hukuru hwemarasha, kunyanya nekuda kwemauto, asi kwete chete.

Zvishandiso zvakatanga kuvakwa kubva kubhuronzi, ipapo nesimbi. Muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX nerechishanu, kudiwa kukuru kwepfuti kwakaparadza masango munzvimbo dzenzvimbo. metallurgical. Uyezve, kubviswa kwevhu idzva rekurima kwakakonzera kuparadzwa kwemasango.

Sango racho rakakura, uye zvaiita sekuti nyika dzakaita seSpain neEngland dzakatarisana nedambudziko guru pakutanga nekuda kwekuderera kwezviwanikwa zvesango. Nechepfungwa, basa remarasha rinogona kutora marasha.

Nekudaro, izvi zvaida nguva yakawanda, shanduko yetekinoroji nepfungwa, pamwe nekupihwa kwehupfumi nzira dzekutakura zvinhu kubva kumabheseni ari kure emigodhi. Atove muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, marasha akatanga kushandiswa muzvitofu zvemukicheni, uyezve nekuda kwekudziya muEngland. Zvaida kuvakwa patsva kwechoto kana kushandiswa kwezvitofu zvaimbova zvisingawanzoitiki.

Pakupera kwezana ramakore rekutanga, inenge 1/3/XNUMX chete yemarasha akaomarara akacherwa akashandiswa muindasitiri. Tichishandisa matekinoroji aizivikanwa panguva iyoyo uye kutsiva marasha zvakanangana nemarasha, zvaisaita kunyungudutsa simbi yemhando yakanaka. Muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, kupinza kwesimbi kuEngland kubva kuSweden, kubva kunyika ine masango akawanda uye madhipoziti esimbi, kwakawedzera nekukurumidza.

Kushandisa coke kugadzira simbi yenguruve

Abraham Darby I (1678-1717) akatanga basa rake reunyanzvi semudzidzi mukugadzira michina yekugayisa chimera muBirmingham. Akabva atamira kuBristol, kwaakatanga kugadzira michina iyi ndokuzoenderera mberi nekugadzira ndarira.

1. Zvirimwa muCoalbrookdale (mufananidzo: B. Srednyava)

Zvichida ndiro rakatanga kutsiva marasha nemarasha mukugadzirwa kwawo. Kubva muna 1703 akatanga kugadzira hari dzesimbi uye pasina nguva akabvumira nzira yake yekushandisa molds yejecha.

Muna 1708 akatanga kushanda Coalbrookdale, ipapo nzvimbo yakasiiwa yekunyungudutsa paRwizi Severn (1). Ikoko akagadzira choto chinoputika ndokuisa mimvuri mitsva. Nenguva isipi, muna 1709, marasha akatsiviwa necoke uye iron yemhando yakanaka yakawanikwa.

Kare, kakawanda kushandiswa kwemarasha panzvimbo yehuni kwakanga kusingabudiriri. Saka, yaive epochal technical achievement, iyo dzimwe nguva inodaidzwa kuti kutanga chaiko kwezera remaindasitiri. Darby haana patent yekugadzira kwake, asi akaichengeta chakavanzika.

Kubudirira kwaive nekuda kwekuti akashandisa coke yambotaurwa pane yenguva dzose marasha akaoma, uye kuti marasha emunharaunda aive akaderera musulfuri. Nekudaro, mumakore matatu akatevera, akanetseka nekudzikira kwekugadzirwa zvekuti vaaishanda navo mubhizinesi vaive voda kubvisa mari.

Saka Darby akaedza, akasanganisa marasha necoke, akaunza marasha necoke kubva kuBristol, uye marasha acho kubva kuSouth Wales. Kugadzirwa kwakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma. Zvekuti muna 1715 akavaka munyungudusi wechipiri. Haana kungogadzira simbi yenguruve chete, asi akainyungudusa kuita simbi yakakandwa mukicheni midziyo, mapoto uye teapots.

Zvigadzirwa izvi zvakatengeswa mudunhu uye mhando yavo yaive nani kupfuura kare, uye nekufamba kwenguva kambani yakatanga kuita zvakanaka kwazvo. Darby akacherawo nekunyungudutsa mhangura yaidiwa kugadzira ndarira. Mukuwedzera, aive nematehwe maviri. Akafa muna 1717 aine makore makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe.

kugona

Pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwesimbi yakakandwa uye midziyo yekicheni, atova makore matanhatu mushure mekuvakwa kwekutanga Newcomen atmospheric steam injini munhoroondo yevanhu (ona: МТ 3/2010, peji 16) muna 1712, mu Coalbrookdale kugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvayo kwakatanga. Yakanga iri kugadzirwa kwenyika.

2. Imwe yemadziva, inova chikamu chegadziriro yedziva yekutyaira kuputika kwevira remoto. Iyo njanji viaduct yakavakwa gare gare (mufananidzo: M. J. Richardson)

Muna 1722 silinda yeinjini yakadaro yakagadzirwa, uye mumakore masere akatevera gumi akagadzirwa, uye mamwe akawanda. Mavhiri ekutanga esimbi enjanji dzemaindasitiri akagadzirwa pano kumashure kuma20s.

Muna 1729, zvidimbu 18 zvakaitwa uye ndokukandwa nenzira yakajairika. Abraham Darby II (1711-1763) akatanga kushanda mumafekitari mu Coalbrookdale muna 1728, kureva makore gumi nerimwe mushure mekufa kwababa vake, pazera remakore gumi nemanomwe. MuchiRungu mamiriro ekunze ekunze, choto chekunyungudutsa chakadzimwa muchirimo.

Kwemwedzi inenge mitatu yaipisa zvikuru akanga asingagoni kushanda, nokuti mimvuri yaifambiswa nemavhiri emvura, uye panguva ino yegore kuwanda kwekunaya kwemvura kwakanga kusina kukwana pabasa ravo. Nokudaro, nguva yekudzikisa yakashandiswa kugadzirisa nekugadzirisa.

Kuti hovhoni iwedzere hupenyu, pakavakwa matangi ekuchengetera mvura aishandisa pombi inofambiswa nemhuka kupomba mvura kubva patangi rakaderera kusvika pakakwirira (2).

Muna 1742-1743, Abraham Darby II akashandura injini yeNewcomen yemhepo yemhepo kuti ipombe mvura, kuitira kuti nguva yezhizha yesimbi yakanga isingachadiwi. Iyi yaive yekutanga kushandiswa kweinjini yeutsi mumetallurgy.

3. Zambuko resimbi, rakatanga kushanda muna 1781 (mufananidzo naB. Srednyava)

Muna 1749, munharaunda Coalbrookdale Yekutanga njanji yeindasitiri yakagadzirwa. Sezvineiwo, kubva 40s kusvika 1790s, bhizinesi raiitawo mukugadzirwa kwezvombo, kana kuti, dhipatimendi.

Izvi zvingashamisa, sezvo Darby yakanga iri yeReligious Society of Friends, ine mitezo yaizivikanwa zvikuru semaQuaker uye zvitendero zvayo zvokusagadzikana zvaidzivisa kugadzirwa kwezvombo.

Kubudirira kukuru kwaAbraham Darby II kwaiva kushandiswa kwekoki mukugadzirwa kwesimbi yenguruve, kubva kune iyo ductile iron yakazowanikwa. Akaedza nzira iyi pakupera kwe 40s uye 50s. Hazvisi pachena kuti akawana sei chinangwa chaidiwa.

Chimwe chinhu chemaitiro matsva kwaive kusarudzwa kwesimbi ine phosphorus shoma sezvinobvira. Paakangobudirira, kudiwa kwaikura kwakaita kuti Darby II avake mavira matsva ekuputika. Zvakare muma50, akatanga kurenda ivhu raaichera marasha nesimbi; akavakawo injini yechitsinga kuti ibvise mugodhi wacho. Akawedzera hurongwa hwekupa mvura. Akavaka dhamu idzva. Zvaimudyira mari yakawanda nenguva.

Zvakare, njanji nyowani yemaindasitiri yakatangwa munzvimbo yeichi chiitiko. Musi waMay 1, 1755, simbi yekutanga yakawanikwa kubva mumugodhi wakaomeswa neinjini yeutsi, uye mavhiki maviri gare gare imwe choto chinoputika chakaiswa kushanda, ichibudisa avhareji yematani 15 esimbi yenguruve pavhiki, kunyange zvazvo paiva nevhiki apo zvaikwanisika kukwira kusvika kumatani makumi maviri nemaviri.

Hovhoni yecoke yaive nani pane hovhoni yemarasha. Simbi yakakandwa yaitengeswa kuvapfuri vesimbi veko. Pamusoro pezvo, Hondo Yemakore Manomwe (1756-1763) yakavandudza simbi zvokuti Darby II, nemumwe wake webhizimisi Thomas Goldney II, vakakwereta imwe nzvimbo ndokuvaka mamwe mavira matatu anoputika pamwe chete negadziriro yedhamu.

Iye ane mukurumbira John Wilkinson aive nekambani yake yesimbi padyo, achiita kuti dunhu reBritain rive nzvimbo yakakosha yesimbi muzana ramakore re51. Abraham Darby II akafa aine makore 1763 muXNUMX.

Ruva guru

Mushure me1763, Richard Reynolds akatora kambani. Makore mashanu gare gare, ane makore gumi nemasere Abraham Darby III (1750-1789) akatanga kushanda. Gore rakapfuura, muna 1767, njanji dzakaiswa kekutanga, mukati Coalbrookdale. Pakazosvika 1785, 32 km kubva kwavari yakavakwa.

4. Iron Bridge - chidimbu (mufananidzo naB. Srednyava)

Pakutanga kwebasa raDarby III, kwaive nevatatu vanonyungudutsa muumambo hwake - huwandu hwemavira manomwe ekuputika, mafoji, minda yezvimbambaira nemapurazi akarendwa. Mukuru mutsva aivewo nemasheya mumudziyo weDarby, uyo wakaunza matanda kubva kuGdansk kuenda kuLiverpool.

Chechitatu cheDarby's boom hombe chakauya muma70 uye kutanga kwema80s paakatenga mavira anoputika uye imwe yekutanga tara yevira. Akavaka zviyo zvekoka netara uye akatora boka remigodhi yemarasha.

Akawedzera forge mukati Coalbrookdale uye anenge makiromita matatu kuchamhembe, akavaka forge kuHorshey, iyo yakazoshongedzerwa neinjini yeutsi uye yakagadzira zvigadzirwa zvekunyepedzera. Iyo inotevera forge yakavambwa muna 3 kuKetley, imwe 1785 km kuchamhembe, uko maviri James Watt forges akamiswa.

Colebrookdale yakatsiva yambotaurwa yeNewcomen atmospheric steam engine pakati pe1781 ne1782 neWatt steam engine, yakanzi "Sarudzo" mushure mechikepe chaCaptain James Cook.

Inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo yakakura kwazvo injini yemhepo yakavakwa muzana remakore re 1800. Zvakakosha kuwedzera kuti pakanga pane mazana maviri emagetsi emagetsi akashanda muShropshire muna XNUMX. Darby nevamwe vakavhura vatengesi, kusanganisira. muLiverpool neLondon.

Vaiitawo basa rekuchera limestone. Mapurazi avo aigovera njanji namabhiza, akarima zviyo, miti yemichero, mombe dzaipfuya namakwai. Ose aiitwa nenzira yemazuva ano panguva iyoyo.

Inofungidzirwa kuti mabhizinesi aAbraham Darby III nevamwe vake vakaumba nzvimbo huru yekugadzirwa kwesimbi muGreat Britain. Pasina kupokana, iro rinoshamisa uye rine nhoroondo basa raAbraham Darby III kwaive kuvakwa kwebhiriji rekutanga resimbi pasi rose (3, 4). Nzvimbo yemamita makumi matatu yakavakwa pedyo Coalbrookdale, akabatana nemahombekombe eRwizi Severn (ona MT 10/2006, p. 24).

Makore matanhatu apfuura pakati pemusangano wekutanga wevanemasheya uye kuvhurwa kwebhiriji. Zvinhu zvesimbi zvine huremu hwematani mazana matatu nemakumi manomwe nesere zvakakandwa mumabasa aAbraham Darby III, aive muvaki nemubati wehomwe wepurojekiti yese - akawedzera kubhadhara bhiriji kubva muhomwe yake, izvo zvakaisa mungozi kuchengetedzwa kwemari kwemabasa ake.

5. Shropshire Canal, Coal Pier (mufananidzo: Crispin Purdy)

Zvigadzirwa zvemetallurgical center zvakatumirwa kune vanogamuchira pedyo neSevern River. Abraham Darby III akabatanidzwawo mukuvaka nekugadzirisa migwagwa munharaunda. Mukuwedzera, basa rakatanga pakuvakwa kwegwara rechikepe pamahombekombe eSevern. Zvisinei, chinangwa chakasvika chete pashure pemakore makumi maviri.

Ngatiwedzerei kuti mukoma waAbraham III, Samuel Darby aive mugoveri, uye William Reynolds, muzukuru waAbraham Darby II, ndiye akavaka Shropshire Canal, nzira yakakosha yemvura munharaunda (5). Abraham Darby III aiva murume ane chiedza, aifarira zvesayenzi, kunyanya geology, aiva nemabhuku akawanda uye zvishandiso zvesayenzi, zvakadai semagetsi emagetsi uye kamera obscura.

Akasangana naErasmus Darwin, chiremba uye nyanzvi yemiti, sekuru vaCharles, akashanda naJames Watt naMatthew Boulton, vavaki vezvinjini zvemazuva ano zvinowedzera (ona MT 8/2010, p. 22 uye MT 10/2010, p. 16 ).

MuMetallurgy, maaive nyanzvi, hapana chitsva chaaiziva. Akafa muna 1789 aine makore makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe. Francis, mwana wake mukuru, akanga ava nemakore matanhatu panguva iyoyo. Muna 39, mukoma waAbrahamu Samuel akafa, achisiya mwanakomana wake aiva nemakore 1796 okukura Edmund.

Pakutanga kwezana remakore gumi nemasere neregumi nemapfumbamwe

6. Philip James de Lutherbourg, Coalbrookdale by Night, 1801

7. Iron Bridge muSydney Gardens, Bath, yakakandwa muCoalbrookdale muna 1800 (mufananidzo: Plumbum64)

Mushure mekufa kwaAbrahama III nemukoma wake, mabhizinesi emhuri akaparara. Mutsamba dzakabva kuBoulton & Watt, vatengi vakanyunyuta nezvekunonoka kutakura uye mhando yesimbi yavakagamuchira kubva kunzvimbo yeIronbridge paRwizi Severn.

Mamiriro ezvinhu akatanga kuita nani pakutanga kwezana ramakore (6). Kubva 1803, Edmund Darby akamhanyisa simbi inoshanda mukugadzira mabhiriji esimbi. Muna 1795, kwakave nemafashamo akasiyana paRwizi Severn akakukura mabhiriji ese mhiri kwerwizi urwu, zambuko resimbi reDarby chete ndiro rakapona.

Izvi zvakaita kuti atonyanya kuzivikanwa. kukandira mabhiriji mukati Coalbrookdale akatumirwa muUK (7), Netherlands uye kunyange Jamaica. Muna 1796, Richard Trevithick, muvambi weinjini yepamusoro-soro, akashanyira fekitari (MT 11/2010, p. 16).

Akaita pano, muna 1802, injini yekuedza inoshanda pamusimboti uyu. Nenguva isipi akavaka chitima chokutanga pano, icho, zvinosuruvarisa, chisina kumboiswa mukushanda. Muna 1804 muna Coalbrookdale yakagadzira injini yekutsikirira yakakwira yefekitori yemachira muMacclesfield.

Panguva imwecheteyo, injini dzerudzi rweWatt uye kunyangwe yerudzi rwekare rweNewcomen dzaive dzichigadzirwa. Mukuwedzera, zvinhu zvekuvaka zvakaitwa, zvakadai se-cast-iron arches padenga regirazi kana neo-Gothic mahwindo emahwindo.

Ichi chinopihwa chinosanganisira yakasarudzika yakasarudzika yezvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvakaita sezvikamu zvemigodhi yeCornish tin, magejo, zvitsina zvemichero, mafuremu emibhedha, zvikero zvewachi, magireti uye ovheni, kungotaura zvishoma.

Pedyo, mune yambotaurwa Horshey, chiitiko chaive nechimiro chakasiyana zvachose. Vakagadzira simbi yenguruve, iyo yaiwanzogadziriswa panzvimbo yeforoji, kuita mbariro dzakagadzirwa nemashiti, mapoto akaumbwa akavakwa - imwe simbi yenguruve yakatengeswa kune mamwe matunhu.

Nguva yehondo dzeNapoleon, iyo yaive panguva iyoyo, yaive zuva rekukura kwesimbi uye mafekitori mudunhu. Coalbrookdalekushandisa matekinoroji matsva. Zvisinei, Edmund Darby, senhengo yeReligious Society of Friends, akanga asingabatanidzwi mukugadzira zvombo. Akafa muna 1810.

8. Halfpenny Bridge, Dublin, yakakandwa muCoalbrookdale muna 1816.

Mushure meHondo dzeNapoleonic

Mushure meCongress yeVienna muna 1815, nguva yekubatsira kwakanyanya kwesimbi yakapera. AT Coalbrookdale Kukandwa kwainge kuchiri kuitwa, asi chete kubva kutengwa simbi yakaumbwa. Iyo kambani yakagadzirawo mabhiriji nguva dzese.

9. Macclesfield Bridge muLondon, yakavakwa muna 1820 (mufananidzo naB. Srednyava)

Anonyanya kuzivikanwa ndiwo makoramu muDublin (8) uye makoramu eMacclefield Bridge pamusoro peRegent's Canal muLondon (9). Mushure meEdmund, mafekitori akafambiswa naFrancis, mwanakomana waAbraham III, nemuramu wake. Mukupera kwema20, rakanga riri jana raAbraham IV naAlfred, vanakomana vaEdmund.

Mumakore ekuma30, yakanga isisiri chirimwa chetekinoroji, asi varidzi vatsva vakaunza nzira dzinozivikanwa dzemazuva ano muvira uye muchoto, pamwe neinjini nyowani.

Panguva iyoyo, semuenzaniso, matani 800 emarata akagadzirwa pano kuitira chikepe cheGreat Britain, uye nekukurumidza pombi yesimbi yekutyaira zvitima zvenjanji munzira kubva kuLondon kuenda kuCroydon.

Kubva kuma30, iyo yekutanga St. Coalbrookdale cast-iron art zvinhu - busts, monuments, bas-reliefs, matsime (10, 11). Iyo yazvino yakavambwa yaive muna 1851 yakakura kwazvo pasirese, uye muna 1900 yakashandisa chiuru chevashandi.

Zvigadzirwa kubva mairi zvakabudirira kutora chikamu mune dzakawanda dzepasirese kuratidzwa. AT Coalbrookdale muma30, kugadzirwa kwezvidhinha nematairi ekutengesa kwakatangwa zvakare, uye makore makumi matatu gare gare, ivhu rakacherwa, kubva mavhasi, mavhasi uye mapoto akagadzirwa.

Ehe, midziyo yekicheni, injini dzemhepo uye mabhiriji zvakagara zvichivakwa zvakagara zvichivakwa. Kubva pakati pezana ramakore regumi nepfumbamwe, mafekitori ave achifambiswa nevanhu vazhinji vari kunze kwemhuri yekwaDarby. Alfred Darby II, akaenda pamudyandigere muna 1925, ndiye aive munhu wekupedzisira mubhizinesi kuramba akatarisa bhizinesi.

Kubva kumavambo ekuma60 mbambo dzesimbi dzebhiriji, sedzimwe nzvimbo dzekunyungudutsa simbi muShropshire, zvishoma nezvishoma dzakarasikirwa nekukosha. Vakanga vasisakwanise kukwikwidzana nemakambani eindasitiri iyi ari pamhenderekedzo yegungwa, ayo aipihwa nesimbi yakachipa yakatengwa kunze kwenyika yakananga kubva kungarava.

10. The Peacock Fountain, cast in Colebrookdale, currently stands in Christchurch, New Zealand, sezvaonekwa nhasi (mufananidzo naJohnston DJ)

11. Details of the Peacock Fountain (mufananidzo: Christoph Mahler)