Pakati pevhiri nemuviri

Motokari yega yega ine suspension system, i.e. imwe kana yakaderera sisitimu yakaoma inobatanidza muviri kana furemu inotsigira nemavhiri uye inova nechokwadi chekutyaira kwakanaka, kwakasununguka uye kwakachengeteka. Heino chidimbu chipfupi cheruzivo nezve izvo zvinoratidzira zvinonyanya kufarirwa masisitimu ekumiswa mumotokari dzinotakura vanhu uye mashandiro avanoita.

Vaiti mota iri pamavhiri. Uye izvi ndezvechokwadi mupfungwa yokuti mavhiri ari kutarisana zvakananga nepasi. Asi sezvakangoita makumbo emunhu ari chikamu chechikamu chezasi, saka mavhiri anongova ekupedzisira (uye panguva imwechete iyo yakanyanya kuoma) chinhu cheiyo yakaoma system inobata muviri mukuru wemota. Iyi sisitimu, inowanzozivikanwa se kusagadzikanainofanirwa kutarisana nezvakawanda zvinodikanwa zvakanyanya - kuwanda kunomuka zvese panguva yekumhanyisa uye pasi pemutoro uye pasina mutoro wekutyaira mamiriro, inofanirwa kutarisana nekufamba kwemuviri kunobva kune yakatwasuka uye nedzimwe nzira dzekufamba, kuderedza kusagadzikana kunokonzerwa nekutyaira mumigwagwa isina kunaka kana kunyange munzvimbo yakaoma, pakupedzisira chengetedza kunyaradzwa uye kuchengetedzeka kwemutyairi nevafambi vemotokari.

Pane here yepasirese iyo inogona kunyatso kugutsa zvese izvi zvinodiwa uye kuzviratidza zvakanaka mune chero mamiriro? Chokwadi kwete. Vagadziri vemotokari vauya nemhinduro dzakati wandei uye dzinowanzo shandiswa, asi imwe neimwe ine zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira, kuve rudzi rwekushanda kwekukanganisa.

Vanosvetuka, kutungamirira uye kuremedza

Mukumiswa kwega kwega, matatu makuru node anogona kusiyaniswa: elastic elements; gwara uye kubatanidza zvinhu uye damping zvinhu.

Basa guru rezvinhu zvechirimo ndiro rinonzi. mavhiri emotokari asina kusimuka (mavhiri, mabhureki, maekisi, zvimwe zvinhu zvekumisa) uye kuchengetedza kureba. Iri basa rinogona kuitwa nemashizha emashizha, anonziwo flat, spiral (coil) zvitubu, torsion bars, rubber kana plastiki springs, pneumatic systems.

Kubva pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi70 kusvika kumaXNUMX, chinhu chinowanzo shandiswa chitubu mumotokari, chekutanga kudhonzwa nebhiza uyezve michina, yaive. zvitubu, kazhinji semi-elliptical muchimiro. Isu tichiri kuvaona nhasi, kunyanya mukumiswa kwemashure kwemavans, pickups uye maSUV ane kumiswa. Izvo zvakachipa, hazvina kuomesesa, zvinokwanisa kumirisana nemitoro yakakosha uye, nekuwedzera, vane chinhu chimwe chakakosha - vanogona kuve yakazvimirira yekumisa sisitimu, sezvo vachigona kuendesa mauto kumativi ese matatu. Nehurombo, ivo vanopa kunyaradzwa kwekutyaira kwakashata. Iwo anogadzirwa muchimiro chetsvimbo imwe yakati sandara kana pasuru yetsvimbo yakati sandara yakagadzirwa nesimbi yechirimo, inonzi minhenga, yakabatana neyakagadzikwa sikuru uye mabhanhire.

Vehicle rear suspension components, izvo neimwe nzira zvakabva pamashizha emashizha, torsion mabhawa. Iwo ari muchimiro chetsvimbo refu yesimbi, chubhu, kana sumbu retsvimbo dzakatsetseka. Imwe magumo eiyo torsion bar yakasungirirwa kune furemu kana muviri wemotokari, uye imwe magumo yakabatana pivotally kune control lever. Kufamba kwakamira kwevhiri kunokonzera kusimuka kweangular yerocker ruoko uye kumonyoroka kwetsvimbo, iyo, nekuda kwekusimba kwayo, inobata pavhiri remotokari sechitubu chetsika.

Nekudaro, parizvino, vagadziri vemotokari vanowanzo shandisa chinhu chechirimo. coil zvitubuinogadzirwa nekumonera simbi yechitubu yakatenderedza cylindrical, conical kana barrel shape. Ukatarisa pasi pechasi yemota, iwe unofanirwa kuona chitubu chimwe chikuru pavhiri. Zvitubu zvine zvakawanda zvakanakira: zvinotora nzvimbo diki, zvine dhizaini iri nyore, uye panguva imwechete zvine zvakanakisa zvivakwa zvechitubu uye zvine zvakawanda-siyana-zvakanakira kushandiswa kwemazuva ese, pamwe nemotorport kana off-road.

Chinhu chakakosha chechirimo mukumiswa ndeye tilt stabilizer. Kazhinji, ine chimiro chesimbi tsvimbo yedenderedzwa muchinjikwa chikamu, yakakotama muchimiro chakafanana netsamba U. Inonamirwa nemuviri pakati, uye migumo yakabatana nemaoko e rocker kana chigadziko uchishandisa rabha. . maoko kana izvo zvinonzi stabilizer links. Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo elastic mhinduro ye-anti-roll bar inoderedza kutenderera kwemuviri kana uchikona uye kuzununguka paunenge uchityaira pamusoro pemapundu. Basa rakafanana rinotambwa netsvimbo inoshanda, inogona kuiswa transversely (iyo inonzi Panhard rods) kana longitudinally.

Iyo yakawanda yakawanda yekumisikidzwa inoda kushandiswa kwezvimwe zvinongedzo zvinokwanisa kuendesa transverse uye oblique masimba. Uye zvino anooneka pachikuva vakhachinova ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa girodhi chinhu nhasi. Maoko ekudzora ndiwo maoko akataurwa anobvumira mavhiri kufamba akachinjika uye kutumira masimba akachinjika. Zvichienderana nenzvimbo yeaxis yekutenderera kwavo, control levers inogona kukamurwa kuita: longitudinal (kudhonza kana kusundirwa), transverse kana oblique.

Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chekumisa ndeye kuvhunduka absorbersayo ari maviri asingasviki ane helical springs. Ivo vane basa rekunyorovesa kuzunguzika kwemuviri pamapumpu uye nekuona kuti vhiri rinoramba rakabatana nepamusoro pemugwagwa. Dai vasipo mota yaiita kuzuzuma kunge nhova yezvitubu zvobva zvabvongodza nzira sebhora. Iyo yekunyorovesa system inokanganisa zvisina kunanga mashandiro ekuchengetedza masisitimu akadai seABS neESP.

Parizvino, iyo inowanzonzi telescopic shock absorbers (mafuta uye gasi-mafuta), kunyanya telescopic, yakabatanidzwa nehelical spring, iyo inonzi. MacPherson anotamba. Mune akawanda anonzi semi-anoshanda suspensions unogona kuwana kuvhunduka kunotora ine inogadziriswa dhigirii yekunyorova.

Zvizhinji zvezvimisikidzwa zvakabatanidzwa uchishandisa akakosha hinges uye rubber bushings, anowanzo zivikanwa seakanyarara blocks.

Anotsamira, ari ega kana ane danda

Zvinoenderana nemabatirwo akaitwa zvinhu zvekumisikidzwa uye musimboti wekushanda kwavo, masisitimu aya akakamurwa kuita mapoka matatu makuru: anotsamira, akazvimiririra uye anoenderana nehafu-anomisikidzwa neinonzi torsion beam.

Yekutanga yemhando idzi munhoroondo yekare kwazvo. Kumira kumisikidzwa inoratidzwa nenyaya yekuti mavhiri eekisi iri pasi pekutariswa akabatana zvakasimba kune rimwe nerimwe nekuaisa pane chinhu chakajairika, chinogona kunge chiri danda risiri kutyaira kana dhizaini rekutyaira. Kurongeka uku kunoreva kuti kana rimwe vhiri rarovera pabhobho mumugwagwa rikachinja nzvimbo, rinobva ramanikidza rimwe vhiri kufamba.

Izvo zvisingabatsiri zverudzi urwu rwekumiswa, mukuwedzera kune kusingawanzo kudiwa kupindirana kwemavhiri eimwe axle (yakaipisisa kupfuura kubata kwemotokari painokona, kupatsanurwa kuri nyore kwemavhiri kubva pamusoro), ndeiyi: hukuru hukuru hwechinhu chinobatanidza. yemavhiri, kunyanya kana paine giya pane axle, uye kudiwa kwekutsvaga nzvimbo yakakura yekufamba kwakatwasuka ekisi inoshanda pamwe chete nemavhiri - kumashure inotora nzvimbo yemutoro, uye kumberi kwayo. inodzvanya injini, iyo inosimudzawo pakati pesimba regiravhiti remotokari.

Nekudaro, iyo inomira inomira inewo zvakanakira: iyo isina kusimuka mizhinji idiki, uye iyo yekumisikidza pachayo iri nyore, yakasimba, inokwanisa kutakura mitoro inorema, saka inoshandiswa nyore nyore mumarori, mabhazi uye ese-nzvimbo mota. Mukumiswa kunotsamira, unogona kazhinji kuwana zvitubu zvemashizha. Imwe mhinduro ndeye zvitubu zvecoil zvinodyidzana nema torsion mabara.

Panyaya yemotokari dzinotakura vanhu, kumiswa kwakazvimirira kunowanzo shandiswa paaxle yekumberi, uye yakazvimiririra kana pahwaro hwedanda rekurovesa pane axle yekumashure. Asi kunyangwe isu tiine mhando imwechete yekumisikidza pama axle ese, iwo haasati afanana. Musiyano uyu unobvepi? Hakusi kuda kwevanovaka. Izvo zvinongodiwa kufunga nezvechimwe chinhu chiri pamberi - kudiwa kwekushandisa chidhiraivho trapezoid, iyo inobvumira mavhiri kutendeuka.

W yakazvimirira kuturika vhiri rimwe nerimwe remotokari rinofamba rakazvimiririra kubva kune mamwe. Izvi zvinoda kushandiswa kwezvimwe zvishuwo uye mufaro, asi iyo system haina kutora nzvimbo yakawanda uye inovandudza zvakanyanya kunyaradza uye kudhonza kwemota. Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa yakazvimiririra yekumisikidza mhinduro inoshandiswa pane yekumberi ekisero ndeye kaviri wishbone system, yatotaurwa MacPherson strut kana iyo yakawanda-link (yakawanda-link) system.

Yekutanga ine metric yekare. Iyo knuckle yekutungamirira inonamirwa nepini yebhora kune maviri akachinjika marevhera: kumusoro nepasi. Maoko ekusimudzwa akabatanidzwa kune furemu kana muviri uye ane basa rinotsigira - rimwe remaoko ekumisa rinotsigirwa nechitubu uye chinokatyamadza chinobata, kazhinji muchimiro chekumisa strut musangano. Rudzi urwu rwekumisikidza rwakanyanya kurwisa lateral body tilts.

Nekudaro, vanonyanya kufarirwa vatauri veMacPherson, vakatumidzwa zita remuvambi wavo, mugadziri weAmerica. Earle S. McPhersonakatanga kushandisa hunyanzvi hwake hwekugadzira Chevrolet Cadet prototype muna 1946. Nei mhinduro iyi yakakurumbira? Iyo yakachipa, iri nyore mukugadzira, inotora nzvimbo shoma uye inoshanda zvakanyanya. Chinhu chikuru cheMcPherson strut ndeyekukatyamadza kunotora ine helical chitubu chakaiswa pairi. Migumo yekuvhunduka inopinza piston tsvimbo uye chitubu chiri pa fulcrum muvhiri arch (girazi).

Iyo yekumusoro gomo yekuvhunduka inopinza inobvumira mbiru kutenderera yakatenderedza axis yayo, uye saka mavhiri. Chikamu chayo chepasi chakabatanidzwa zvakasimba kune knuckle yekutungamirira, uye knuckle yekutungamirira - nenzira yebhora rinotakura rine transverse transverse lever. Nekuda kweizvozvo, hurongwa humwe panguva imwe chete hunoita chitubu uye kuvhunduka-kubata mabasa uye kutungamira mavhiri. Hutera hweMacPhersons ndeiyi: kutamiswa kwechikamu chekuzunguzika kubva kune inotungamira system yakananga kumuviri, kukwesha kwakasimba muchigaro che stem nekuda kwekutenderera kwakatenderedza axis yayo, uye chokwadi chekuti vhiri harina perpendicular pasi mukati mese. oparesheni. range.

Kumiswa kwakawanda-kwakawanda zvimiro, iyi ndiyo nhanho yepamusoro-soro ye "budiriro" yezvirongwa zvakadaro. Uyu musanganiswa wakaoma kunzwisisa wekutevera, padivi, akarerekera uye ane hinged maoko. Iko hakuna imwechete-yakawanda-link yekumisa chirongwa; mugadziri wega wega akagadzira ega patent. "Multi-link" inopa hushoma hunogoneka shanduko mumakona ekutenderera uye kurerekera pasi pesimba rekuchinja mutoro wemotokari uye kufamba kwayo. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kunyangwe pakona nekukurumidza, mota inoramba yakadzikama uye yakanaka traction. Inosanganisa kunyaradza kwepamusoro nekuita kwemitambo yekutyaira, ndosaka tichiwanzovaona mumotokari dzemhando yepamusoro, kunyanya idzo dzine huremu hwakawanda. Varidzi vemotokari dzakadaro vanewo bhajeti rakakura rekugadzirisa nekugadzirisa, iyo inokosha zvikuru munyaya iyi, nokuti kumiswa kwe-multi-link - nekuda kwehuwandu hwezvinhu uye kudiwa kwekuderedza huremu husina kumira, hunowanzotungamirira kune iyo kubva. light alloys - inodhura zvakanyanya. Huwandu hwezvakanakira, zvisinei, zvinoramba zvakakura zvekuti ma-multi-link masisitimu ari kuwedzera kuiswa pane ese kumberi nekumashure maekisi, kunyangwe mumabhuranzi akakurumbira.

Izvo zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti muchikamu chekumisikidzwa kwakazvimiririra pane yekumashure axle, iyo yakasiyana-siyana yakatokura kupfuura iyo yepamberi yekumiswa. Pamusoro peiyo yakataurwa yakawanda-link system, masisitimu ane inclined, longitudinal uye transverse transverse levers anoshandiswa. Zvese izvi zvinhu - senge zvekuvhundutsa uye zvitubu - mugadziri wega wega anokwira zvishoma zvakasiyana.

Semi-yakasununguka kuturika

Murudzi rwechitatu - kumiswa kwehafu-yakazvimirira - kufamba kwevhiri rimwe kune mhedzisiro shoma pakufamba kwerimwe vhiri paekisero imwechete. Iri boka rinosanganisira, chekutanga, kumiswa ine torsion bar, inoumbwa nemaoko maviri anotevera akabatanidzwa kune rumwe rutivi zvakananga kumuviri, uye kune rumwe rutivi nerubatsiro rweimwe nhengo yemuchinjikwa.

Nei danda racho richinzi danda rekutapudza? Nekuti iri pasi pe deformation inokonzerwa nebasa rerocker. Mukuwedzera, inoshandawo se stabilizer. Mhando iyi yekumisa inoramba iri nyore mukugadzira, yakanyatso shanda, yakachipa kugadzira nekugadzirisa, uye zvakare chiedza (madiki asina kusimuka masasi), anotora nzvimbo shoma (huru hunde) uye ine shanduko shoma mumakona ecamber nekuda kwemasimba ekupedzisira.

The torsion danda rave richishandiswa nguva dzose kubvira 70s, kunyanya mu mini, guta uye compact mota. Vagadziri veFrench neFar Eastern vanonyanya kuifarira. Nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwayo, rudzi urwu rwekumiswa runogona kungoshandiswa pane isina-kutyaira axle.

Torsion danda kumiswa zvakare ine akati wandei akashata: kupindirana kwemavhiri mafambiro kune mumwe nemumwe, yakakwira torsional uye shear kushushikana padanda uye, semhedzisiro, mitoro yakakwira pane welds, kushata kwemuviri kuzunguzika. uye ruzha nekuda kwenzvimbo dzisina kuenzana.

Pneumatics, off-road, mitambo

Pane imwe mhando yekumiswa - isingaenzaniswi mukunyaradza: kuturika mhepo. Pasinei nemutoro, zvitubu zvigadziro uye naizvozvo kubvumirwa kwevhu kunoramba kwakafanana. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, iyo yakajairwa pasi pemvumo inogona kuwedzerwa, iyo inonyanya kukosha kune SUVs uye SUVs. Mukuwedzera, madhamu ari mumhepo yepneumatic system anowanzova nemagetsi anodzora maitiro ekunyorovesa (zvishoma nezvishoma kana nhanho), izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise, semuenzaniso, kusarudza nzira yekunyaradza yekufamba kwakanyarara uye mutambo wemitambo yekufamba kwakasimba.

Mukumiswa kwemhepo, zvechinyakare zvitubu zvinhu zvinotsiviwa nemabhegi erabha akakosha anonzi furyakazadzwa ne nitrogen yakamanikidzwa kana air compressor. Mabhero anowanzo kusanganiswa nemhepo zvitubu, mapistoni avo akabatana nemaoko e rocker uye akabatana nemavhiri. Kuenzana kwevharuvhu yakabatana nekufamba kwerocker inovimbisa kugara yakamiswa kureba. Kana iyo yekumisikidza ichiremerwa uye yakamanikidzwa, iyo sisitimu inokwevera mune yakawedzera mweya uye inoiburitsa sezvo iyo yekumisa system inowedzera. Dzimwe nguva kumiswa kwemhepo kunowanikwa chete kumashure kweaxle, semuenzaniso, mune mamwe chiteshi ngoro modhi, uyezve inonzi nivomat. Kumiswa kwemhepo kunonyanya kunetseka nekushandiswa zvisizvo uye kugadzirisa, uye mitengo yavo yekugadzirisa inowanzokwira.

Pneumatic State Disclosure adaptive kuturika, iyo iyo chaiyo yekuchenesa ivhu kunoenderana nekukurumidza kwekufamba - semuenzaniso, kana uchikurumidza, kubviswa kwepasi kunoderera kudzikisa pakati pesimba rinokwevera pasi. Cherry pacake zvakadaro hydropneumaticsiyo iyo Citroën brand ine mukurumbira. Iyo French yakapayona hydropneumatic kumiswa muna 1954 muTraction Avant 15 Six H kumashure yakamiswa ndokuigadzira pane tekinoroji DS nevatevedzeri vayo: SM, CX, BX, XM, Xantia, C5 uye C6.

Pasinei nezvizvarwa zvinotevedzana zvehydropneumatics uye mabranded solutions kubva kune vamwe vagadziri vemota, iyo general principle ye hydropneumatic suspension spring and shock absorber ichiri yakafanana nemhinduro yatakadzidza kuDS. Iko hakuna zvakajairwa zvikamu mukumisikidzwa, senge mashock absorbers, zvitubu, zvitubu kana torsion mabara. Pane kudaro, pavhiri rega rega tine hurongwa hwekumanikidza muchimiro chesimbi bhora (sphere) hafu yakazadzwa neyakamanikidzwa gasi nehafu yehydraulic fluid uye yakaparadzaniswa nediaphragm. Bhora rakanamirwa kune aluminum cylinder ine simbi piston pakati. Maoko ekusimudzwa akabatana netsvimbo yepiston, basa rayo rinoita kuti mafuta ayerere mucylinder, ipapo mvura inotsikirira pagasi, inoimanikidza uye nekudaro inonyorovesa kufamba kwakamira kunokonzerwa nemapundu ari muvhiri. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dze sensors uye mavharuvhu anodzorwa nemagetsi anoita basa rakakosha mukushanda kwakaringana kwehydropneumatics.

Chekupedzisira, mamwe mazwi mashoma nezve chaiwo ekumisikidzwa kwe-off-road uye motorsport. Kuichengeta uye kuchinjika kumabasa aakapihwa nderimwe remabasa akakosha anotarisana nevaridzi veSUVs, pamwe nemitambo uye mota dzemujaho.

W SUV Dependent suspension inoshanda zvakanyanya pama axle akaomeswa anobuda nemacoil springs. Kumiswa kwechinyakare pamashizha emashizha hakusi kuderera zvakanyanya pazviri. Zvakakosha zvakaenzana magadzirisiro aunoita "hinges". Mumotokari yakajairika, pamwe chete nemaSUV akakurumbira, kumiswa kwekufamba kwenguva refu kwakapfava kunowanzoonekwa sekukanganisa. Mumunda, zvinopesana ndezvechokwadi - yakanyatsofungwa-yakanyatso curvature yeaxis, i.e. mukana wekufamba kwevhiri hombe maererano nechasi kana rimwe vhiri reiyo axle, zvinonyanya kukanganisa ushingi hwemotokari.

W mitambo yemitambo kumiswa kwakaomeswa uye kunyaradza ndiko kwechipiri kukosha. Kudhonza uye kubata count. Ground clearance inokanganisawo mafambiro emota iyi. Izvi zvinoenderana nechepakati pesimba regiravhiti remotokari. Iyo yakaderera iyo, iyo inokurumidza uye yakanyanya kugadzikana isu tinogona kutora majana. Nokudaro, mumotokari dzemitambo iwe unogona kazhinji kuwana kumiswa kwekoilover, umo iyo yakakosha dhizaini yezvitubu inoita kuti zvive nyore kugadzirisa pasi pevhu remotokari, uye mune yakanyanya kukwirisa, zvakare kuoma kwekumiswa. Iyo hupamhi hwenjanji yakakoshawo - iyo yakakura vhiri, zviri nani kubata kana uchikona.

Kutadza kumiswa kunogona kukonzera kupera nguva isati yakwana yematayi, kumiswa uye majoini ekudhiraivha, mavhiri emavhiri uye kukwirisa muviri, pamwe nekuwedzera mabhureki madaro.

Ndicho chikonzero nei zvakakosha kuziva kuti iyo yekumisa sisitimu inoshanda sei mumotokari yedu, ndezvipi zvinhu zvayaisanganisira uye kutarisira kuita kwayo kwakaringana nguva dzose. Mamiriro ekusimudzwa achiri kushomeka munyika yedu, kunyangwe iri chimwe chekiyi, inogara ichishanda zvikamu zvemota, uye kuchengetedzwa kwedu kunoenderana nazvo.