Kubudirira kwemunhu akamhara pamwedzi kwakakura sei?

Nguva pfupi NASA isati yatanga mishoni yeApollo 11, tsamba yakasvika kumuzinda wayo kubva kuPersian Storytellers Union. Vanyori vakakumbira kushandura chirongwa. Vaitya kuti kumhara pamwedzi kwaizoita kuti nyika isave nezviroto, uye vaizoshaya zvekuita. Chinorwadza zvikuru nokuda kwezviroto zvorudzi rwomunhu zvimwe kwakanga kusiri kutanga kwokutizira kuMwedzi, asi kuguma kwayo kwakamwe kamwe.

United States yakawira kumashure zvikuru pakutanga kwemujaho wemuchadenga. Soviet Union ndiyo yaive yekutanga kuburitsa satellite yeArtificial Earth mu orbit, ndokuzotumira munhu wekutanga mhiri kwePasi. Mwedzi mushure mokunge Yuri Gagarin atiza muna Kubvumbi 1961, Mutungamiri John F. Kennedy akapa hurukuro achidana vanhu veAmerica kuti vakunde mwedzi. (1).

- - Akati.

Congress yakaguma yagovera inenge 5% yebhajeti rehurumende yezviitwa zveNASA kuitira kuti America "ibate uye ibate" USSR.

VaAmerica vaidavira kuti nyika yavo yakanga iri nani pane USSR. Mushure mezvose, aive masayendisiti ane mureza weUS akapwanya atomu uye akagadzira chombo chenyukireya chakagumisa Hondo Yenyika II. Nekudaro, sezvo nyika mbiri dzaikwikwidza dzaive dzatove nehombe dzehondo uye mabhomba akareba, kubudirira kweUSSR kwakasimudza kutya kuti yaizogadzira masatellite matsva, mawarheads makuru, zviteshi zvemuchadenga, nezvimwewo, izvo zvaizoisa United States mungozi. Kutya kutonga humambo hwemacommunist hune hutsinye hwaive kurudziro yakasimba yakakwana yekuwana zvakakomba nezvechirongwa chemuchadenga.

Yakanga ichityisidzirwawo. US mukurumbira pasi rose semasimba makuru. Mukurwisana kwepasi rose pakati penyika yakasununguka, inotungamirwa neUS, nenyika dzemakomunisiti, dzichitungamirwa neUSSR, gumi nembiri dzenyika diki dzichiri kusimukira dzaisaziva kuti votora divi ripi. Nenzira yakati, vakanga vakamirira kuona kuti ndiani aizova nomukana wokuhwina ndokuzotsigira mukundi. Prestige, pamwe nenyaya dzehupfumi.

Zvese izvi zvakasarudza kuti American Congress yakabvumirana nemari yakakura kudaro. Makore mashoma gare gare, kunyangwe Gondo risati ramhara, zvaive zvatove pachena kuti America yaizohwina gumbo iri remujaho wemuchadenga. Zvisinei, nokukurumidza pashure pokusvika nharidzano yomwedzi, zvinhu zvokutanga zvakarasikirwa noukoshi hwazvo, uye mari yakaderedzwa. Ipapo vaigara vachichekwa, kusvika 0,5% yebhajeti reUS mumakore achangopfuura. Nguva nenguva, sangano iri rakaisa zvirongwa zvakawanda zvekuda kutangisazve ndege dzevanhu kunze kweEarth orbit, asi vezvematongerwo enyika havana kumbova nerupo sezvavaive mu60s.

Nguva pfupi yadarika pave nezviratidzo zvekuti mamiriro angave ari kuchinja. Hwaro hwezvirongwa zvitsva zvakashinga zvakare ndezvezvematongerwo enyika, uye pamwero mukuru wemauto.

Kubudirira makore maviri mushure mekutambudzika

Chikunguru 20, 1969 Makore masere mushure mekunge Mutungamiri John F. Kennedy vazivisa hurongwa hwenyika hwekuisa munhu pamwedzi pakupera kwema60, vazivi vemuchadenga vekuUnited States Neil Armstrong naEdwin "Buzz" Aldrin ndivo vakatanga kumhara ikoko sechikamu cheApollo 11 mission. vanhu munhoroondo.

Anenge maawa matanhatu nehafu gare gare, Armstrong akava Homo sapiens wokutanga kutsika pasi. Achitora danho rake rekutanga, akataura mutsara une mukurumbira wokuti, “danho diki kumunhu, asi danho guru kuvanhu” (2).

2. Imwe yemifananidzo ine mukurumbira yakatorwa paMwedzi nevazivi vemuchadenga vekutanga.

Kumhanya kwepurogiramu kwaikurumidza zvikuru. Isu tinovayemura kunyanya ikozvino patinoona zvirongwa zveNASA zvisingaperi uye zvinogara zvichikura zvinoita kunge zviri nyore pane izvo zvekupayona. Kunyange zvazvo chiratidzo chekutanga chekumhara kwemwedzi nhasi kunoratidzika seizvi (3), kare muna 1966 - ndiko kuti, mushure memakore mashanu chete ekushanda neboka renyika dzakawanda revasayendisiti uye mainjiniya - sangano rakaita basa rekutanga risina munhu Apollo, kuyedza kuvimbika kwechimiro cheyakarongwa seti yevatangi uye.

3. Muenzaniso wemufananidzo wekumhara pamwedzi, wakagadzirwa neNASA muna 1963.

Mwedzi mishoma gare gare, pana Ndira 27, 1967, ngwavaira yakarova paKennedy Space Center paCape Canaveral muFlorida iyo nhasi ingaratidzika kuva yakatambanudzira chirongwa chacho kwamakore. Panguva yekuparurwa kwemunhu kwechitundumuseremusere cheApollo neroketi yeSaturn, moto wakamuka. Vatatu vemuchadenga vakafa - Virgil (Gus) Grissom, Edward H. White naRoger B. Chaffee. Muma60s, vamwe vashanu veAstronauts vekuAmerica vakafa vasati vafamba zvakanaka, asi izvi zvakanga zvisingaenderane zvakananga nekugadzirira chirongwa cheApollo.

Zvakakodzera kuwedzera kuti panguva imwe chete, zvirinani maererano nedata repamutemo, maSoviet cosmonauts maviri chete aifanira kufa. Rufu chete rwakaziviswa zviri pamutemo ipapo Vladimir Komarov - muna 1967 panguva yekubhururuka kweiyo Soyuz-1 spacecraft. Pakutanga, panguva yekuedzwa paPasi, Gagarin akafa asati atiza Valentin Bondarienko, asi chokwadi ichi chakaratidzwa chete mumakore ekuma80, uye zvakadaro, kuchine ngano pamusoro petsaona dzakawanda dzine mugumisiro unouraya weSoviet cosmonauts.

James Oberg akaaunganidza ose mubhuku rake rinonzi Space of the Pioneers. Vanomwe cosmonauts vaifanira kufa vasati vatiza Yuri Gagarin, mumwe wavo, ainzi Ledovsky, atova muna 1957! Ipapo panofanira kuva nevanyajambwa vakawanda, kubatanidza rufu rwechipiri Valentina Tereshkova vakadzi vari muchadenga muna 1963. Kwakashumwa kuti pashure petsaona inosuruvarisa yaApollo 1, vazivi veAmerica vakashuma tsaona dzinouraya shanu dzamauto eSoviet muchadenga uye nzufu nhanhatu paNyika. Iyi haisi iyo yakasimbiswa zviri pamutemo ruzivo, asi nekuda kweiyo chaiyo "yeruzivo mutemo" weKremlin, isu tinofunga kupfuura zvatinoziva. Isu tinofungidzira kuti USSR yakatora gauntlet mujaho, asi vangani vanhu vakafa vezvematongerwo enyika veko vasati vaona kuti havakwanise kukunda US? Zvakanaka, ichi chinogona kuramba chiri chakavanzika nekusingaperi.

"Gondo Rasvika"

Pasinei nezvipingamupinyi zvekutanga uye kukuvadzwa, chirongwa cheApollo chakaenderera mberi. Muna October 1968 Apollo 7, basa rekutanga rechirongwa, uye rakabudirira kuedza akawanda emhando yepamusoro anodiwa kubhururuka nekumhara pamwedzi. Muna Zvita wegore rimwe chetero. Apollo 8 akatanga vazivi vemuchadenga vatatu mukutenderera nemwedzi, uye muna Kurume 1969 Apollo 9 Kushanda kwemodule yemwedzi kwakaedzwa muEarth orbit. Muna Chivabvu, vatatu vemuchadenga Apollo 10 vakatora yekutanga yakakwana Apollo yakatenderedza mwedzi sechikamu chekudzidzisa mishoni.

Pakupedzisira, musi waChikunguru 16, 1969, akabva paKennedy Space Center. Apollo 11 (4) naArmstrong, Aldrin uye wechitatu, uyo akazovamirira mukufamba kwemwedzi - Michael Collins. Mushure mekufamba 300 76 km mumaawa 19, ngarava yakapinda muSilver Globe orbit musi waChikunguru 13. Mangwana acho, na46:16 ET, Eagle lander naArmstrong naAldrin vari muchikepe vakaparadzaniswa nemodule huru yechikepe. Maawa maviri gare gare, Gondo rakatanga kudzika pamusoro peMwedzi, uye na17 pm, rakabata kumucheto kwakadziva kumadokero kweGungwa reRugare. Armstrong akabva atumira meseji yeredhiyo kuMission Control muHouston, Texas: "Gondo ramhara."

4. Apollo 11 roketi kutanga

Na22:39, Armstrong akavhura hatch yemwedzi. Paakadzika pamanera emodule, kamera yeterevhizheni yemungarava yakarekodha mafambiro ake uye yakatumira chiratidzo chekuti mazana emamiriyoni evanhu aiona pamaterevhizheni avo. Na22:56 pm, Armstrong akaburuka pasi nhanho ndokuisa tsoka yake pasi. Aldrin akabatana naye maminetsi gumi nemapfumbamwe gare gare, uye pamwe chete vakatora nzvimbo iyi, vakasimudza mureza weAmerica, vakamhanyisa bvunzo dzesainzi, uye vakataura neMutungamiriri Richard Nixon kuburikidza neHouston.

Na 1:11 am musi waChikunguru 21, vese vari vaviri vemuchadenga vakadzokera kumodule yemwedzi, vachivhara hatch kuseri kwavo. Vakapedza maawa akatevera vari mukati, vachiri pamusoro pemwedzi. Na 13:54 Orzel akatanga kudzokera kune yekuraira module. Na17:35 p.m., Armstrong naAldrin vakabudirira kumisa ngarava, uye na12:56 p.m. musi waChikunguru 22, Apollo 11 yakatanga rwendo rwavo rwokudzokera kumusha, ichipinda muPacific Ocean zvakachengeteka mazuva maviri gare gare.

Maawa akawanda Aldrin, Armstrong naCollins vasati vatanga basa ravo, mazana emakiromita kubva pakamhara Gondo, rakarovera pamwedzi. Soviet probe Luna-15, sechikamu chechirongwa chakatangwa neUSSR kumashure muna 1958. Imwe nzendo yakabudirira - "Luna-16" yaive yekutanga robhoti probe kumhara pamwedzi uye kuendesa samples kuNyika. Mamisheni akatevera eSoviet akaisa ma rover maviri emwedzi paSilver Globe.

Rwendo rwekutanga rweAldrin, Armstrong naCollins rwakateverwa nemamwe mashanu akabudirira kumhara kwemwedzi (5) uye imwe dambudziko basa - Apollo 13, umo kumhara hakuna kuitika. Vemuchadenga vekupedzisira kufamba pamwedzi Eugene Cernan naHarrison Schmitt, kubva kuApollo 17 mission - yakasiya pamusoro peMwedzi musi waDecember 14, 1972.

5. Nzvimbo dzekumhara dzezvitundumuseremusere zvine munhu muchirongwa cheApollo

$7-8 padhora rimwe chete

Akatora chikamu muchirongwa cheApollo. vanenge 400 zviuru mainjiniya, technicians uye masayendisitiuye mutengo wose waifanira kunge uri $ 24 bhiriyoni (inenge $100 bhiriyoni muukoshi hwanhasi); kunyange dzimwe nguva mari yacho inotowedzera zvakapetwa kaviri. Mari yacho yaive yakakura, asi neakaundi akawanda mabhenefiti - kunyanya maererano nekufambira mberi uye kuendesa tekinoroji kuhupfumi - zvaive zvakakura kupfuura zvatinowanzo fungidzira. Mukuwedzera, vanoramba vachisangana. Basa remainjiniya eNASA panguva iyoyo raive nemhedzisiro yakakura pamagetsi nemakomputa masisitimu. Pasina R&D uye hombe yemari yehurumende panguva iyoyo, makambani akaita seIntel anogona kunge asina kumbovapo, uye vanhu vangangove vasiri kushandisa nguva yakawanda kudaro pamalaptops uye mafoni, Facebook neTwitter nhasi.

Zvagara zvichizivikanwa kuti kusimukira kweNASA masayendisiti anogara achipinza zvigadzirwa zvakagadziridzwa muminda yemarobhoti, komputa, aeronautics, zvekufambisa, uye hutano hwehutano. Sekureva kwaScott Hubbard, akapedza makore makumi maviri kuNASA asati aita shamwari paStanford University, dhora rega rega iro hurumende yeUS inoisa pabasa resangano iri inoturikira mumadhora manomwe kusvika masere ezvigadzirwa uye masevhisi ari kutengeswa nekufamba kwenguva.

Daniel Lockney, mupepeti mukuru weSpinoff, chinyorwa chegore negore cheNASA chinotsanangura mashandisirwo ehunyanzvi hweNASA mubazi rakazvimirira, anobvuma kuti kufambira mberi kwakaitwa panguva yeApollo mission kwave kukuru.

"Zvinhu zvinoshamisa zvakawanwa mune zvesainzi, zvemagetsi, zvendege nehuinjiniya, uye tekinoroji yeroketi," anonyora kudaro. "Ichi pamwe chaive chimwe chebudiriro huru dzeinjiniya nesainzi dzenguva dzese."

Lockney anotaura mienzaniso yakati wandei ine chekuita neApollo mission muchinyorwa chake. Iyo software yakagadzirirwa kudzora akaomesesa akatevedzana masisitimu mukati memuchadenga capsules yaive tateguru wesoftware inoshandiswa parizvino muspacecraft. midziyo yekugadzirisa kadhi rechikwereti mukutengesa. Vatyairi vemotokari dzemujaho uye vanodzima moto vanoshandisa nhasi zvipfeko zvakanyoroveswa nemvura zvichibva pazvishandiso zvakagadzirirwa kuti vazivi venyeredzi veApollo vapfeke pasi pemasutu emuchadenga. Sublimated Products yakagadzirirwa kuti vazivi venyeredzi veApollo vapiwe muchadenga, yava kushandiswa mumigove yemauto inozivikanwa seMREs uye sechikamu chegiya rekukurumidzira. Uye izvi zvisarudzo, shure kwezvose, zviduku zvichienzaniswa kuvandudzwa kweiyo yakabatanidzwa yedunhu tekinoroji uye makambani eSilicon Valley aive akabatana zvakanyanya nechirongwa cheApollo.

Jack Kilby (6) kubva kuTexas Instruments akavaka dunhu rake rekutanga rakabatana reDhipatimendi reDziviriro yeUS neNASA. Sekureva kwaLockney, iyo agency pachayo yakasarudza maparamita anodiwa eiyi tekinoroji, ichiagadzirisa kuti aenderane nezvayo. Aida zvemagetsi zvisingaremi nemakombiyuta maduku nokuti kuwanda kuri muchadenga kunoreva mutengo. Uye zvichibva pane izvi zvakatemwa, Kilby akagadzira chirongwa chake. Makore mashoma gare gare akagamuchira Mubairo weNobel muFizikisi. Ko imwe yechikwereti haiendi kuchirongwa chemuchadenga here?

6. Jack Kilby neiyo yakabatanidzwa yedunhu prototype

Chirongwa cheApollo chaive nezvematongerwo enyika. Nekudaro, mutemo wakatanga kumuvhurira matenga ebhajeti yeUS ndiyo zvakare chikonzero chaakasiya chirongwa chemwedzi muna 1972. Sarudzo yekupedza chirongwa ichi yakabvumidzwa neMutungamiriri Richard Nixon. Yakaturikirwa nenzira dzakawanda, asi tsananguro yacho inoita seiri nyore zvikuru. America yakawana chinangwa chayo chezvamatongerwe enyika. Uye sezvo zvaive zvematongerwo enyika, uye kwete sainzi, semuenzaniso, izvo zvakanyanya kukosha, pakanga pasina chikonzero chaicho chekuramba tichiunza mari dzakakura mushure mekunge chinangwa chedu chaitwa. Uye mushure mekunge maAmerica awana nzira yavo, yakaguma kukwezva mune zvematongerwo enyika kune USSR. Kwemakumi emakore akatevera, hapana aiva neunyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu kana kuti hwemari hwokugadzirisa dambudziko romwedzi.

Dingindira rekukwikwidzana kwemasimba rakangodzoka mumakore achangopfuura, nekukura kwekugona uye zvishuwo zveChina. Izvi zvakare nezvemukurumbira, pamwe nezvehupfumi uye zvechiuto. Iye zvino mutambo uri pamusoro pekuti ndiani achave wekutanga kuvaka nhare paMwedzi, uyo achatanga kubvisa hupfumi hwayo, uyo achakwanisa kugadzira mukana wekugadzirisa pamusoro pevakwikwidzi pahwaro hweMwedzi.