Chidiki chenhoroondo - Toyota hybrid drive yakatanga sei?
Tave tichimhanyisa C-HR mukamuri yenhau kwechinguva ikozvino. Zuva rega rega isu tinoonga mabhenefiti eiyo hybrid drive muguta, asi kwekanguva takanga tichinetseka kuti Hybrid Synergy Drive yakasvika papi isati yasvika kune yazvino modhi? Kana uchifarirawo, ramba uchiverenga.
Wakambozvibvunza here kuti nhoroondo yemahybrid drives yasvika papi? Kusiyana nechitarisiko, rudzi urwu rwekugadzirwa haisi nzvimbo yemakumi emakore apfuura kana zvakadaro. Yekutanga patent yedhiraivha system uchishandisa injini yekupisa mukati uye mota yemagetsi yaive yaWilliam H. Patton, uye yakaonekwa ... makore asati apfuura 128! Iyi patent yakagadzira Patton Mota Mota, hybrid powertrain yaishandiswa kugonesa migwagwa yemigwagwa uye madiki locomotives. Muna 1889, prototype yakagadzirwa, uye makore masere gare gare iyo serial vhezheni yelocomotive yakatengeswa kukambani yechitima.
Gore rapfuura, Phaeton yakatenderedzwa mumigwagwa pamberi pePatton tambo yekugadzira mota. Kwete, kwete iyi Volkswagen-Bentley. Armstrong Phaeton. Pamwe ndiyo yekutanga mota yakasanganiswa, kana kuti wiricheya, munhoroondo. Pabhodhi paive ne6,5-liter 2-cylinder yemukati inopisa injini, pamwe nemota yemagetsi. Flywheel yaiitawo se dynamo yaichaja bhatiri. Armstrong Phaeton akatowana simba kubva kubhureki, asi neimwe nzira yakati siyanei nemahybrids anhasi. Motokari yemagetsi yakashandiswa kusimbisa marambi uye kutanga injini inopisa mukati, uye zvichida izvi zvingave zvisingashamisi kana zvisiri izvo zvekuti yakapfuura Cadillac's automatic starter nemakore gumi nematanhatu.
Kufarira? Zvakadini nezve 3-kumhanya semi-otomatiki kutapurirana? Magiya aisafanira kuchinjwa zvachose nemaoko. Nguva refu masynchronizers asati agadzirwa uye maitiro maviri eclutch akakanganwa, mota yemagetsi yakamisa clutch otomatiki pakuchinja magiya. Nekudaro, iyo Armstrong Phaeton injini yaive… ine simba zvakanyanya. Aigara achikuvadza mavhiri emapuranga, ayo akazobviswa nekuwedzera masimbi kumavhiri.
Ferdinand Porsche aivewo neakakodzera munhoroondo yemotokari. Iyo Lohner-Porsche Mixte Hybrid yaive mota iyo, mune dzakazotevera shanduro, yaifambiswa nemagetsi mota, imwe yevhiri rega rega. Aya mamotor aifambiswa nemabhatiri uye torque yeinjini yekupisa yemukati. Motokari iyi yaikwanisa kutakura vanhu vana uye kufamba chete kuburikidza nesimba remagetsi kana kushandisa injini inopisa mukati.
Inonzwika zvakanaka? Kwete zvachose. Mixte mabhatiri aisanganisira 44 80-volt maseru uye airema matani 1,8. Makona acho akanga asina kusimba zvakanyanya, saka aivharwa mubhokisi rakakodzera ndokuturikwa pazvitubu. Zvisinei, iyi ndiyo bhatiri pachayo, uye ngatiwedzerei akawanda emagetsi emagetsi kwairi. Kugadzirwa kweLohner nePorsche kwairema kupfuura matani mana. Kunyangwe kubva pamaonero anhasi zvinoita sekunge kutadza kurongeka, Mixte akawana mainjiniya mazhinji achifunga. Semuenzaniso, avo vanobva kuBoeing neNASA, avo vakadzidza chigadzirwa ichi zvakanyatsonaka. Nemhedzisiro, nekuti iyo LRV yakashandiswa neApollo 4, 15, uye 16 mamishini kutenderera nemwedzi yaive nemhinduro dzakawanda dzakatorwa kubva kuLohner-Porsche Mixte hybrid.
Nhoroondo yemahybrids yakati rebei, saka ngatiendei kune izvozvi kubva pakutanga. MaHybrids sezvatinoaziva akazove akakurumbira mukupera kwema90s apo Toyota Prius yakapinda mumusika wekuJapan. Yaiva panguva iyo iyo yekutanga - muna 1997 - zita rokuti "Toyota Hybrid System" rakashandiswa, iro rakazova "Hybrid Synergy Drive". Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chakanga chakaita sei?
Kutanga Toyota Prius - Toyota Hybrid System
Isu tatoziva kuti iyo pfungwa yemotokari yakasanganiswa haisi itsva. Zvisinei, zvakatora makore anopfuura 100 kuti pfungwa iyi ive yakakurumbira chaizvo. Toyota Prius ndiyo yaive yekutanga kugadzirwa mota yehybrid. Zvichida ndicho chikonzero nei mahybrids ese akanyatsobatanidzwa nePrius. Asi ngatitarisei mhinduro dzehunyanzvi.
Kunyangwe kugadzirwa kwePrius kwakatanga muna 1997, chikamu ichi chekutengesa chaive chemusika weJapan chete. Kutengeswa kune mamwe misika, kunyanya iyo US, kwakangotanga muna 2000. Nekudaro, iyo yekuburitsa modhi NHW11 yakakwidziridzwa zvishoma kubva kune yakatangira (NHW10).
Pasi pehodhi yehybrid yeJapan yaive 1.5 VVT-i injini ine variable valve timing, ichishanda paAtkinson cycle. Mafungiro acho ainyanya kufanana nezvaave iye zvino - injini yepeturu yaitsigirwa nemagetsi maviri emagetsi - imwe ichishanda sejenareta, uye imwe ichityaira mavhiri. Iyo giya repuraneti, iro rakashanda seyakasiyana-siyana CVT kufambisa, yaive nebasa rekugovera kwakaringana kwebasa reinjini.
Yakanga isiri mota inomhanya kwazvo, ine simba rekubuda kwe58 hp. uye 102 Nm pa4000 rpm. Naizvozvo, kukwidziridzwa kwacho kwaive kwakadzikama, sezvakange zvakaita kumhanya kwe160 km / h. Chakandifadza chaiva kuderera kwemafuta, iyo paavhareji inogona kuwira pasi pe5 l / 100 km.
Mune NHW11 vhezheni, mazhinji ezvikamu akagadziridzwa kuti ape kuita zvirinani. Simba remagetsi emagetsi rakawedzerwa ne3 kW uye torque ne 45 Nm. Kurasikirwa kwemichina kwakaderedzwa uye ruzha rwakaderedzwa. Iyo yakanyanya injini kumhanya yakawedzerawo ne500 rpm.
Yekutanga Prius, zvisinei, yakanga isina zvikanganiso - yakanga isingavimbike semamodheru emazuva ano, pakanga paine nyaya nemabhatiri ekupisa, uye zvimwe zvikamu zvemagetsi (senge mota yemagetsi) zvaive zvakanyanya.
Prius II, kana Hybrid Synergy Drive
Muna 2003, imwe Prius yakaonekwa ine yechipiri chizvarwa THS injini. Yakatanga kunzi Hybrid Synergy Drive. Tisati tapinda mudhiraivha, zvakafanira kutaura chimiro cheiyo iconic. Izvo hazvina kusimuka kubva pakutanga uye kunyange ine zita rayo - "Kammbak". Yakagadzirwa muma30s neaerodynamic injiniya Wunibald Kamm. Muviri une wakakwirira, wakachekwa kumashure unowedzera kurongeka, hapana mhirizhonga kuseri kwemotokari.
Ndichiri kushanda pachizvarwa chechipiri chePrius, Toyota yakanyoresa akawanda se530 patents. Kunyangwe iyo pfungwa seyakadaro yaive yakafanana neiyo THS drive, yaingova muHSD iyo kugona kweiyo disk system yakashandiswa nemazvo. Kugona kwemotokari yemagetsi uye injini yekupisa mukati yakaenzana, kusiyana nemafungiro ekutanga, iyo yaiva yekuwedzera simba rejini inopisa mukati kuti iwedzere kubereka. Yechipiri Prius yakatanga uye yakamhanyisa chikamu nerubatsiro rwemota yemagetsi. Simba rechikamu chemagetsi chemotokari rinowedzerwa ne50%.
Chizvarwa ichi chakaonawo kuunzwa kwemagetsi air conditioning compressor yaisada injini yekupisa yemukati kuti itonhodze kana kupisa imba yevafambi. Zvakaramba zvakadaro nanhasi. Iyo Prius yakagamuchirawo mabhatiri eNiMH akareruka muna 2003. Nhamba yemasero yakaderedzwa uye kuwanda kwe electrolyte kwakawedzerwa. Zvakare, yaive mune iyi modhi iyo EV modhi yakatanga kuunzwa, iyo inobvumidza iwe kutyaira chete pane yemagetsi mota.
Lexus yakagadzira yayo misiyano yechizvarwa ichi powertrain. Muna 2005, akaisa imwe mota yemagetsi kune ekisero yekumashure uye nekudaro akagadzira hybrid yedhiraivha. Injini yechitatu yakashanda yakazvimiririra yekuraira kune ekisero yekumberi - kunyangwe, hongu, yaidzorwa nemutongi anodzora torque uye kumhanya kusiyanisa.
Yekutanga Lexus GS 450h uye LS 600h yakaratidza kuti HSD inogona sei kushanda pamwe chete nemainjini ane simba uye kumashure kwevhiri. Iyi sisitimu yaive yakanyanya kuoma - kunyanya mumunda wekutapurirana. Ravigneaux mapuraneti giya bhokisi ane mana shafts, maviri machira anoshandura giya rejiyo rejini yechipiri inoenderana nemavhiri - zvaive zvisina kujeka kuenda mune zvakadzama. Izvi zvinofanirwa kutsanangurwa na mechanical engineer.
Hybrid Synergy Drive III
Isu tinosvika kuchizvarwa chekupedzisira cheiyo hybrid drive. Apa ndipo pakaitika chimurenga chaicho. Yakatsiviwa 90% yezvikamu. Injini yekupisa mukati yakawedzera huwandu hwekushanda kusvika 1.8 malita, asi magetsi emagetsi akaderedzwa. Simba rakawedzera kusvika 136 hp, nepo kushandiswa kwemafuta kwakadzikira ne9%. Muchizvarwa chino, takakwanisa kusarudza nzira yekutyaira - yakajairika, eco uye ine simba.
Iyo HSD ine giya regiya rakagadziriswa, saka giya repuraneti, nepo rakafanana neCVT, chinhu chakasiyana zvachose. Mhete yekunze yegiya ndiyo MG2 mota, giya rezuva ndiyo MG1 mota, uye ICE yakabatana ne "mapuraneti". Mutyairi anogona neimwe nzira kupesvedzera kushanda kweinjini yekupisa mukati uye mota yemagetsi, asi accelerator pedal inongoshandiswa kutaurirana nekombuta. Isu tinotaura kuti tinoda kukurumidza sei, uye komputa ichaverenga kuti mamiriro emugwagwa ndeapi uye kuti inganyatso batanidza sei basa remota yemagetsi uye injini yekupisa yemukati.
Toyota C-HR kana HSD IV
Chizvarwa chechina chekutyaira chakaonekwa ... muchizvarwa chechina chePrius. Zvisinei, akatokwanisa kutora midzi mune dzimwe mhando - somuenzaniso, muC-HR. Iyo Quartet inozendamira zvakanyanya paHSD III, asi inosvina zvakatowanda kubva mairi nekushomeka kwemafuta. Zvisinei, "zvimwe" hazvirevi simba, sezvo rakaderedzwa kusvika 122 hp.
Chekutanga, hunhu hwekuchaja hwemabhatiri hwakavandudzwa - mahybrids matsva anokwanisa kutora madosi makuru esimba munguva pfupi. Iyo inverter ine yakaparadzana yekutonhora system uye inotora 30% shoma nzvimbo. Iyo giya yepuraneti inotsiviwa neye cylindrical. Iyo yese gearbox yakagadziridzwa patsva saka inogadzira 20% shoma kutambisa.
Summation
Isu takaona zvikamu zverwendo rweToyota kuenda kumotokari dzinosanganisa mabhenefiti emagetsi emagetsi nekusiyana-siyana kweinjini dzinopisa dzemukati. Zvisinei, haisi diski pachayo inochinja. Pfungwa yemotokari yakasanganiswa iri kuchinjawo. Iyi yave nenguva yakaguma kuve Prius uye iri kupinda mumotokari dzinotaridzika zvishoma. MaHybrids ari kuita zvishoma nezvishoma chikamu chehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Tinovaona kwese kwese mumaguta makuru.
Imwe yadzo ndeyeToyota C-HR, iyo inokwezva kune avo vanoda kufamba-famba muguta mune inonakidza crossover, asi vanokoshesa kuderera kwemafuta uye kusava neruzha. Kunewo ruzivo rwuri kukura rwekuda kuderedza kusvibiswa - uye nepo mota dzisiri bviro yehuipi hwese pano, ivo chikamu chayo, saka chimwe chinhu chinoda kuitwa nezvazvo. Toyota inorekodha kukura kwakakosha kweiyo hybrid mota yekutengesa gore negore. Kwete kutenda kuPrius - nekuda kwemota dzakaita seAuris kana C-HR - dzichiri kuwanikwa pachikwama, mune yakajairwa kurongedza, asi neyakagadziridzwa drivetrain, iyo yakawedzera kukosha iyo inopupurirwa kuvimbika.
Chizvarwa chinotevera chii? Hatizivi. Zvichida tichamirira mamwe makore mashoma. Nekudaro, iyo powertrain yeazvino Toyota hybrids yave kutosvika padanho repamusoro rehunyoro.
