Fizikisi nyowani inopenya kubva munzvimbo dzakawanda

Chero shanduko inobvira yatingade kuita kuStandard Model yefizikisi (1) kana hukama hwakazara, dzidziso dzedu mbiri dzakanakisa (kunyangwe dzisingaenderane) dzechadenga, dzakatoganhurirwa zvakanyanya. Mune mamwe mazwi, haugone kuchinja zvakanyanya pasina kukanganisa iyo yose.

Icho chokwadi ndechekuti kune zvakare mhedzisiro uye zviitiko zvisingagoni kutsanangurwa pahwaro hwemhando dzinozivikanwa kwatiri. Saka tinofanira kubuda munzira yedu kuti tiunze chinhu chiri chose chisingatsananguriki kana kuti chisingawirirani pamutengo upi noupi mukuwirirana nedzidziso dziripo, kana kuti tinofanira kutsvaka mitsva here? Uyu ndiwo mumwe wemibvunzo yakakosha yefizikisi yemazuva ano.

Iyo Standard Model yefizikisi yefizikisi yakabudirira kutsanangura zvese zvinozivikanwa uye zvakawanikwa kudyidzana pakati pezvimedu zvakamboonekwa. Chadenga chinoumbwa nacho quarks, leptonov nema gauge bosons, ayo anotumira matatu emasimba mana akakosha muchisiko uye anopa zvimedu simba razvo rekuzorora. Kune zvakare hukama hwakazara, yedu, zvinosuruvarisa, kwete quantum dzidziso yegiravhiti, iyo inotsanangura hukama pakati pechadenga-nguva, nyaya uye simba mune zvakasikwa.

Dambudziko rekupfuura dzidziso mbiri idzi nderekuti kana ukaedza kudzishandura nekuunza zvinhu zvitsva, pfungwa uye uwandu, unowana mibairo inopesana nezviyero uye zvakacherechedzwa zvatagara tinazvo. Zvakakoshawo kuyeuka kuti kana uchida kudarika hurongwa hwedu hwesainzi hwazvino, mutoro wehumbowo wakakura. Kune rumwe rutivi, zvakaoma kusatarisira zvakawanda kubva kune mumwe munhu anokanganisa mamodheru akaedzwa uye akaedzwa kwemakumi emakore.

Mukutarisana nezvinodiwa zvakadaro, hazvishamisi kuti hapana anoedza kupikisa zvachose paradigm iripo mufizikisi. Uye kana ikadaro, haina kutorwa zvakakomba zvachose, sezvo inokurumidza kugumburwa pane nyore cheki. Saka, kana tikaona maburi anogona kuitika, zvino izvi zvinongoratidzira, zvichiratidza kuti chimwe chinhu chiri kupenya pane imwe nzvimbo, asi hazvisi pachena kana zvakakodzera kuenda ikoko zvachose.

Fizikisi inozivikanwa haigone kubata zvakasikwa

Mienzaniso yekupenya kweizvi "zvitsva uye zvakasiyana"? Zvakanaka, semuenzaniso, kucherechedzwa kweyero yekudzoreredza, iyo inoita seisingaenderane neshoko rekuti Chadenga chakazadzwa chete nezvimedu zveiyo Standard Model uye inoteerera dzidziso yakajairika yehukama. Tinoziva kuti masosi ega ega egiravhiti, mapoka enyeredzi, mapoka emapoka enyeredzi, uye kunyange dandemutande guru remuchadenga hazvina kukwana kutsanangura chiitiko ichi, zvichida. Tinoziva kuti, kunyange zvazvo Standard Model ichitaura kuti zvinhu uye antimatter zvinofanira kugadzirwa uye kuparadzwa muhuwandu hwakaenzana, isu tinogara muchadenga chinoumbwa zvakanyanya nechinhu chine hushoma hwe antimatter. Mune mamwe mazwi, tinoona kuti "fizikisi inozivikanwa" haigone kutsanangura zvese zvatinoona muchadenga.

Kuedza kwakawanda kwakaunza mhedzisiro isingatarisirwe iyo, kana ikaedzwa padanho repamusoro, inogona kuve shanduko. Kunyangwe iyo inonzi Atomic Anomaly inoratidza kuvepo kwezvimedu inogona kuve kukanganisa kwekuyedza, asi inogona zvakare kuve chiratidzo chekupfuura iyo Standard Model. Nzira dzakasiyana dzekuyera Universe dzinopa maitiro akasiyana ehuwandu hwekuwedzera kwayo - dambudziko ratakafunga zvakadzama mune imwe yenyaya dzichangoburwa dzeMT.

Nekudaro, hapana chimwe cheizvi anomalies chinopa mhedzisiro inogutsa kuti ionekwe sechiratidzo chisingarambiki chefizikisi itsva. Chero kana zvese izvi zvinogona kungova kuchinjika kwenhamba kana chiridzwa chisina kurongeka. Mazhinji acho anogona kunongedzera kufizikisi nyowani, asi anogona kungotsanangurwa zviri nyore achishandisa zvimedu zvinozivikanwa uye zviitiko mumamiriro ehukama hwese uye Standard Model.

Isu tinoronga kuyedza, tichitarisira mhedzisiro yakajeka uye kurudziro. Tinogona kuona nekukurumidza kana simba rerima rine kukosha kwekusingaperi. Kubva pane zvakarongwa zvidzidzo zvegwara renyeredzi neVera Rubin Observatory uye data pamusoro pesupernovae iri kure kuti iwanikwe mune ramangwana. nancy grace telescope, kare WFIRST, tinoda kuona kana simba rerima richishanduka nenguva kusvika mukati me1%. Kana zvakadaro, saka yedu "yakajairwa" cosmological modhi ichafanirwa kuchinjwa. Zvinogoneka kuti nzvimbo laser interferometer antenna (LISA) maererano nehurongwa ichatipawo zvinoshamisa. Muchidimbu, isu tiri kuverenga pamotokari dzekutarisa uye zviedzo zvatiri kuronga.

Isu tichiri kushandawo mumunda we particle physics, tichitarisira kuwana zviitiko kunze kweMuenzaniso, zvakadai sekuyera kwakanyatsojeka kwemagineti nguva dzeelectron uye muon - kana vasingabvumirani, fizikisi itsva inooneka. Tiri kushanda kuti tione kuti vanochinja sei neutrino - pano, zvakare, fizikisi nyowani inopenya kuburikidza. Uye kana tikavaka yakaringana electron-positron collider, denderedzwa kana mutsara (2), tinogona kuona zvinhu zviri kunze kweStandard Model izvo LHC haisati yakwanisa kuona. Munyika yefizikisi, yakakura vhezheni yeLHC ine denderedzwa inosvika 100 km yakagara yataurwa. Izvi zvaizopa masimba epamusoro ekudhumhana, ayo, maererano nenyanzvi dzakawanda dzefizikisi, aizopedzisira aratidza chiitiko chitsva. Zvisinei, iyi imari inodhura zvikuru, uye kuvakwa kwehofori chete pamusimboti - "Ngatiivake uye tione kuti ichatiratidza chii" inomutsa kusava nechokwadi kwakawanda.

2. Linear lepton collider - kuona

Kune marudzi maviri emaitiro ekusangana nematambudziko mufizikiki sainzi. Yokutanga inzira yakaoma, iyo ine muchidimbu dhizaini yekuyedza kana yekutarisa kugadzirisa dambudziko chairo. Nzira yechipiri inonzi brute force method.anogadzira chiyedzo chepasirese, chekusundira muganhu kana chekutarisa chekuongorora denga nenzira itsva chose kupfuura matangiro atakaita kare. Yekutanga yakanamirwa zvirinani muiyo Standard Model. Chechipiri chinokutendera kuti uwane zvisaririra zvechimwe chinhu, asi, zvinosuruvarisa, ichi chinhu hachina kunyatsotsanangurwa. Nokudaro, nzira dzose dziri mbiri dzine zvipingamupinyi zvadzo.

Tarisa iyo inonzi Theory of Everything (TUT), iyo tsvene yefizikiki, inofanira kuiswa muchikamu chechipiri, sezvo kakawanda kupfuura iyo inosvika pakuwana simba rakakwirira nepamusoro (3), apo masimba e zvisikwa zvinopedzisira zvabatana kuita kudyidzana kumwe.

3. Simba rinodiwa pakubatana kwekufungidzira kwekudyidzana

neutrino Nisforn

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, sainzi yakawedzera kutarisisa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzinonakidza, senge neutrino tsvakiridzo, yatichangobva kuburitsa mushumo wakawanda muMT. Muna Kukadzi 2020, iyo Astrophysical Journal yakaburitsa chinyorwa nezve kuwanikwa kweane-simba-neutrinos asingazivikanwe kwaakabva muAntarctica. Pamusoro peyeyedzo inozivikanwa, tsvakiridzo yakaitwawo pane inotonhora kondinendi pasi pezita rekodhi ANITA (), inosanganisira kuburitswa kwebharumu ine sensor. masaisai eredhiyo.

Ose uye ANITA akagadzirirwa kutsvaga masaisai eredhiyo kubva kune-high-energy neutrinos achibonderana nechinhu chakasimba chinoumba aizi. Avi Loeb, sachigaro weHarvard Department of Astronomy, akatsanangura pawebhusaiti yeSalon kuti: “Zviitiko zvakaonekwa neANITA zvechokwadi zvinoita sezvisinganzwisisike nekuti hazvigone kutsanangurwa semaneutrinos anobva kunzvimbo dzemuchadenga. (...) Inogona kunge iri imwe mhando yechikamu chinopindirana chisina simba pane neutrino ine zvinhu zvakajairika. Isu tinofungidzira kuti zvidimbu zvakadaro zviripo sechinhu chakasviba. Asi chii chinoita kuti zviitiko zveANITA zvive nesimba kudaro?

Neutrinos ndiwo chete anozivikanwa zvimedu zvekutyora iyo Standard Model. Zvinoenderana neiyo Standard Model yezvimedu zvekutanga, isu tinofanirwa kuve nemhando nhatu dzeneutrinos (electronic, muon uye tau) uye mhando nhatu dzeantineutrinos, uye mushure mekuumbwa kwavo dzinofanirwa kunge dzakagadzikana uye dzisina kuchinjika muhunhu hwadzo. Kubva kuma60, pakatanga kuverenga uye kuyerwa kweneutrinos yakagadzirwa neZuva, takaona kuti paive nedambudziko. Taiziva kuti ma electron neutrino mangani akaumbwa mukati solar core. Asi patakayera kuti vangani vakasvika, takaona chikamu chimwe chete muzvitatu chenhamba yakafanotaurwa.

Zvichida chimwe chinhu chisina kumira zvakanaka nemidziyo yedu, kana chimwe chinhu chisina kunaka nemuenzaniso wedu weZuva, kana chimwe chinhu chisina kumira zvakanaka neutrinos pachawo. Kuedza kweReactor kwakakurumidza kuramba pfungwa yekuti chimwe chinhu chakashata nemadetector edu (4). Vakashanda sezvaitarisirwa uye mashandiro avo aive akayerwa zvakanyanya. Maneutrino atakaona akanyoreswa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemaneutrinos anosvika. Kwemakumi emakore, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzenyeredzi dzakapokana kuti muenzaniso wedu wezuva wakaipa.

4. Mifananidzo yezviitiko zve neutrino muCherenkov radiation kubva kune Super Kamiokande detector

Hongu, paive neimwe nzira yechinyakare yekuti, kana ichokwadi, yaizochinja manzwisisiro atinoita nezvechadenga kubva pane zvakafanotaurwa neStandard Model. Pfungwa yacho ndeyekuti mhando nhatu dzeneutrinos dzatinoziva dzine huwandu, kwete lean, uye kuti vanokwanisa kusanganisa (fluctuate) kuti vachinje zvinonaka kana vaine simba rakakwana. Kana iyo neutrino ikaitwa nemagetsi, inogona kuchinja munzira kuenda muon i taonsasi izvi zvinogoneka chete kana zvawanda. Vesainzi vari kushushikana nezvedambudziko rerudyi neruboshwe neutrinos. Nokuti kana musingagoni kuchitsaura, hamugoni kutsaura kuti chimedu here kana kuti chinopesana.

Ko neutrino inogona kuva antiparticle yayo pachayo here? Kwete maererano neyakajairika Standard Model. Fermionkazhinji havafanirwe kunge vari ivo vega antiparticles. Fermion imhando ipi neipi ine kutenderera kwe ± XNUMX/XNUMX. Ichi chikamu chinosanganisira ese quarks uye leptons, kusanganisira neutrinos. Zvisinei, kune rudzi rwakakosha rwefermions, iyo kusvika ikozvino iripo chete mudzidziso - iyo Majorana fermion, inova antiparticle yayo. Kana iripo, chimwe chinhu chakakosha chinogona kunge chiri kuitika ... neutrino mahara kaviri beta kuora. Uye heino mukana wevanoedza vagara vachitsvaga gap rakadaro.

Mune ese akacherechedzwa maitiro anosanganisira neutrinos, zvimedu izvi zvinoratidzira chivakwa chinodaidzwa nenyanzvi dzefizikisi kuti ruboshwe-ruoko. Maneutrinos erudyi, ayo ari akanyanya kuwedzeredzwa eiyo Standard Model, hapana paanoonekwa. Mamwe ese maMS particles ane vhezheni yekurudyi, asi neutrinos haana. Sei? Ongororo yazvino, yakadzama kwazvo nechikwata chepasi rose chenyanzvi dzefizikisi, kusanganisira Institute of Nuclear Physics yePolish Academy of Sciences (IFJ PAN) muKrakow, yakaita tsvakiridzo panyaya iyi. Masayendisiti anotenda kuti kushaikwa kwekutarisa kwerudyi neutrinos kunogona kuratidza kuti iwo maMajorana fermions. Dai vanga vari, saka vhezheni yavo yekurudyi yakakura kwazvo, inotsanangura kuoma kwekuonekwa.

Asi isu hatisati taziva kana neutrinos ari antiparticles pachawo. Isu hatizive kana ivo vachiwana kuwanda kwavo kubva kune isina kusimba yekusunga yeHiggs boson, kana kana vakaiwana kuburikidza neimwe nzira. Uye isu hatizive, pamwe chikamu cheneutrino chakanyanya kuomarara kupfuura isu tinofunga, nemaneutrinos asina kusimba kana anorema akahwanda murima.

Atomu nezvimwe zvinokanganisa

Muchikamu chekutanga chefizikisi, kunze kwemafashoni neutrinos, kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzisinganyatso zivikanwi dzetsvakiridzo umo "fizikisi itsva" inogona kupenya kuburikidza. Masayendisiti, semuenzaniso, achangobva kuronga rudzi rutsva rwe subatomic particle kutsanangura enigmatic. kaon decay (5), nyaya yakakosha yemeson particle ine imwe quark i mumwe mutengesi wekare. Kaon particles pazvinoora, chikamu chiduku chazvo chinochinja izvo zvakashamisa masayendisiti. Maitiro ekuora uku angaratidza rudzi rutsva rwechimedu kana simba idzva remuviri riri kushanda. Izvi zviri kunze kwechikamu cheStandard Model.

Pane zvimwe zviedzo zvekutsvaga mapeji muStandard Model. Izvi zvinosanganisira kutsvaga g-2 muon. Anenge makore zana apfuura, nyanzvi yefizikisi inonzi Paul Dirac akafanotaura nguva yemagineti yeerekitironi richishandisa g, nhamba inosarudza kutenderera kwechidimbu. Zvadaro zviyero zvakaratidza kuti "g" yakasiyana zvishoma kubva ku2, uye nyanzvi dzefizikiki dzakatanga kushandisa mutsauko pakati pekukosha chaiko kwe "g" uye 2 kudzidza chimiro chemukati che subatomic particles uye mitemo yefizikiki zvachose. Muna 1959, CERN muGeneva, Switzerland, yakaita ongororo yekutanga yakayera kukosha kweg-2 yechikamu chesubatomic chinonzi muon, chakasungirirwa kune elekitironi asi isina kugadzikana uye ka207 kurema kupfuura chepakutanga.

Brookhaven National Laboratory muNew York yakatanga kuedza kwayo uye yakaburitsa mhedzisiro yekuedza kwavo g-2 muna 2004. Kuyera kwacho kwaisava kwakafanotaurwa neStandard Model. Nekudaro, kuyedza hakuna kuunganidza data rakakwana rekuongororwa kwenhamba kuratidza pachena kuti kukosha kwakayerwa kwaive kwakasiyana uye kwete kungochinja-chinja kwenhamba. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzekutsvagisa dzave kuita ongororo itsva neg-2, uye pamwe tichaziva mhinduro munguva pfupi.

Pane chimwe chinhu chinokatyamadza kupfuura ichi Kaon anomalies i muon. Muna 2015, kuyedza kwekuora kweberyllium 8Be kwakaratidza kusanzwisisika. Masayendisiti muHungary anoshandisa detector yavo. Sezvineiwo, zvisinei, vakawana, kana kuti vakafunga kuti vakawana, izvo zvinokarakadza kuvapo kwechishanu chinokosha simba rechisiko.

Fizikisi kubva kuYunivhesiti yeCalifornia vakafarira kudzidza. Vakataura kuti chiitiko ichi chafona atomu anomaly, yakakonzerwa nechikamu chitsva chose, chaifanira kutakura simba rechishanu rezvisikwa. Inonzi X17 nekuti huremu hwayo hunowirirana hunofungidzirwa kuti ingangoita mamiriyoni gumi nemanomwe emagetsi emagetsi. Uku ndiko kuwanda kweerekitironi kakapetwa makumi matatu, asi kuri pasi pehuremu hweproton. Uye maitiro eX17 neproton ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakanakisa - ndiko kuti, haidyidzane neproton zvachose. Pane kudaro, inopindirana neelectronic charged negative kana neutron, iyo isina muripo zvachose. Izvi zvinoita kuti zviome kukwana chidimbu X30 mune yedu yazvino Standard Model. Bosons inobatanidzwa nemasimba. Gluon anobatanidzwa nesimba rakasimba, mabhosi ane simba risina simba, uye maphoton ane electromagnetism. Panotova nefungidziro yesimba regiravhiti inonzi graviton. Se boson, X17 ichatakura simba rayo, senge izvo kusvika zvino zvaramba zvakavanzika kwatiri uye zvinogona kuva.

Chadenga nekwazvinoda kwazvinoda?

Mune bepa rakabudiswa muna Kubvumbi mumagazini yeScience Advances, vesainzi vepaYunivhesiti yeNew South Wales muSydney vakashuma kuti zviyero zvitsva zvechiedza zvinoburitswa ne quasar 13 bhiriyoni yechiedza-makore kubva kure zvinosimbisa zvidzidzo zvekare zvakawana misiyano midiki muchimiro chakanaka chenguva dzose. zvechadenga. Muzvinafundo John Webb kubva kuUNSW (6) inotsanangura kuti chimiro chakanaka chinogara chiripo "huwandu hunoshandiswa nenyanzvi dzefizikisi sechiyero chesimba remagetsi." simba remagetsi inochengetedza maerekitironi akatenderedza nuclei muatomu yese iri muchadenga. Pasina izvozvo, zvinhu zvose zvaizoparara. Kusvikira munguva pfupi yapfuura, yaionekwa sesimba rinogara riripo munguva uye munzvimbo. Asi mukutsvagisa kwake kwemakumi maviri emakore apfuura, Muzvinafundo Webb akaona nyonganiso muchimiro chakasimba chakasimba umo simba remagetsi, rinoyerwa nenzira imwe yakasarudzwa muchadenga, rinogara richiita serakasiyana zvishoma.

"" anotsanangura Webb. Kusapindirana kwakaonekwa kwete muzviyero zvechikwata cheAustralia, asi mukuenzanisa mibairo yavo nezvimwe zviyero zvakawanda zvechiedza chequasar nemamwe masayendisiti.

"" anodaro Purofesa Webb. "". Mukuona kwake, miuyo yacho inoita seinokarakadza kuti panogona kuva negwara rinodikanwa muchisiko chapose pose. Nemamwe mashoko, chadenga neimwe pfungwa chingava nechimiro che dipole.

"" Anodaro musayendisiti pamusoro pezvakakanganiswa.

Ichi ndicho chimwezve chinhu: panzvimbo pezvaifungidzirwa kuva kupararira kusina kurongeka kwamapoka enyeredzi, quasars, makore egasi namapuraneti ane upenyu, chisiko chapose pose chine muenzanisi wokuchamhembe nowokumaodzanyemba. Muzvinafundo Webb zvakadaro akagadzirira kubvuma kuti mhedzisiro yezviyero nemasayendisiti akaitwa pamatanho akasiyana vachishandisa matekinoroji akasiyana uye kubva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana paPasi ichokwadi chakakura.

Webb inonongedza kuti kana paine kutungamira muchadenga, uye kana electromagnetism ikave yakasiyana zvishoma mune mamwe matunhu emuchadenga, pfungwa dzakanyanya kuseri kwehuzhinji hwefizikisi yemazuva ano dzinoda kudzokororwa. "", anotaura. Muenzaniso wacho unobva padzidziso yaEinstein yesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi, iyo inotora zvakajeka kusimba kwemitemo yechisiko. Uye kana zvisiri, saka ... pfungwa yekushandura iyo yese edifice yefizikisi inoshamisa.