Humanization yerobhoti - mechanization yemunhu

Kana tikasarudza hungwaru hwekunyepedzera kubva mungano dzakakurumbira, inogona kuve inovimbisa zvakanyanya uye inobatsira kugadzirwa. Murume nemuchina - uyu musanganiswa uchagadzira isingakanganwike tandem?

Mushure mekukundwa neDeep Blue supercomputer muna 1997, Garry Kasparov akazorora, akafunga nezvazvo uye ... centaur. Kunyangwe mutambi wepakati akabatanidzwa neavhareji komputa anogona kukunda yakanyanya advanced chess supercomputer - musanganiswa wekufunga kwevanhu nemuchina washandura mutambo. Saka, mushure mekukundwa nemichina, Kasparov akasarudza kupinda mumubatanidzwa navo, une chimiro chekufananidzira.

Nzira kudzima miganhu pakati pemuchina nemunhu inoenderera kwemakore. Tinoona kuti michina yemazuva ano inogona kutsiva mamwe emabasa europi hwedu, muenzaniso wakanaka iwo masmartphone kana mahwendefa anobatsira vanhu vane ndangariro dzakaremara. Nepo vamwe vadzivisi vanotaura kuti vanodzimawo mabasa mazhinji ehuropi muvanhu vaimbove vasina kuremara ... Chero zvazvingava, zvinyorwa zvinogadzirwa nemichina zviri kuwedzera kupinza maonero evanhu - zvingave zvinoonekwa, zvakadai sezvisikwa zvedijiti kana zvinyorwa mune chokwadi chakawedzerwa. , kana kunzwa. , sezwi rekugadzira njere-based digital vabatsiri vakaita sa Alexa.

Nyika yedu inoonekwa kana isingaonekwe yakazara ne "vatorwa" mafomu ehungwaru, maalgorithms anotitarisa, anotaura nesu, anotengesa nesu, kana kutibatsira kusarudza zvipfeko uye kunyange mudiwa wehupenyu akatimiririra.

Hapana anonyatsotaura kuti kune hungwaru hwekugadzira hwakaenzana nemunhu, asi vazhinji vanobvumirana kuti maAI maitiro akagadzirira kubatanidza zvakanyanya nevanhu uye kugadzira kubva ku "hybrid", michina-human systems, vachishandisa zvakanakisisa kubva kumativi ose maviri.

AI iri kuswedera pedyo nevanhu

General artificial intelligence

Masayendisiti Mikhail Lebedev, Ioan Opris naManuel Casanova kubva kuDuke University muNorth Carolina vave vachidzidza nyaya yekuwedzera kukwanisa kwepfungwa dzedu kwenguva yakati, sezvatakatotaura pamusoro paMT. Sekureva kwavo, panosvika gore ra2030, nyika umo hungwaru hwemunhu huchasimudzirwa nekudyarwa kwehuropi huchava chinhu chemazuva ese.

Ray Kurzweil uye kufanotaura kwake pakarepo anouya mupfungwa. tekinoroji humwe. Uyu akakurumbira futurist akanyora kare kare kuti uropi hwedu hunononoka zvikuru kana huchienzaniswa nekumhanya uko makombiyuta emagetsi anogona kugadzirisa data. Pasinei nekukwanisa kwakasiyana kwepfungwa dzevanhu kuongorora huwandu hwemashoko panguva imwe chete, Kurzweil anotenda kuti munguva pfupi iri kukura computational speed yemakomputa edhijitari ichapfuura zvakanyanya kugona kwehuropi. Anokurudzira kuti kana masayendisiti achikwanisa kunzwisisa kuti huropi hunoita sei mhirizhonga uye zviito zvakaoma, uye vobva varonga kuti vanzwisise, izvi zvinotungamirira kune kubudirira mukombuta uye shanduko yehungwaru hwekugadzira munzira yeinonzi general AI. Iye ndiani?

Artificial intelligence inowanzo patsanurwa kuita mhando mbiri huru: diki Oraz General (AGI).

Yekutanga yatinogona kuona yakatitenderedza nhasi, kunyanya mumakomputa, masisitimu ekuzivikanwa kwekutaura, vabatsiri vakadai seSiri mu iPhone, masisitimu ekucherechedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza akaiswa mumotokari dzinozvimiririra, muhotera yekubhuki algorithms, mu x-ray kuongororwa, kumaka zvisina kufanira pane Internet. , kudzidza kunyora mazwi pafoni yako keypad uye akawanda emamwe mashandisirwo.

General artificial intelligence chimwe chinhu, zvakanyanya chiyeuchidzo chepfungwa dzemunhu. Iyo fomu inochinjika inokwanisa kudzidza chero chinhu chaunogona kudzidza kubva pakucheka bvudzi kusvika pakuvaka maspredishiti zvakare kufunga uye mhedziso zvichibva pane data. AGI haisati yavakwa (nerombo rakanaka vamwe vanoti), uye tinoziva zvakawanda nezvayo kubva kumafirimu pane kubva muchokwadi. Mienzaniso yakakwana yeiyi HAL 9000 kubva 2001. Space Odyssey" kana Skynet kubva ku "Terminator" yakatevedzana.

Ongororo ye2012-2013 yemapoka mana enyanzvi nevaongorori veAI Vincent S. Muller uye muzivi Nick Bostrom vakaratidza mukana we50 muzana wekuti artificial general intelligence (AGI) ichagadzirwa pakati pe2040 ne2050, uye ne2075 mukana uchawedzera kusvika 90% . . Nyanzvi dzinofanotaurawo danho repamusoro, iro rinonzi artificial superintelligenceiyo yavanotsanangura se "njere dzinopfuura ruzivo rwevanhu munzvimbo yese". Mukuona kwavo, zvichaonekwa makore makumi matatu mushure mekubudirira kweOGI. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzeAI dzinoti fungidziro idzi dzakashinga. Tichifunga kusanzwisisa kwedu kwakashata kwemashandiro anoita uropi hwemunhu, vanopokana vari kumisikidza kubuda kweAGI nemazana emakore.

Ziso rekombuta HAL 1000

Hapana amnesia

Chimwe chipingamupinyi chikuru kune chechokwadi AGI maitiro eAI masisitimu kukanganwa zvavanenge vadzidza vasati vaedza kuenda kumabasa matsva. Semuyenzaniso, iyo AI sisitimu yekuzivikanwa kumeso inoongorora zviuru zvemifananidzo yezviso zvevanhu kuitira kuti zvinyatso kuzviona, semuenzaniso, musocial network. Asi kubva pakudzidza AI masisitimu haanyatso nzwisisa zvinorehwa nezvavari kuita, saka kana isu tichida kuvadzidzisa kuita chimwe chinhu kubva pane zvavakatodzidza, kunyangwe riri basa rakafanana (taura, manzwiro. kuzivikanwa muzviso), vanofanirwa kudzidziswa kubva mukutanga, kubva mukutanga. Uye zvakare, mushure mekudzidza iyo algorithm, isu hatichakwanise kuigadzirisa, kuivandudza neimwe nzira pane quantitatively.

Kwemakore, masayendisiti ave achiedza kutsvaga nzira yekugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Kana vakabudirira, masisitimu eAI aigona kudzidza kubva kune itsva seti yedata rekudzidzisa pasina kudzoreredza ruzivo rwakawanda rwavaive narwo mukuita.

Irina Higgins weGoogle DeepMind akapa nzira pamusangano muPrague muna Nyamavhuvhu izvo zvinogona kupedzisira zvatyora kusasimba uku kweAI iripo. Chikwata chake chakagadzira "AI mumiriri" - yakaita senge algorithm-inotyairwa vhidhiyo yemutambo uyo anogona kufunga zvine hunyanzvi kupfuura akajairwa algorithm - anokwanisa "kufungidzira" zvaanosangana nazvo mune imwe nharaunda inotaridzika senge mune imwe. Nenzira iyi, iyo neural network ichakwanisa kupatsanura zvinhu zvayakasangana nazvo munzvimbo inofananidzwa kubva kune zvakatipoteredza pachayo uye kuzvinzwisisa mune zvitsva zvigadziriso kana nzvimbo. Chinyorwa chiri pa arXiv chinotsanangura kudzidza kwesutukesi chena kana cheya yekuziva algorithm. Kana yangodzidziswa, iyo algorithm inokwanisa "kuvaona" munyika nyowani nyowani uye kuvaziva kana zvasvika pakusangana.

Muchidimbu, rudzi urwu rwegorgorithm runogona kutaura mutsauko uripo pakati pezvaakasangana nazvo nezvaakamboona - sezvinoita vanhu vazhinji, asi kusiyana nemaalgorithms mazhinji. Iyo AI system inovandudza zvainoziva nezvepasirese pasina kudzidzira patsva uye kudzidzazve zvese. Chaizvoizvo, iyo sisitimu inokwanisa kuendesa uye kushandisa ruzivo rwuripo munzvimbo itsva. Ehe, Ms. Higgins's modhi pachayo haisati yave AGI, asi inhanho yekutanga yakakosha kune mamwe anochinjika algorithms ayo asingatambure nemuchina amnesia.

Nokuda kwembiri youpenzi

Mikael Trazzi naRoman V. Yampolsky, vatsvakurudzi vanobva kuYunivhesiti yeParis, vanotenda kuti mhinduro kumubvunzo wekusangana kwemunhu uye muchina ndiko kuiswa kwehungwaru hwekugadzira mune algorithms zvakare "kupusa kwekunyepedzera". Izvi zvichaitawo kuti ive yakachengeteka kwatiri. Ehe, artificial general intelligence (AGI) inogona zvakare kuve yakachengeteka nekudzikamisa kugadzirisa simba uye ndangariro. Masayendisiti, zvisinei, anoziva kuti kombiyuta ine njere zvikuru inogona, somuenzaniso, kuodha simba rakawanda kupfurikidza nekombuyuta yegore, kutenga michina nokuitumira, kana kuti kunyange kushandiswa nomunhu asinganzwi. Naizvozvo, zvinodikanwa kusvibisa ramangwana reAGI nekusarura kwevanhu uye kukanganisa kwekuziva.

Vatsvakurudzi vanofunga kuti izvi zvine musoro. Vanhu vane zvirambidzo zvakajeka zvemakombuta (ndangariro, kugadzirisa, kuverenga, uye "kumhanya kwewachi") uye vanozivikanwa nekusarudzika kwekuziva. General artificial intelligence haina kuganhurirwa. Naizvozvo, kana ichizova pedyo nemunhu, inofanira kuganhurirwa nenzira iyi.

Trazzi naYampolsky vanoita sevanokanganwa zvishoma kuti iyi munondo unocheka kumativi maviri, nokuti mienzaniso isingaverengeki inoratidza kuti kune ngozi sei zvose upenzi uye rusaruro.

Manzwiro nemaitiro

Iyo pfungwa yemakanika mavara ane mhenyu, senge maficha emunhu agara achimutsa fungidziro yemunhu. Kare izwi rekuti "robhoti" risati rasvika, fungidziro dzakagadzirwa nezve golems, automatons, uye hushamwari (kana kwete) michina inosanganisira zvese chimiro uye mweya wezvisikwa zvipenyu. Pasinei nekuvapo kwese kwekombuta, isu hatinyatsonzwa sekunge tapinda munguva yemarobhoti anozivikanwa, semuenzaniso, kubva muchiratidzo muJetsons akateedzana. Nhasi, marobhoti anogona kuchenesa imba, kutyaira mota, uye kutonga playlist papati, asi vese vanosiya zvakawanda kuti zvidiwe maererano nehunhu.

Zvisinei, izvi zvinogona kuchinja nokukurumidza. Ndiani anoziva kana mamwe hunhu uye campy michina yakafanana vector Anki. Panzvimbo pekutarisisa kuti mangani mabasa aanogona kuita, vagadziri vakatsvaga kupa kugadzirwa kwemakanika "mweya". Nguva dzose, yakabatana negore, robhoti duku rinokwanisa kuziva zviso uye kuyeuka mazita. Anotamba mumhanzi, anodaira kana abatwa semhuka, uye anonyandurwa nokushamwaridzana kwevanhu. Kunyange zvazvo achigona kutaura, angangotaura achishandisa musanganiswa wemutauro wemuviri uye zviratidzo zviri nyore zvemanzwiro pachiratidziro.

Mukuwedzera, anogona kuita zvakawanda - somuenzaniso, kunyatsopindura mibvunzo, kutamba mitambo, kufanotaura mamiriro ekunze uye kunyange kutora mifananidzo. Kuburikidza nekuvandudzwa nguva dzose, anogara achidzidza hunyanzvi hutsva.

Vector haina kugadzirirwa nyanzvi dzefiriji. Uye pamwe iyi inzira yekuunza vanhu pedyo nemichina, inoshanda kupfuura zvirongwa zvekuda kubatanidza uropi hwemunhu neAI. Izvi zviri kure neprojekti yega yerudzi rwayo. Prototypes yakagadzirwa kwemakore akati wandei mubatsiri marobhoti kune vakwegura uye vanorwaravanokuwana kuri kuramba kuchioma kugovera tarisiro yakakwana pamutengo wakafanira. Famous robhoti mhiripiri, kushandira kambani yeJapan SoftBank, inofanira kukwanisa kuverenga manzwiro evanhu uye kudzidza nzira yekubatana nevanhu. Pakupedzisira, iri kubatsira pamba uye kutarisira vana nevakwegura.

Chembere ichidyidzana nerobhoti reMhiripiri

Chishandiso, kungwara kana humwe

Mukupedzisa, zvinogona kucherechedzwa hova huru nhatu mukufungisisa pamusoro pekuvandudzwa kwehungwaru hwekugadzira uye hukama hwayo nevanhu.

• Yekutanga inofunga kuti kuvakwa kweartificial general intelligence (AI), yakaenzana uye yakafanana nemunhu, kazhinji hazvigoneke. hazvigoneki kana kure kwazvo munguva. Kubva pamaonero aya, masisitimu ekudzidza muchina uye yatinodaidza kuti AI ichawedzera uye yakakwana, yakawanda uye inokwanisa kuita mabasa avo ehunyanzvi, asi isingapfuure imwe muganhu - izvo hazvireve kuti vanozongoshanda chete kubatsira kwevanhu. Sezvo ichange ichiri muchina, kureva kuti, hapana chinopfuura chigadziriso chemuchina, chinogona kubatsira pabasa uye kutsigira munhu (chips muuropi nedzimwe nhengo dzemuviri), uye zvichibvira kushanda kukuvadza kana kutouraya vanhu. .
• Pfungwa yechipiri mukana. kuvakwa kwekutanga kweAGIuyezve, semhedzisiro yekushanduka-shanduka kwemichina, kukwira artificial superintelligence. Chiratidzo ichi chinogona kuva nengozi kumunhu, nekuti iyo supermind inogona kuiona semuvengi kana chimwe chinhu chisingakoshi kana chinokuvadza. Kufanotaura kwakadaro hakubvisi mukana wekuti rudzi rwevanhu rungazodiwa nemichina mune ramangwana, kunyangwe zvisiri hazvo sosi yesimba, semuThe Matrix.
• Pakupedzisira, isu tinewo pfungwa yeRay Kurzweil's "singularity", kureva, imwe chete. kubatanidzwa kwevanhu nemichina. Izvi zvaizotipa mikana mitsva, uye michina yaizopihwa munhu AGI, kureva, hungwaru hwepasirese hunochinjika. Kutevedzera uyu muenzaniso, nekufamba kwenguva, nyika yemichina nevanhu ichave isingazivikanwe.

Mhando dzehungwaru hwekugadzira

• jet - inyanzvi, inopindura kune chaiwo mamiriro uye kuita zvakanyatsotsanangurwa mabasa (DeepBlue, AlphaGo).
• Nezviwanikwa zvendangariro zvishoma - yakasarudzika, uchishandisa zviwanikwa zveruzivo rwakagamuchirwa pakuita sarudzo (autonomous mota masisitimu, chat bots, vabatsiri vezwi).
• Chipo chine pfungwa dzakazvimirira - zvakazara, kunzwisisa pfungwa dzevanhu, manzwiro, vavariro uye zvinotarisirwa, zvinokwanisa kupindirana pasina zvirambidzo. Zvinotendwa kuti makopi ekutanga achaitwa muchikamu chinotevera chekuvandudza kweAI.
• kuzviziva - kuwedzera kune pfungwa inoshanduka, inewo kuziva, i.e. pfungwa yako pachako. Panguva ino, chiratidzo ichi chiri pasi pechiratidzo chezvinyorwa.