Operation Market Garden

Operation Market-Garden inoonekwa zvakanyanya sekukundwa kukuru kweAllied, asi izvi hazvina kujeka kuchekwa. VaGermany vakatambura kurasikirwa kukuru uye vakasunungura chikamu cheNetherlands, vachigadzira hwaro hwekurwiswa kweReich kuburikidza neReichswald, kunyange iyi yakanga isiri chinangwa chepakutanga.

Kuvhiya kukuru kwaisanganisira mauto anofamba nendege, kwakaitwa neAllies munaGunyana 1944 munharaunda yeNetherlands yakatorwa, kwaive kwakanangana nekubvisa mauto eGerman nekupfuura nhare dzekudzivirira dzeGerman dzinozivikanwa se "Siegfried Line" kubva kuchamhembe, iyo yaifanirwa kuita. bvumidza kupinda muRuhr uye nekuchimbidza kupera kwehondo. Nyaya inokosha yakanga iri kutorwa kwemabhiriji paRhine nedzimwe nzizi Germany isati yaaparadza. Kuvhiya uku kwakarongwa naMarshal Montgomery, uyo aitungamirira Boka reMauto rechi21 uye akanga ari munhangemutange nemukuru we3rd US Army, General George Patton, kuti vaone kuti ndiani aizotanga kusvika kunzvimbo dzeindasitiri yeThird Reich. Montgomery yakanyengetedza General Dwight Eisenhower kuti aite oparesheni iyi, kunyangwe paine njodzi huru yekuzviita.

Pashure pokukundwa muNormandy muzhizha ra1944, mauto eGermany akabuda muFrance, uye mauto eAllied akavatevera, akaganhurirwa zvikurukuru nezvinetso mukutakura mafuta nemimwe migove yaifanira kutakurwa kubva muzviteshi zvezviteshi zvokugadzirwa muNormandy uye zvishomanene zvokushandisa, zviteshi zvengarava zveCherbourg neHavre. Musi waGunyana 2, mauto eBritish akapinda muBelgium, uye mazuva maviri gare gare Guards Tank Division yakasunungura Brussels, ichifamba nenharaunda yeBelgian pasina kurwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, musi wa5 Gunyana 1944, veBritish XXX Corps, vachirwa nechekuchamhembe, vakatora Antwerp ne11th Panzer Division kumusoro. Zvichakadaro, iyo Polish 1st Armored Division, chikamu cheCanadian 1st Army, yakatora Ypres.

Iyo 1st Allied Airborne Army, yakagadzirwa muzhizha ra1944, yaive nezvikamu zvishanu muzvitunha zviviri. IBritish 1st Airborne Corps yaive ne6th DPD ne1st DPD uye yechigumi nenomwe yePolish Independent Parachute Brigade, nepo American 17nd Airborne Corps yaive ne82st DPD, 101st DPD uye yechigumi nenomwe DPD.

Panguva ino, mukuru weXXX Corps akaita chikanganiso chinouraya. Pakarepo mushure mekutorwa kweAntwerp, zvaive zvakafanira kuenda makumi akati wandei emakiromita kuenda kuchamhembe uye kugura Midden-Zeeland Peninsula kubva kune imwe nyika. Izvi zvichavhara kudzoka kweGerman 15th Army, iyo yakanga ichidzokera ichitevedza mhenderekedzo yeBelgian, ichipfuura neOstend, kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva, inofambirana neXXX Corps ichifamba kumberi kwakafara.

Antwerp haisi pedyo negungwa, asi pamuromo weScheldt, rwizi rukuru runoyerera nemuFrance, kubva kuCambrai, uye ipapo kuburikidza neBelgium. Pamberi pemuromo weScheldt, inotendeuka zvakanyanya kumadokero, yakananga kune nhete refu bay inomhanya kubva kumadokero kuenda kumabvazuva. Mhenderekedzo yekuchamhembe kweiyi bay ndiyo yakamanikana pazasi, yobva yawedzera Zuid-Beveland peninsula uye chitsuwa cheWalcheren chakarara pakuenderera kwayo, asi chakabatana nepeninsula nemapasi epasi (chitsuwa ichi chaive pamberi pekuyerera kwevapolder. ) MaBritish pavakatora Antwerp, vakasunga chikamu che15th Army kumadokero kweguta. Nekudaro, kushaikwa kwe "kuvharwa" kweiyo isthmus inobatanidza Zuid-Beveland peninsula pamwe nenyika yese yaireva kuti pakati pe4 ne20 Gunyana maGerman akafamba nepamuromo weScheldt nenzira dzakasiyana dzekutakura, kunyanya kubva ku65th. uye 000th Rifle Divisions (DP). Kubviswa kwambotaurwa kwakaitika kubva kumaodzanyemba-kumavirira kweAntwerp kuenda kuZuid-Beveland peninsula uye chitsuwa cheWalcheren chakabatana nacho, kubva uko kwakawanda kwakapinda kwakadzika muNetherlands, pasi pemhino chaidzo yeBritish XXX Corps, kubvira kwayo. Mukuru wemauto, Lieutenant General Brian Horrocks, aifunga nezvekurwisa kumabvazuva kwakadzika muNetherlands uyezve kuGermany, uye kuti maGerman aigona kubviswa nenzira yakarongeka, hazvina kuitika kwaari.

Zvichakadaro, zvakadaro, Guards Armored Division, ichienderera mberi kumaodzanyemba, isingatarisirwi yakazvimisikidza pachayo paAlbert Canal muguta reBelgian Lommel, pamberi pemuganhu neNetherlands, ichimhanya kubva kumadokero kuenda kumabvazuva, Germany isati yatendeukira kumaodzanyemba, ichigadzira. kubudira kumaodzanyemba kune mutauro mudiki wechiDutch, mukati umo mune guta reMaastricht. Kubva kuFrance kuburikidza neBelgium yose, maGermany akakwanisa kubva kune mauto eAllied achivatevera, uye paiva paAlbert Canal kuti mutsara mukuru wekudzivirira wakagadzirwa. Yakanga iri mhinganidzo yemvura yechisikigo, yakafara chose, inobatanidza Antwerp (Scheldt) neLiège (Meuse). Mugero uyu waive nzira yemvura yakananga kubva kune inozivikanwa nzvimbo yeindasitiri inozivikanwa nekugadzirwa kwayo simbi, ine chiteshi chengarava chikuru. Mosa ichiyerera nemuLiège, kune rumwe rutivi, yaiyerera kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva ichitevedza muganhu weGerman-Dutch isiri kure nayo, yakacheuka yakananga kuchamhembe pedyo neVenlo, uye yakananga kumadokero pedyo neNijmegen, ichifambirana nemapazi maviri eRhine kuchamhembe, chaiko nepakati. Netherlands, kubva kumabvazuva kusvika kumadokero kusvika kuNorth Sea.

Nzira dzakakura dzakakura dzekutakura dzinopfuura nemuNetherlands, dzinocherwa zviri nyore pano nekuda kwekureruka kwakasarudzika kweSouth Holland. Uye zvakare, nzvimbo ine machakwi ine machakwi akawanda yakafambisa sangano redziviriro pano. Nekudaro, kwechinguvana, kubva pakutanga kwaGunyana 1944, mauto eGerman akatsikirira kurwisa Albert Canal, iyo inomhanya yakada kufanana nemuganhu weBelgian-Dutch. Uye zvisingatarisirwi, munaGunyana 10, 1944, 2nd Irish Guards Battalion, inotungamirwa ne5th Guards Tank Brigade kubva kuGuards Armored Division, yakapinda mumusha weLommel padyo neguta reNeerpelt ndokutora zambuko rakasimba pamusoro peAlbert Canal, kuburikidza. iyo iyo Guards Shermans yakatsvaira, ichitora nzvimbo diki kumahombekombe ekuchamhembe kwegeji. Kubva muguta iri, mugwagwa No. kutendeuka, kuyambuka bazi rezasi reRhine - Waal , kuenda kuArnhem, uko mugwagwa wakayambuka North Rhine - Lower Rhine. Ipapo mugwagwa mumwe chetewo wakaenda kuchamhembe kumucheto chaiko kweNetherlands, uchikamura paMeppel kuva bazu kuLeeuwarden, pedyo negungwa, uye Groningen, pedyo nomuganhu neGermany. Ipapo Netherlands yakaguma, pano mhenderekedzo yakatendeukira kumabvazuva, pedyo neEmden, iyo yakanga yatova muGermany.

Apo musi waAugust 13 Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery akaronga pfungwa yekutanga yekushanda kutsva, ikozvino inonzi "Comet", aida kushandisa bhiriji rakatorwa pamusoro peAlbert Canal, iyo panguva ino yakanzi "Joe's Bridge" mukukudza mutungamiriri we3rd Irish Guards Battalion - Lieutenant Colonel. John Ormsby Evelyn Vandeleur, Mechanized Infantry Battalion (kutanga kwake JOE, zvakare zita raLieutenant Colonel Vandeleur) kuti atange kurwisa Highway 69 paArnhem kubva kumahombekombe aya. Nokudaro, mauto ake angadai ari kuchamhembe kwenhare dzeGermany dzinozivikanwa se "Siegfried Line", iyo yaimhanya nemuganhu wose neFrance, Luxembourg neBelgium, pamwe chete nechikamu cheNetherlands, uye yakagumira kuKleve, uko Rhine inoyerera ichienda kudivi reDutch, zvishoma kuseri kwemuganhu, ichikamura kuita maoko maviri makuru: Waal kumaodzanyemba uye kuchamhembe kweNetherlands, ichiyambuka kuchamhembe kweNetherlands, ichiyambuka Gungwa reR. Kubuda kuchamhembe kweLower Rhine kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kutendeukira kumabvazuva uye kupinda nechisimba Germany kuchamhembe kweSiegfried Line uye kuchamhembe kweRuhr, vakananga Münster. Kurwiswa kwekucheka Ruhr kubva kune imwe nyika yeGermany kungadai kwakave dambudziko kuhondo yeGermany uye inofanira kunge yakaunza kurwa kumagumo nokukurumidza.