Ane ruzivo matangi anorema: chinhu 277, chinhu 279, chinhu 770 Around 1956, iyo GBTU yeSoviet Army yakagadzira hutsva hwehunyanzvi uye hwehunyanzvi zvinodiwa kune rinorema tank. Pahwaro hwavo, zvikwata zvitatu zvekugadzira muLeningrad neChelyabinsk chaizvoizvo zvakatanga pamakwikwi ekugadzira tangi itsva inorema yakagadzirirwa kutsiva tangi T-10. Tangi rinorema (chinhu 277) rakagadzirwa muna 1957 muDesign Bureau yeMukuru. Mugadziri weLeningrad Kirov Plant Zh. Ya. Kotin, achishandisa zvakasiyana dhizaini mhinduro dzeiyo IS-7 uye T-10 matangi. Mota iyi yaive yemhando yemhando yepamusoro, ine rear power compartment uye mavhiri ekutyaira. Hull yacho yaive yakasungwa kubva pamahwendefa ezvombo akabhenda ane ukobvu hwakasiyana uye makona ezvikamu zvezvombo. Nzvimbo yepamberi yehull ndeye-chidimbu, pasi pechirongo-chakaita chimiro. Iyo yakakandwa, yakakwenenzverwa turret, ine kukora kwemadziro kubva pa77 mm kusvika 290 mm, yaive nechekurebesa aft chikamu kuti igadzirise kuiswa kwakagadzirwa kwepfuti. Iyo embrasure ye artillery system inovharwa - pakanga pasina mask yepfuti. Iyo yekumisikidza ndeye yega, ine danda torsion mabara uye hydraulic shock absorbers yakaiswa pane yekutanga, yechipiri uye yechisere yekumisa node. Tangi yanga ine anti-nuclear dziviriro masisitimu, midziyo yekupisa chiutsi, sisitimu yekuchenesa midziyo yekutarisa uye yekutyaira pasi pemvura. Vashandi vetangi vaisanganisira vanhu vana: mutungamiriri, pfuti, loader uye mutyairi. Mota iyi yaikwanisa kufamba zvakanaka. Nehuwandu hwematani makumi mashanu neshanu, yakagadzira kumhanya kwe4 km / h. Muna 1958, masampula maviri echinhu 277 akagadzirwa, vakapasa bvunzo, dzakakurumidza kumiswa, uye basa rese rakaderedzwa. Munguva yekugadzirwa kwechinhu 277, shanduro yaro yakagadzirwa neine gasi turbine injini ine simba re 1000 litres. pamwe. chinhu 278, asi haina kuvakwa. Kubva kune mimwe michina yakagadzirwa panguva iyoyo, yechi277 yakasiana zvakanaka nekushandiswa kwemayuniti akaitwa uye akaedzwa uye masisitimu. Heavy tank chinhu 277 inoratidzwa paMuseum yeArmored Weapons uye Equipment muKubinka. Maitiro ekuita kwechinhu chinorema tanki 277 Kurwisa uremu, т 55 Vashandi, vanhu 4 Dimensions, mm: kureba nepfuti mberi 10150 Kuwedzera 3380 kureba 2500 clearance   Hondo, mm hull huma 120 parutivi rwehull tower 77-290 Armarm:   130-mm pfuti yepfuti M-65; 14,5-mm muchina pfuti KPVT Boek set:   26 shots, 250 rounds Injini М-850, dhiziri, 12-cylinder, ina-stroke, V-mhando, ine ejection inotonhorera system, simba 1090 hp. pamwe. pa1850 rpm Yakananga pasi kumanikidza, kg / cmXNUMX 0.82 Highway kumhanya km / h 55 Kufamba mumugwagwa mukuru Km 190 Kukurira zvipingamupinyi: kureba kwemadziro, м   mugero wakafara, м   kudzika kwechikepe, м 1,2 Zvinoenderana nehumwe hunyanzvi uye tekinoroji zvinodiwa, timu yevagadziri veLeningrad Kirov Plant vachitungamirwa naL. S. Troyanov muna 1957 vakagadzira prototype yetangi rinorema - chinhu 279, iyo chete yerudzi rwayo uye, pasina kupokana, iyo zvakanyanyosiyana. Iyo mota yaive neyakare dhizaini, asi matambudziko ekuchengetedza uye patency akagadziriswa pano nenzira isiri-yakajairwa. Iyo hull yaive yakakandwa curvilinear chimiro ine yakatetepa-sheet anti-cumulative skrini iyo yakavhara hull kumberi uye nemativi, ichizadzisa makondiro ayo kune yakarebesa ellipsoid. Iyo shongwe yakakandwa, yakatenderera, zvakare ine matete-sheet skrini. Ukobvu hwezvombo zvepamberi zvehull zvakasvika 269 mm, uye turret - 305 mm. Chombo ichi chaive nekanononi 130 mm M-65 uye 14,5 mm KPVT muchina pfuti coaxial nayo. Pfuti iyi yaive ine semi-otomatiki yekurodha meshini, mechanized ammo rack, maviri-ndege chombo stabilizer "Groza", TPD-2S stereoscopic rangefinder kuona, uye semi-otomatiki kutungamira sisitimu. Chinhu 279 chaive neseti izere yemidziyo yekuona husiku infrared. Pfuti dzepfuti dzaive nepfuti makumi maviri nemana, pfuti yemuchina - kubva ku24 rounds. Injini yedhiziri ine 300-cylinder ina H-yakaita seH ine yakachinjika kurongeka kwemasilinda DG-16 ine huwandu hwe1000 litres yakaiswa. With. pa950 rpm kana 2500DG-2M ine simba re8 litres. With. pa 1000 rpm. Iyo yekufambisa yaisanganisira yakaoma torque inoshandura uye matatu-anomhanya mapuraneti gearbox. Kunyanya kutariswa kwaikodzera undercarriage yetangi - ina materpillar movers akaiswa pasi pepasi pehull. Parutivi rumwe norumwe pakanga pane bhuroka remakonye maviri, rimwe nerimwe raisanganisira mavhiri emugwagwa matanhatu asina marara uye matatu ekutsigira, vhiri rekumashure. Iyo kumiswa ndeye hydropneumatic. Dhizaini yakafanana yechasisi yakapa mota kushaikwa kwemvumo chaiyo. Vashandi vetangi vaiva vanhu vana, vatatu vavo - mukuru, pfuti uye loader - vaiva mushongwe. Chigaro chemutyairi chaive nechekumberi kwemugoti pakati, paivewo nekaburi kekupinda mumota. Pamichina yese yakagadzirwa panguva imwe chete, chinhu 279 chakasiyaniswa neidiki vhoriyamu yakanyorwa - 11,47 m.3uku uine muviri wakashongedzerwa wakaoma. Magadzirirwo eiyo undercarriage akaita kuti zvisaite kuti mota imhare pasi, uye yakave nechokwadi chepamusoro-soro kugona muchando chakadzika uye nzvimbo ine machakwi. Panguva imwecheteyo, iyo undercarriage yaive yakaoma kwazvo mukugadzira uye kushanda, zvichiita kuti zvisagoneke kudzikisa kureba. Pakupera kwa1959, prototype yakavakwa; kuungana kwemamwe matangi maviri hakuna kupera. Chinhu 279 parizvino chiri muMuseum yeZvombo Zvehondo uye Zvishandiso muKubinka. Maitiro ekuita kwechinhu chinorema tanki 279 Kurwisa uremu, т 60 Vashandi, vanhu 4 Dimensions, mm: kureba nepfuti mberi 10238 Kuwedzera 3400 kureba 2475 clearance   Hondo, mm hull huma 269 shongwe yehuma 305 Armarm:   130-mm pfuti yepfuti M-65; 14,5-mm muchina pfuti KPVT Boek set:   24 mapfuti, 300 marounds Injini DG-1000, dhiziri, 16-cylinder, ina-stroke, H-yakaumbwa, ine horizontal silinda, simba 950 hp s pa2500 rpm kana 2DG-8M simba 1000 hp pamwe. pa 2400 rpm Highway kumhanya km / h 55 Kufamba mumugwagwa mukuru Km 250 Kukurira zvipingamupinyi: kureba kwemadziro, м   mugero wakafara, м   kudzika kwechikepe, м 1,2 Imwe yemakwikwi inorema tangi yaive chinhu 770, chakagadzirwa pasi pehutungamiriri hweMugadziri Mukuru weChelyabinsk Tractor Plant P.P. Isakov. Kusiyana ne277th, yakagadzirwa zvachose pahwaro hwemayuniti matsva uye yaive nehuwandu hwepakutanga dhizaini mhinduro. Muviri wechinhu 770 unokandwa, nehukobvu hwezvombo hwakasiyaniswa muhurefu nehurefu. Chikamu chakarerekera chemativi hachiitwe mundege imwe, asi pamakona akasiyana: kubva pa64 ° kusvika 70 ° kusvika kune yakatwasuka uye nekusiyana kwakasiyana kubva pa65 mm kusvika 84 mm. Ukobvu hwezvombo zvepamberi zvehull hwakasvika 120 mm. Kuti uwedzere kupikisa kwezvombo zvemicheto, kora yakagadzirwa yakatenderedza perimeter yese yehull. Iyo shongwe inokandwa, zvakare ine kuchinjika ukobvu uye makona ekurerekera kwemadziro. Frontal nhumbi dzokurwa nadzo shongwe yacho yaive neukobvu hwe290 mm. Kubatana kwe turret nehovha kwakachengetedzwa. Zvombo zvaisanganisira 130 mm M-65 cannon uye coaxial KPVT muchina pfuti. Kuiswa kwacho kwakapetwa kwaive nendege mbiri Thunderstorm stabilizer, otomatiki kutungamira system, TPD-2S rangefinder kuona, siku nesikati yakanangana nekuona michina, uye michina yekurodha. Sesimba rekudyara pachinhu 26, 250-cylinder, ina-stroke, maviri-mutsara DTN-770 dizeli injini ine vertical marongero emasilinda, kudzvanywa kubva kune compressor uye kutonhora kwemvura kwakashandiswa. Yakaiswa kumashure kwetangi perpendicular kune yayo longitudinal axis. Simba reinjini raive 10l. With. pa 10 rpm. Iyo yekufambisa ndeye hydromechanical, ine yakaoma torque inoshandura uye yepuraneti gearbox. Iyo torque inoshandura ine maviri ekutungamira vanes akaverengerwa mumagetsi ekufambisa dunhu rakafanana. Iko kutapurirana kwakapa imwe mechanika uye maviri hydromechanical kumberi magiya uye mechanical reverse giya. Kangoro yepasi yaive nemavhiri emugwagwa mahombe nhanhatu achipinda mukati. Makonye aive akasunga zvigunwe. Mavhiri ekutyaira ane marimu egiya anobvisika aive ari kumashure. Iyo track tensioning mechanism ndeye hydraulic. Kumiswa munhu, hydropneumatic. Vashandi vetangi vaisanganisira vanhu 4. Mutyairi-mechanic aidzora achishandisa mubato werudzi rwemudhudhudhu. Chinhu 770 chaive nehurongwa hwekudzivirira kubva kuzvombo zvekuparadza kukuru, otomatiki yekudzima moto system, midziyo yehutsi inopisa, zvishandiso zvehusiku uye gyro-semi-compass. Nekutaurirana kwekunze, nhepfenyuro yeredhiyo R-113 yakaiswa, uye yekutaurirana kwemukati, intercom R-120 yakaiswa. Chinhu 770 chakaitwa padanho repamusoro rehunyanzvi. Iyo cast turret uye hull ine yakadudzwa yakasarudzika nhumbi dzekurwa dzakasimbisa kuwedzera projectile kuramba. Motokari yacho yaikwanisa kufamba zvakanaka uye yakanga iri nyore kutyaira. Sekureva kwenyanzvi dzenzvimbo yekuyedza, uko ese matatu ekuedza matangi anorema akaedzwa, chinhu 770 chaiita sechakanyanya kuvimbisa kwavari. A prototype yemotokari iyi inochengetwa paMuseum yezvombo zvehondo uye midziyo muKubinka. Maitiro ekuita kwechinhu chinorema tanki 770 Kurwisa uremu, т 55 Vashandi, vanhu 4 Dimensions, mm: kureba nepfuti mberi 10150 Kuwedzera 3380 kureba 2420 clearance   Hondo, mm hull huma 120 hull side 65-84 shongwe yehuma 290 Armarm:   130-mm pfuti yepfuti M-65; 14,5-mm muchina pfuti KPVT Boek set:   26 shots, 250 rounds Injini DTN-10, dhiziri, 10-cylinder, ina-stroke, maviri-mutsara, kutonhora kwemvura, 1000 hp. pamwe. pa 2500 rpm Highway kumhanya km / h 55 Kufamba mumugwagwa mukuru Km 200 Kukurira zvipingamupinyi: kureba kwemadziro, м   mugero wakafara, м   kudzika kwechikepe, м 1,0 Kuderedzwa kwebasa pamatangi anorema Musi waChikunguru 22, 1960, paKapustin Yar nzvimbo yekudzidzira, kuratidzwa kwemasampuli ezvombo zvechiuto kune hutungamiriri hwenyika, inotungamirwa naNS Khrushchev, yakaitika. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo mugadziri mukuru weUral Carriage Works L.N. Kartsev, uyo akanga achipa IT-1 rocket tank yake, akayeuka chiitiko ichi: “Mangwana acho takaenda kunzvimbo uko motokari dzehondo. Iwo masampula akaiswa pamapadhi ekongiri akasiyana asiri kure nemumwe. Kurudyi kwedu, pachikuva chiri pedyo, pakanga pane mufananidzo wetangi rinorema, iro Zh. Ya. Kotin akanga achifamba. Mushure mekuongorora IT-1, N. S. Khrushchev akaenda kune tangi rinorema reLeningrad Kirov Plant. Pasinei nekuedza kwaKotin kusundira tangi itsva inorema kushanda, Khrushchev akasarudza kumisa kugadzirwa kweT-10 serial heavy tank uye akarambidza kugadzirwa kwematangi anorema zvachose.  Ndinofanira kutaura kuti mukuru fan of rocket tekinoroji, Khrushchev aive anopikisa matangi kazhinji, achifunga kuti hazvina basa. Muna 1960 muMoscow, pamusangano wezve tarisiro yekugadzirwa kwemotokari dzine zvombo pamwe nekubatanidzwa kwevose vanofarira - mauto, vagadziri, masayendisiti, vamiririri veindasitiri, Khrushchev akasimbisazve chisarudzo chake: kupedzisa serial kugadzirwa kweT- 10M nekukurumidza sezvinobvira, uye kuvandudzwa kwematangi matsva anorema. Izvi zvakakurudzirwa nekusakwanisa kupa mukaha mukuru pakati pematangi anorema maererano nemoto uye kudzivirira mukati memiganhu yakapiwa yakawanda kubva kumatangi epakati. Hobby yeKhrushchev yaivewo nesimba rakasimba. zvombo zvinokandwa: maererano nemirairo yehurumende, zvese tangi dhizaini mahofisi nyika panguva iyoyo dzakagadzira mota dzine zvombo zvekupotsera (zvinhu 150, 287, 775, nezvimwewo). Zvaitendwa kuti idzi dzimotokari dzehondo dzinokwanisa kutsiva zvachose matangi. Kana danho rekumisa kugadzirwa kwe serial, nekuda kwekudzikama kwayo kose, rinogona kutariswa sechinhu chakakodzera, saka kumisa basa rekutsvagisa nekusimudzira kwaive kukanganisa kwakakura kwemauto-tekinoroji, izvo zvakakonzera kuenderera mberi kwekuvaka matangi edzimba. . Pakupera kwema50s, mhinduro dzehunyanzvi dzakaitwa dzakazove dzakakosha kune ma90s: 130-mm cannon ine compressed mweya kucheneswa kwebhari bore, electromechanical uye hydromechanical transmissions, yakakandwa muviri, hydropneumatic suspension, imwe chete. injini uye transmission unit, nevamwe. ... Makore 10-15 chete mushure mekuonekwa pamatangi anorema ekurodha masisitimu, mafinder ekuona, rammers, nezvimwewo, akaunzwa pamatangi epakati. Asi sarudzo yakaitwa uye matangi anorema akasiya nzvimbo, nepo epakati, achiwedzera maitiro avo ekurwa, akashanduka kuita iwo makuru. Kana tikatarisa maitiro ekuita kwematoni makuru ehondo ye90s, tinogona kutora mhedziso dzinotevera: huremu hwehondo hwemazuva ano matangi makuru kubva ku46 matani eT-80U yedu kusvika ku62 matani eBritish Challenger; mota dzese dzakashongedzerwa nepfuti dzakatsetseka kana pfuti ("Challenger") ye 120-125-mm caliber; simba rekugadzira simba rinobva ku1200-1500 hp. s., uye kumhanya kwakanyanya kunobva pa56 ("Challenger") kusvika pa71 ("Leclerc") km / h. Sources: G.L. Kholyavsky "The Complete Encyclopedia of World Tanks 1915 - 2000". M. V. Pavlov, I. V. Pavlov. Motokari dzedzimba dzehondo 1945-1965; Karpenko A.V. Heavy matangi // Ongororo yemotokari dzehondo dzepamba (1905-1995); Rolf Hilmes: Main Hondo Matangi Nhasi uye Mangwana: Mafungiro - Systems - Technologies.