Kuratidzira kwePhilippines 1944-1945

Zvikepe zvinotakura mauto zvinosvika kumahombekombe eLeyte muna Gumiguru 20, 1944. Mhenderekedzo yekumabvazuva kwechitsuwa ichi yakasarudzwa kuti imhare, uye zvikamu zvina muzvitunha zviviri zvakabva zvasvika pairi - zvese kubva kuUS Army. VeMarine Corps, kunze kwechikwata chezvombo zvehondo, havana kutora chikamu mukushanda muPhilippine.

Kushanda kwemauto emugungwa kweAllied kwakakura kwazvo muPacific kwaive danidziro yePhilippine, yakatora kubva mumatsutso 1944 kusvika muchirimo cha1945. kurasikirwa kwavo kwepanyama zvose kubva pakuona kwepamusoro uye kwepfungwa. Uye zvakare, Japan yakatozogurwa kubva pachigadziko chayo muIndonesia, Malaya neIndochina, uye maAmerican akagamuchira hwaro hwakasimba hwekusvetuka kwekupedzisira - kuzvitsuwa zvekuJapan. Mushandirapamwe wePhilippine we1944-1945 ndiwo waive musimboti webasa raDouglas MacArthur, mukuru weAmerican "nyeredzi-shanu", mumwe wevakuru vaviri vemauto ePacific theatre.

Douglas MacArthur (1880-1962) akapedza kudzidza summa cum laude kubva kuWest Point muna 1903 uye akatumirwa kuCorps of Engineers. Achangopedza chikoro, akaenda kuPhilippines, kwaakavaka nzvimbo dzemauto. Aive mukuru wekambani yesapper kuFort Leavenworth kuUSA uye akafamba nababa vake (Major General) kuenda kuJapan, Indonesia neIndia muna 1905-1906. Muna 1914, akatora chikamu murwendo rwekuAmerica rwechirango kuenda kuchiteshi cheMexico cheVeracruz panguva yeMexican Revolution. Akapihwa Medal of Honor pamabasa ake mudunhu reVeracruz uye nekukasika akakwidziridzwa kuita mukuru. Akatora chikamu mukurwisana kweHondo Yenyika Yekutanga semukuru wevashandi ve42nd Infantry Division, akasimuka kusvika pachinzvimbo chemukuru. Kubva 1919-1922 aive mutungamiriri weWest Point Military Academy aine chinzvimbo cheBrigadier General. Muna 1922, akadzokera kuPhilippines semukuru weManila Military Region uyezve mutungamiriri we23 Infantry Brigade. Muna 1925 akava mukuru wemauto ndokudzokera kuUnited States kuti atore mutungamiriri we1928 Corps muAtlanta, Georgia. Kubva 1930-1932, akashanda zvakare muManila, Philippines, uyezve, semudiki pane ese, akatora chinzvimbo cheMukuru weVashandi veUS Army muWashington, achikwira kusvika pachinzvimbo chemukuru wenyeredzi ina. Kubva XNUMX, Major Dwight D. Eisenhower anga ari General MacArthur's aid-de-camp.

Muna 1935, apo kutonga kwaMacArthur seMukuru weVashandi veUS Army kwakapera, Philippines yakawana kuzvitonga kuzere, kunyangwe yakaramba ichitsamira kuUnited States. Mutungamiri wekutanga mushure mekusununguka kwePhilippine, Manuel L. Quezon, shamwari yaDouglas MacArthur mushakabvu baba, akaenda kune vekupedzisira kuti abatsirwe kuronga mauto ePhilippine. Nenguva isipi MacArthur akasvika muPhilippine ndokugamuchira chinzvimbo chomuPhilippine marshal, achiramba ari mukuru wemauto eAmerica. Pakupera kwa1937, General Douglas MacArthur akasiya basa.

Muna Chikunguru 1941, Mutungamiri Roosevelt paakadaidza Mauto ePhilippine kuita basa remubatanidzwa mukutarisana nekutyisidzirwa kwehondo muPacific, akagadzazve MacArthur kuti aite basa rekushanda aine chinzvimbo chemukuru wemauto, uye muna Zvita akakwidziridzwa kuita zvachose. chinzvimbo chemukuru. Basa repamutemo raMacArthur ndiMukuru weUnited States Mauto kuFar East - United States Mauto Mauto kuFar East (USAFFE).

Pashure pekudzivirirwa kunoshamisa kwePhilippines pana March 12, 1942, bhomba reB-17 rakabhururutsa MacArthur, mudzimai wake nomwanakomana, uye vanoverengeka vevashandi vake vaishanda kuAustralia. Musi waApril 18, 1942, murairo mutsva, Southwest Pacific, wakasikwa uye General Douglas MacArthur akava mutungamiriri wavo. Aiva nebasa rekushanda kwemauto akabatana (kunyanya America) kubva kuAustralia kuburikidza neNew Guinea, Philippines, Indonesia kusvika kumhenderekedzo yeChina. Waive mumwe wemirairo miviri muPacific; yakanga iri nzvimbo ine nhamba huru yenzvimbo dzenyika, saka mukuru wemauto epasi akaiswa pamusoro pemurairo uyu. Zvakare, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz akanga ari mutariri weCentral Pacific Command, iyo yaitungamirirwa nenzvimbo dzegungwa dzine zvitsuwa zviduku zvishoma. Mauto aGeneral MacArthur akaita rwendo rurefu uye rwakasindimara kupinda muNew Guinea nePapua Islands. Muchirimo cha1944, apo Humambo hweJapan hwakanga hwatotanga kuputika pamhepo, mubvunzo wakamuka - chii chinotevera?

Zvimwe Zvirongwa Zvekuita

Muchirimo cha1944 zvakanga zvatova pachena kune vose kuti nguva yekukundwa kwekupedzisira kweJapan yakanga yava kusvika. Mumunda wechiito cheGeneral MacArthur, kupinda kwePhilippine kwakarongwa pakutanga, uyezve paFormosa (yava kunzi Taiwan). Mukana wekurwisa mhenderekedzo yeChina yakatorwa neJapan isati yapinda muzvitsuwa zveJapan yakaonekwa zvakare.

Panguva ino, nhaurirano yakamuka yekuti zvaigoneka here kupfuura Philippines uye kurwisa Formosa zvakananga senzvimbo yakanakira yekurwisa Japan. Iyi sarudzo yakadzivirirwa na adm. Ernest King, Mukuru weNaval Operations muWashington (kureva Mutungamiriri Mukuru-mukuru weU.S. Navy) uye - kwenguva pfupi - zvakare General George C. Marshall, Mukuru weVashandi veU.S. Nekudaro, vatungamiriri vazhinji muPacific, kunyanya General MacArthur nevari pasi pake, vaiona kurwiswa kwePhilippines kusingadzivisiki - nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda. Adm. Nimitz akasendamira kuchiratidzo cheGeneral MacArthur, kwete chiratidzo cheWashington. Paiva nezvikonzero zvakawanda zvekugadzirisa, zvematongerwe enyika uye zvepamusoro zveizvi, uye munyaya yeGeneral MacArthur paivawo nekupomerwa (kwete pasina chikonzero) kuti aitungamirirwa nezvinangwa zvake; Philippines yakanga yava inenge musha wake wechipiri.