zviridzwa zvokunyorera

Zvinhu zvikuru zvinoshandiswa pakunyora zvigadzirwa zvechisikigo. Kare, mashizha emiorivhi nemichindwe nemakwati zvaishandiswa munyika dzeMediterranean. MuChina, aya aive mapuranga uye akachekwa mashanga eshenjere, uye munyika dzeAsia - birch bark. Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa pakunyora zvakanyanya zvinoshandiswa, kusanganisira mucheka nematombo muRoma. Chiyeuchidzo, matombo uye zvinyorwa zvechitendero zvakanyorwa pamarble. MuMesopotamia panguva iyoyo, mahwendefa evhu ndiwo ainyanya kufarirwa. Tsvaga kuti maturusi ekunyora akashanduka sei nekufamba kwenguva muchinyorwa chiri pazasi. 

nguva dzakare Zvishandiso zvekutanga zvinoshandiswa pakunyora zvinangwa zvigadzirwa zvezvakasikwa. Kare, mashizha emiorivhi nemichindwe uye bark (kusanganisira linden nemiti elm) zvaishandiswa munyika dzeMediterranean. MuChina, vaive zviratidzo zvemapuranga i mashanga eshenjere akachekwanedzimwe nyika dzeAsia birch bark.

Zvakasiyana, zvakajairika kunyora zvinhu kushandiswa, pakati pevamwe vakanga vari muRoma kanivhasi i dombo. Chiyeuchidzo, matombo uye zvinyorwa zvechitendero zvakanyorwa pamarble. MuMesopotamia, yainyanya kufarirwa panguva iyi yaive mahwendefa evhu. Kune rumwe rutivi, muGreece, zvinyorwa zvakaitwa pa mateko evhu.

Maturusi ekunyora dzakashandukawo nekufamba kwenguva. Kushandiswa kwavo kwaienderana nezvaishandiswa panguva iyoyo. Pakutanga zvinhu zvakaoma zvaiwanzoshandiswa, saka zvinyorwa zvaifanira kunyorwa, kurovererwa nesando kana kudhindwa. Inoshandiswa kugadzira matombo chisero, chinyoreso yokuveza musimbiuye nzimbe yakachekwa zvisina tsarukano yekudhinda zviratidzo pamahwendefa evhu. Zvezvinhu zvinyoro (nhokwe, mucheka, dehwe, uye ipapo bepa) zvakashandiswa mukurongeka: tsanga, bhurasho, uye chinyoreso.

1. Ingi kaviri kubva munguva dzeRoma yekare

yekare - makore epakati Zvakanga zvakafanira kunyora pazvinhu zvinyoro ink (Poshi). Dema ndiro rainyanya kushandiswa ruvara, asi ingi dzemavara dzakagadzirwawo - kazhinji tsvuku, asiwo girinhi, bhuruu, yero kana chena. Iwo aishandiswa mumazita okuremekedza kana kuti okutanga ezvinyorwa kana kuti mumasaini evanoremekedzwa. Pendi yegoridhe neyesirivha yaiwanzoshandiswawo pamagwaro anokosha.

Kare neMiddle Ages, carbon inki yainyanya kushandiswa. Yakagadzirwa nekubatanidza kabhoni nhema uye binder (kazhinji resin, asiwo chingamu arabic kana uchi) kuita hupfu hwakanyungudutswa mumvura payaida kushandiswa. Imwe mhando inonzi hibir iri mumvura, yakagadzirwa nejelly beans. Munyu, binder nedoro kana vhiniga yewaini zvaiwedzerwa pairi. Ingi dzakazotevera (inonzi ingi) dzakanga dzisina kusimba uye dzaigona kuparadza matehwe kana mapepa nekuda kwekuora kwadzo.

Chiuru chemakore chechitatu BC Papirus yaizivikanwa muIjipiti yekare (2). Zvinyorwa zvekare zvakachengetedzwa panhokwe zvinotanga kumakore akapoteredza 2600 BC. Mumakore ekumaXNUMX BC, papyrus yakasvika kuGreece, uye makore akapoteredza XNUMXrd BC yakaonekwa muRoma. Kukurumbira kwenhokwe kwakaitika munguva yechiGiriki.

Nzvimbo huru yekugadzirwa kwenhokwe yaive Egypt Alexandria kubva muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX BC, kubva kwayakagoverwa kune dzimwe nyika dzeMedithera. Yakanga iri chinhu chikuru pakusikwa kwemabhuku nemagwaro (muchimiro chemipumburu). Kugadzirwa kwePapyrus muEgypt kwakaenderera mberi kusvika muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX. MuEurope, papyrus yakashandiswa kwenguva yakareba, kusvika pakati pezana remakore rechiXNUMX, mukugadzirira kwemagwaro muhofisi yepapa. Parizvino, papyrus inoshandiswa chete kugadzira mamwe kana mashoma chaiwo makopi ezvinyorwa zvekare zvinotengeswa sezviyeuchidzo.

3. Cai Lun pachitambi chekuChina kubva muna 1962

VIII vpne - II vpne Maererano nezvinyorwa zveChinese, bepa rakatangwa muChina naCai Luna (3), gurukota rehurumende mudare raMambo He Di wedzinza raHan. Mabharani akaedza nemakwati emuti, sirika uye kunyange mambure okuredza kutozosvikira awana nzira yakarurama (bepa rakagadzirwa nemaoko) achishandisa sirika nemucheka werineni.

Nekudaro, mhedzisiro yekutsvagisa kwekuchera matongo inoratidza kuti bepa raizivikanwa kare, ingangoita muzana ramakore rechisere BC, saka zvinogoneka kuti Cai Lun akangogadzira nzira yekugadzira mapepa akawanda. Mushure meHondo yeRwizi rweTalas muna 751, maArabu akatora vagadziri vemapepa ekuChina, izvo zvakaita kuti mapepa azivikanwe munyika dzeArab. Pepa rakagadzirwa zvichienderana nekuvepo kwezvinhu zvakabikwa - incl. hemp, mamvemve erineni kana kunyange sirika. Akauya kuEurope kuburikidza neSpain yakakundwa nemaArabu.

II vhiki - VIII vhiki Mukupera kwekare, papyrus yakatsiviwa zvishoma nezvishoma glassine, akanyatsokodzera fomu idzva rebhuku iro razova codex. Parchment (membrane, parchment, charta parchment) inogadzirwa kubva paganda remhuka. Yakanga yatoshandiswa nguva yedu isati yasvika muEgypt (Bhuku Ravakafa kubva kuCairo), asi rakanga risingashandiswi zvikuru ikoko.

Zvisinei, yatova muzana remakore rechina, yakakwikwidzana nenhokwe uye yakava chinhu chikuru chekunyora. Muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, akasvika kuFrankish Chancellery. Yakapararira muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, uye yakapinda mumahofisi epapa muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX. Mamiriro ekugadzira uye zita racho rinogona kunge rakabatana neguta rechiGiriki rePergamoni, uko kusati kwagadzirwa matehwe, asi kugadzirwa kwayo kwakavandudzwa zvakanyanya.

zvakanaka IV Inova yakakurumbira pakunyora pamatehwe (gare gare zvakare pabepa). minhenga yeshiri kazhinji kacho kanobva kugudo kana hanzi. Peni yaifanira kunyatsorodzwa (yakatetepa uye yakapinza kana kuti yakati sandara) uye yakafokoswa kumagumo. Goose quill yaive chiridzwa chikuru chekunyora kusvika muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX.

yekare - 1567 История penzura kazhinji inotanga nekare. Zita rechiPolish rinobva mutobvu, raishandiswa kunyora muEgypt yekare, Girisi neRoma. Kusvika muzana ramakore rechi 1567, maartist ekuEurope aishandisa lead, zingi, kana sirivheri tsvimbo kugadzira mifananidzo yegrey yakareruka inozivikanwa sesilverpoints. Muna XNUMX, wekuSwiss, Konrad Gesner, akatsanangura tsvimbo yekunyora ine mubati wehuni mune zvinyorwa zvezvisaririra. Makore matatu pamberi pezvi, graphite chaiyo yakanga yawanwa muBorrowdale, England, iyo yakakurumidza kushandiswa panzvimbo pomutobvu, asi zita repenzura rakaramba riripo.

1636 German muvambi Daniel Schwenter akasika zvakateya nheyo dzezvinyoreso zvemazuva ano zvematsime. Yakanga iri kugadziridzwa kwehunyanzvi kwemhinduro dzakamboshandiswa kare - muchidimbu chehuni chine mupendero wakapinza mukati munhenga weshiri waiva neinki yakawanda. Peni yesirivha ine inki mukati, yegumi mafrancs, yakatanga kutsanangurwa muParis nevafambi vaviri vechiDutch muna 10.

1714 Injiniya weBritish Henry Mill akawana patent yekugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa, icho chaive musimboti weiyo yakazogadzirwa uye tapureta yakavandudzwa.

1780-1828 Englishman Samuel Harrison inogadzira prototype yepeni yesimbi. Muna 1803, mugadziri weBritish Wise weLondon akatsiva nib patent, asi nekuda kwekudhura kwekugadzira, haina kushandiswa zvakanyanya. Mamiriro ezvinhu akachinja munenge muna 1822, pavakatanga kugadzirwa nemichina nekuda kweHarrison mumwechete akavaka mufananidzo uyu makore 42 apfuura. Muna 1828, William Joseph Gillott, William Mitchell, naJames Stephen Perry vakagadzira nzira yekugadzira mizhinji-yakasimba, yakachipa nibs (4). Kutenda kwavari, inopfuura hafu yemazano epeni anogadzirwa munyika akagadzirwa.

4. Gillot minhenga yezana remakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe

1858 Hymen Lipman patentuje penzura ine eraser akaiswa kune rumwe rutivi. Mumwe muzvinabhizimisi anonzi Joseph Reckendorfer akafanotaura kuti chigadzirwa chacho chaizova hit uye akatenga patent kubva kuna Lipman. Nehurombo, muna 1875 Dare Repamusorosoro reUS rakadzora patent iyi, saka Reckendorfer haana kuita hupfumi pairi.

1867 Kune musiki anoshanda tapureta American inofungidzirwa Christopher Latham Sholes (5), uyo akavaka modhi yake yekutanga yekushandisa. Mudziyo waakavaka waive nemakiyi, tepi yakanyudzwa neingi, nendiro yesimbi yakachinjika yaive nebepa pamusoro payo. Muchina wakatangwa nekutsikirira mapedals, nekuti Scholes aishandisa drive yakafanana nemichina yekusonesa yenguva iyoyo. Sholes yakatanga kugadzira kwayo muna 1873 yakabatana neAmerican arm fekitori Remington. Kunyange zvakadaro, iyo QWERTY keyboard dhizaini yakashandiswa nanhasi yakagadzirwa, iyo yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira kuvharira mafonti.

5. Kutemera naHenry Mill neshanduro yekutanga yetapureta yaakagadzira.

1877 ine patented mechanical penzura ine chimiro chakafanana nemazuva ano - netsvimbo yakagadzika mumaponji yakasungirirwa nechitubu.

6. Mufananidzo wepatent yaWaterman

1884 Kutanga patents pa Fountain pen dzakapihwa kare kare munenge muna 1830, asi dzakanga dzisingaite - inki yakabuda nekukasira kana kuti haina kubuda zvachose. Chitubu chemazuva ano chinyoreso sezvatinochiziva nhasi, chine inki chinogadziriswa, chakagadzirwa nemumiriri weinishuwarenzi wekuAmerica Lewis Edson Waterman (6).

Muvambi weWaterman akagadzira "channel feed" system yaidzivirira kuvharwa kweinki nekudzora kupihwa kweinki. Makumi gumi gare gare, chinyoreso chakakwaniswa naGeorge Parker wekuUSA, akavaka sisitimu inobvisa mablots, zvichibva pane mhinduro inodzivirira inongoerekana yaitika. inki inodonha kubva pa nib.

1908-29 The American Walter Sheaffer ndiye akatanga kushandisa lever padivi pake kuzadza peni - ingi yakayamwa mukati mepeni nemunibhi. Vakabva vaoneka pombi ingi yerabhayakaiswa mukati mepeni, uye kutsiva girazi cartridges. Muna 1929, fekitari yeGermany Pelikan yakagadzira inki plunger.

1914 James Fields Smathers inogadzira tapureta yemagetsi mota. Matapureta emagetsi akapinda mumusika kuma1920.

1938 Hungarian muimbi uye mutori wenhau László Bíró (7) anogadzira peni. Pashure pokunge hondo yatanga, akatiza nyika yokumusha kwake ndokusvika kuArgentina, uko iye nomunun’una wake George (nyanzvi yekemisitiri) vakanatsa kugadzirwa kwacho. Kugadzirwa kwekutanga kwakatanga panguva yehondo muBuenos Aires. Muna 1944, Bíró akatengesa migove yake kune mumwe wevaridzi vake akatanga kugadzira pamwero mukuru.

7. Laszlo Biro uye Vinalazek yake

40-50 makore. Muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri Yokutanga zvinyoreso aingove minhenga yakagadziridzwa. Panzvimbo penibhi, ivo vakashongedzerwa nerudzi rwetambo iyo iyo ingi yaizoyerera pairi. Sidney Rosenthal anobva kuU.SA anofungidzirwa kuti ndiye baba vezvakagadzirwa. Muna 1953, akabatanidza inki cartridge neshinda yakanzwa tambo uye chinyorwa chekunyora. Akadana iyo yose "magic marker", kureva magic marker pen, nekuti yaibvumira kudhirowa pachinhu chero chipi zvacho (8).

OK. 1960-2011 makore Iyo yekuAmerica kunetseka IBM iri kukura rudzi rutsva rwetapureta, umo mafonti akaiswa pamarevhera akasiyana akatsiviwa nemusoro unotenderera. Gare gare, vakatsiva vamwe vavo vemichini. Chizvarwa chekupedzisira chetapureta (kutenderera 1990) chaive chatove nekugona kuchengetedza uye gare gare kugadzirisa zvinyorwa. Zvadaro michina yakatsiviwa nemakombiyuta ane vapepeti kana kuti magadzirirwo emashoko nemaprinta. Fekitari yekupedzisira yetapureta yakavharwa muna Kurume 2011 muIndia.

Mhando dzezvishandiso zvekunyora

I. Zvishandiso zvekuzvidzivirira -Ivo vane basa rekuzvarwa mupfungwa yekuti hupenyu hwavo hunobatsira hunoenderana nehupenyu hwavo hwenyama.

1. Pasina kushandiswa kwedhayi. Mienzaniso yekare inozivikanwa yekunyora pasina kushandiswa kwedhayi yakagadzirwa nekucheka nzvimbo yakatsetseka nemudziyo wakaoma. Muenzaniso ndezvinyorwa zvekuChina zvejiaguwen zvakatemerwa mumateko ekamba. VaSumer vekare nevakazotevera, vakadai sevaBhabhironi, vakanyora manyorero avo ecuneiform nokudzvanya chinyoreso chine mativi matatu mumahwendefa evhu akapfava, vachigadzira mabhii akafanana neakatsetseka.
2. Nekushandiswa kwedhayi. Chimiro chepakutanga che "penzura" chaive chinyoreso chemutobvu chaishandiswa nevaRoma vekare avo vaiishandisawo kunyora pahuni kana papyrus, ichisiya mitsetse yakasviba apo simbi yakapfava yaikweshwa kubva pamusoro. Mazhinji emazuva ano "mapenzura" ane musimboti usiri wehupfu wegrey-black graphite yakasanganiswa nevhu mune zvakasiyana-siyana kuti iwane kusawirirana kwakasiyana. Zvishandiso zviri nyore zverudzi urwu zvinosanganisira choko chena kana marasha matema, anoshandiswa nenyanzvi nhasi. Ichi chikamu chinosanganisirawo makrayoni emapuranga nemakrayoni ewakisi, anoshandiswa kunyanya nevana. Chinhu chakajairika chezvishandiso izvi ndechekuti kushandiswa kwavo kwakabatana nehupenyu hwavo hwenyama.

II. Maturusi ebetsero - Izvi zvinoda dhayi yakawedzerwa kuti inyorwe uye haigone kushandiswa kana 'isina'.

1. minhenga

   a) Kunyudzwa necapillary action. Pakutanga, mapeni aigadzirwa nekuveza zvinhu zvechisikigo, izvo, nekuda kwecapillary action, zvaigona kuchengetedza dura diki rekunyora ingi. Aya madhiri, zvisinei, aive madiki uye aitoda kuti peni igare ichinyikwa muinki yekunze kuti izadzezve. Zvimwe chetezvo kune simbi inonyudza nibs, kunyangwe mamwe magadzirirwo akakwanisa kubata ingi yakati wandei pane yakasikwa nibs.

   b) zvinyoreso. Anosanganisira dhizaini, imba yekuchengetera ingi, uye imba yekunze. Zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwepeni, tangi yeinki inogona kuzadzwa zvakare nekumanikidza kubva kunze, nekusveta, kana kushandisa makatiriji akazadzwa anoraswa. Mamwe marudzi einki chete anogona kushandiswa muchitubu chinyoreso kudzivirira kuvhara michina.

   c) Zvinyoreso nezvibodzwa. Chinyoreso chine muviri nechubhu yakazadzwa neingi gobvu ichiperera mupeni. Bhora rine dhayamita inosvika 1 mm rinoiswa mumubati. Sezvaunonyora, bhora rinokunguruka pabepa, richigovera inki zvakafanana. Bhora rinogara mune socket, iyo inobvumira kuti itenderere zvakasununguka uye inodzivirira kubva pakudonha. Pane kanzvimbo kadiki pakati pebhora nesoketi yekuti inki ibude. Nzvimbo idiki zvekuti capillary action inochengeta ingi mukati kana peni isiri kushandiswa. A marker pen (zvakare: marker, marker, marker) imhando yepeni ine porous core yakanyikwa inki. Iyo peni zvakare ine porous, inobvumira inki kudonha zvishoma nezvishoma pamusoro pebepa kana imwe midhiya.

2. Mechanical penzura

   Kusiyana nemagadzirirwo epenzura emapuranga echinyakare akatenderedza simbi ye graphite, penzura inogadzirwa inodyisa chidimbu chinofamba chegraphite kuburikidza nemuromo wayo.

3. Mabhurashi

   Semuyenzaniso, mabhii echiChinese anongonyorwa nebhurasho rinofungidzirwa kuti rinoita kuti pave nerunako rwakatsetseka. Iyo bhurashi inosiyana nepeni mune iyo, panzvimbo yekuomarara nib, brashi ine bristles yakapfava. Mabristles anofambiswa zvinyoro nyoro nepabepa nekumanikidza kwakakwana. Mamwe makambani ikozvino anogadzira "zvinyoreso zvebhurashi" izvo mune izvi zvinoita sechitubu chine inki remukati reservoir. 

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