Plastiki munyika

Muna 2050, huremu hwemarara epurasitiki mumakungwa huchapfuura huremu hwehove dzakasanganiswa! Yambiro yakadai yakabatanidzwa mumushumo wakaitwa neEllen MacArthur Foundation naMcKinsey pachiitiko cheWorld Economic Forum muDavos muna 2016.

Sezvatinoverenga mugwaro, chiyero chematoni epurasitiki kune matani ehove mumvura yegungwa muna 2014 yaiva imwe kusvika kushanu. Muna 2025, pachava nemumwe muvatatu, uye muna 2050 pachava nemarara epurasitiki akawanda ... Mushumo wacho wakabva pakubvunzurudzwa nevanopfuura nyanzvi dze180 uye kuongororwa kwezvimwe zvidzidzo zvinopfuura mazana maviri. Vanyori veshumo vanocherechedza kuti chete 14% yepurasitiki yekurongedza inodzokororwa. Kune zvimwe zvinhu, mwero wekudzokorodza unoramba wakakwira zvakanyanya, kudzoreredza 58% yemapepa uye kusvika 90% yesimbi nesimbi.

1. Kugadzirwa kwepasi rose kwepurasitiki muna 1950-2010

Nekuda kwekureruka kwayo kwekushandisa, kuita kwakasiyana-siyana uye zviri pachena, chave chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kufarirwa munyika. Kushandiswa kwayo kwakawedzera kanoda kusvika mazana maviri kubva 1950 kusvika 2000 (1) uye inotarisirwa kuwedzera kaviri mumakore makumi maviri anotevera.

2. Mufananidzo uri muparadhiso yePacific yezvitsuwa zveTuvalu

. Tinozviwana mumabhodhoro, mafoiri, mafuremu emafafitera, zvipfeko, muchina wekofi, motokari, makombiyuta, uye makeji. Kunyangwe bhora rebhora rinoviga mafibhi ekugadzira pakati pemashizha ehuswa. Mabhegi epurasitiki nemabhegi dzimwe nguva anodyiwa nemhuka netsaona anoraswa mumigwagwa nemuminda (2). Kazhinji, nekuda kwekushaikwa kwedzimwe nzira, tsvina yepurasitiki inopiswa, ichiburitsa utsi hune chepfu mumhepo. Marara epurasitiki anovhara masiweji, zvichikonzera mafashamo. Vanodzivirira kumera kwemiti uye kunwa kwemvura inonaya.

3. Kamba inodya mapepa epurasitiki

Zvinhu zvidiki ndizvo zvakanyanya kuipa

Vatsvaguri vazhinji vanocherekedza kuti marara epurasitiki ane njodzi haasi mabhodhoro ePET anoyangarara mugungwa kana mabhiriyoni emabhegi epurasitiki ari kudonha. Dambudziko guru zvinhu zvatisinganyatsoona. Aya machira matete epurasitiki akarukwa mumucheka wembatya dzedu. Nzira dzakawanda, mazana emigwagwa, nomumapombi, nzizi, kunyange nomumhepo yakapoteredza pasi, dzinopinda mumhoteredzo, dzichipinda mumaketani ezvokudya emhuka navanhu. Kukuvadza kwerudzi urwu rwekusvibiswa kunosvika chiyero chemasero ezvimiro uye DNA!

Nehurombo, indasitiri yezvipfeko, iyo inofungidzirwa kuti inogadzira matani 70 bhiriyoni emhando iyi yefiber kuita 150 bhiriyoni zvimedu zvembatya, haina kudzorwa neimwe nzira. Vagadziri vembatya havasi pasi pezvirambidzo zvakasimba uye zvinodzora sepurasitiki yekurongedza kana mabhodhoro ePET ambotaurwa. Zvishoma zvinotaurwa kana kunyorwa pamusoro pemupiro wavo mukusvibiswa kwepurasitiki yenyika. Iko hakunawo nzira dzakasimba uye dzakanyatsogadziriswa dzekuraswa kwembatya dzakabatanidzwa neshinda dzinokuvadza.

Dambudziko rakabatana uye risiri shoma ndiro rinonzi microporous plastiki, ndiko kuti, tunhu tudiki tudiki twekugadzira tusingasviki 5 mm muhukuru. Iwo granules anobva kune akawanda masosi - mapurasitiki anopunzika munzvimbo, mukugadzirwa kwemapurasitiki, kana mukuita kwekupwanya kwematairi emotokari panguva yekushanda kwavo. Kutenda nerutsigiro rwechiito chekuchenesa, microplastic particles inogona kuwanikwa mumazino emazino, ekugeza gels uye peeling zvigadzirwa. Netsvina, vanopinda munzizi nemakungwa. Zvizhinji zvemapombi ekuchenesa tsvina hazvigone kuzvibata.

Kunyangarika kunotyisa kwemarara

Mushure mekudzidza muna 2010-2011 nerwendo rwemugungwa runonzi Malaspina, zvakaonekwa zvisingatarisirwi kuti pakanga paine marara epurasitiki mashoma mumakungwa kupfuura kufunga. Kwemwedzi yakawanda. Vesainzi vaiverengera pakubata kwaizofungidzira kuwanda kwepurasitiki yemugungwa mumamiriyoni ematani. Zvichakadaro, mushumo wekudzidza wakabuda mupepanhau Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences muna 2014 inotaura nezve… 40. inzwi. Vesainzi vakawana izvozvo 99% yepurasitiki inofanirwa kuyangarara mumvura yegungwa haipo!

4. Purasitiki nemhuka

Zvese zvakanaka? Kwete. Masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti purasitiki yakashaikwa yapinda mugungwa rekudya. Saka: marara anodyiwa zvakanyanya nehove nezvimwe zvipenyu zvemugungwa. Izvi zvinoitika mushure mekupatsanurwa nekuda kwekuita kwezuva nemasaisai. Ipapo zvidimbu zvidiki zvinoyangarara zvehove zvinogona kuvhiringika nechikafu chazvo - zvisikwa zvidiki zvemugungwa. Mhedzisiro yekudya zvidimbu zvidiki zvepurasitiki uye kumwe kubatwa nepurasitiki hazvisati zvanyatsonzwisiswa, asi pamwe haisi mhedzisiro yakanaka (4).

Zvinoenderana nefungidziro yekuchengetedza yakaburitswa mujenari Sainzi, anopfuura mamirioni 4,8 matani emarara epurasitiki anopinda mumakungwa gore rega rega. Nekudaro, inogona kusvika 12,7 miriyoni matani. Masayendisiti ari kumashure kwekuverenga anoti kana avhareji yefungidziro yavo yaive matani emamiriyoni masere, huwandu uhu hwemarara hwaizofukidza zvitsuwa makumi matatu nemana saizi yeManhattan muchikamu chimwe chete.

Vanyori vakuru vezviverengero izvi masayendisiti kubva kuYunivhesiti yeCalifornia kuSanta Barbara. Mukati mebasa ravo, vakabatana nemasangano emubatanidzwa eUS nemamwe mayunivhesiti. Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti maererano nekufungidzira uku, kubva pa6350 kusvika ku245 zviuru. matani epurasitiki akaraswa mugungwa anoyangarara pamusoro pemvura yegungwa. Vamwe vose vari kumwewo. Maererano nemasayendisiti, zvose zviri pasi pegungwa uye pamhenderekedzo uye, zvechokwadi, muzvisikwa zvemhuka.

Isu tine data idzva uye rinototyisa zvakanyanya. Mukupera kwegore rapfuura, Plos One, dura repamhepo rezvinyorwa zvesainzi, yakaburitsa bepa rekushandira pamwe nevaongorori kubva kumazana mazhinji enzvimbo dzesainzi vakafungidzira kuwanda kwemarara epurasitiki akayangarara pamusoro pemakungwa epasi rose pa268 matani! Kuongorora kwavo kunobva pane data kubva ku940 expeditions yakaitwa muna 24-2007. mumvura dzinopisa uye muMediterranean.

"Makondinendi" (5) emarara epurasitiki haana kumira. Kubva pakuenzanisa kufamba kwemvura mumakungwa, masayendisiti akakwanisa kuona kuti hazviunganidzi panzvimbo imwe - asi, zvinotakurwa nenzendo refu. Somugumisiro wekuita kwemhepo pamusoro pegungwa uye kutenderera kwePasi (kuburikidza neiyo inonzi simba reCoriolis), mvura inoputika inoumbwa mumitumbi mishanu mikuru yenyika yedu - i.e. Maodzanyemba neSouth Pacific, Maodzanyemba neSouth Atlantic neIndian Ocean, uko zvinhu zvose zvepurasitiki zvinoyangarara zvinoungana zvishoma nezvishoma. Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anodzokororwa gore negore.

5. Mepu yekugoverwa kwemarara epurasitiki mugungwa rehukuru hwakasiyana.

Kuziva nzira dzekutama dzeaya "makondinendi" imhaka yekuenzanisa kwenguva refu uchishandisa midziyo yakasarudzika (inowanzo batsira mukutsvaga kwemamiriro ekunze). Nzira inoteverwa nemamiriyoni akawanda emarara epurasitiki akaongororwa. Modelling yakaratidza kuti muzvivakwa zvakavakwa pamusoro penzvimbo inosvika mazana ezviuru zvemakiromita, mafambiro emvura aivepo, achitora chikamu chemarara kupfuura iwo epamusoro soro uye achitungamira kumabvazuva. Ehezve, pane zvimwe zvinhu zvakaita semafungu uye simba remhepo izvo zvisina kuverengerwa pakugadzirira chidzidzo chiri pamusoro, asi zvechokwadi chinotora chikamu chakakosha mukumhanya uye kutungamira kwekutakura kwepurasitiki.

Idzi "nyika" dzemarara zvakare mota dzakanakisa dzemhando dzakasiyana dzehutachiona uye mabhakitiriya, ayo anogona kupararira nyore nyore.

Nzira yekuchenesa "marara makondinendi"

Inogona kuunganidzwa nemaoko. Marara epurasitiki chituko kune vamwe, uye chitubu chemari kune vamwe. vanotorongwa nemasangano enyika. Yechitatu World Collectors mapurasitiki akasiyana kumba. Vanoshanda nemaoko kana nemichina iri nyore. Mapurasitiki anochekwa kana kuchekwa kuita zvidimbu zvidiki uye anotengeswa kuti awedzere kugadziriswa. Varevereri pakati pavo, manejimendi uye masangano eruzhinji masangano akasarudzika. Kudyidzana uku kunopa vaunganidzi mari yakagadzikana. Panguva imwecheteyo, inzira yekubvisa tsvina yepurasitiki kubva kune zvakatipoteredza.

Zvisinei, kuunganidza nemaoko hakuna kunyatsoita. Naizvozvo, kune mazano ezvimwe zviitwa zvekuda chinzvimbo. Semuenzaniso, kambani yeDutch Boyan Slat, sechikamu cheThe Ocean Cleanup project, inopa kuiswa kwezvinoyerera zvemarara zvinoyangarara mugungwa.

Nzvimbo yekuongorora marara pedyo neTsushima Island, iri pakati peJapan neKorea, yakabudirira zvikuru. Haisi kufambiswa nechero simba rekunze. Kushandiswa kwaro kunobva paruzivo rwemigumisiro yemhepo, mhepo yegungwa uye masaisai. Marara epurasitiki anoyangarara, akabatwa mumusungo wakakombama muchimiro chearc kana slot (6), anosundirwa mberi munzvimbo yaanounganidza uye anogona kubviswa zviri nyore. Zvino sezvo mhinduro yakaedzwa pachiyero chidiki, zvigadziriso zvakakura, kunyange makiromita zana kureba, zvichafanirwa kuvakwa.

6. Kuunganidzwa kwemarara epurasitiki akayangarara sechikamu chechirongwa cheThe Ocean Cleanup.

Muvambi ane mukurumbira uye miriyoni James Dyson akagadzira chirongwa ichi makore mashoma apfuura. MV Recyclonekana hombe barge vacuum cleaneriro basa richava rekuchenesa mvura yemugungwa yemarara, kunyanya epurasitiki. Muchina uyu unofanirwa kubata marara nemambure wobva wausveta nema centrifugal vacuum cleaners. Pfungwa yacho ndeyokuti kusveta kunofanira kuitika kunze kwemvura uye kusaisa pangozi hove. Dyson mugadziri wechiRungu wezvigadzirwa zveindasitiri, anozivikanwa zvakanyanya semuvambi weiyo bagless cyclone vacuum cleaner.

Uye chii chekuita neiyi marara emarara, kana uchine nguva yekuiunganidza? Hapana kushomeka kwemazano. Semuenzaniso, wekuCanada David Katz anokurudzira kugadzira chirongo chepurasitiki ().

Kuraswa kungave rudzi rwemari pano. Vanogona kuchinjana nemari, zvipfeko, chikafu, mobile top-ups, kana 3D printer., iyo, iyo, inokubvumira kuti ugadzire zvinhu zvitsva zveimba kubva kupurasitiki yakashandiswa zvakare. Pfungwa iyi yakatoitwa muLima, guta guru rePeru. Iye zvino Katz anoda kufarira zviremera zveHaiti maari.

Kudzokorora kunoshanda, asi kwete zvese

Izwi rokuti "plastiki" rinoreva zvinhu, chikamu chikuru chayo chiri chekugadzira, chepanyama kana chakagadziridzwa mapolymers. Plastiki inogona kuwanikwa kubva kune akachena mapolymers uye kubva kumapolymers akagadziridzwa nekuwedzera kweakasiyana anobatsira. Izwi rekuti "mapurasitiki" mumutauro wecolloquial rinovharawo zvigadzirwa zvakapedzwa zvekugadzirisa uye zvakapedzwa zvigadzirwa, chero zvikaitwa kubva kuzvinhu zvinogona kurongwa semapurasitiki.

Kune anenge makumi maviri akajairika marudzi epurasitiki. Imwe neimwe inouya mune dzakawanda sarudzo dzekukubatsira iwe kusarudza zvakanakisa zvinyorwa zvekushandisa kwako. Pane mapoka mashanu (kana matanhatu). mapurasitiki akawanda: polyethylene (PE, kusanganisira yakakwirira uye yakaderera density, HD uye LD), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) uye polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Aya anonzi mahombe mashanu kana matanhatu (7) anovhara angangoita makumi manomwe neshanu muzana eEuropean kudiwa kwemapurasitiki ese uye inomiririra boka rakakura kwazvo remapurasitiki anotumirwa kumasisita anoraswa.

Kuraswa kwezvinhu izvi ne kutsva panze haitombogamuchirwi nenyanzvi neruzhinji rwevanhu. Nekune rimwe divi, zvinopisa zvine hushamwari zvakatipoteredza zvinogona kushandiswa nechinangwa ichi, kuderedza marara kusvika 90%.

Kuchengetera marara panzvimbo dzekurasira marara hazvina chepfu sekudzipisa kunze, asi hazvichagamuchirwi munyika zhinji dzakabudirira. Kunyange zvisiri chokwadi kuti "plastiki inogara kwenguva refu," mapolymers anotora nguva yakareba kuti biodegrade pane chikafu, mapepa, kana tsvina yesimbi. Yakareba zvakakwana, semuenzaniso, muPoland padanho razvino rekugadzirwa kwemarara epurasitiki, angangoita makirogiramu makumi manomwe pamunhu pagore, uye pamwero wekudzoreredza zvekuti kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika isingapfuure 70%, murwi wemarara uyu waizosvika matani emamiriyoni makumi matatu mukati memakore gumi apfuura..

Zvinhu zvakadai semamiriro emakemikari, kuratidzwa (UV) uye, hongu, kupatsanurwa kwezvinhu kunokanganisa kuderera kwepurasitiki. Mazhinji matekinoroji ekudzokorodza (8) anongovimba nekumhanyisa maitiro aya. Nekuda kweizvozvo, isu tinowana akareruka zvimedu kubva kuma polymers izvo isu tinogona kudzoka kuita zvinhu kune chimwe chinhu, kana zvidiki zvidiki zvinogona kushandiswa seyakagadzirwa zvinhu zvekuburitsa, kana isu tinogona kuenda kune kemikari nhanho - yebiomass, mvura, akasiyana marudzi. gasi, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen.

8. Kudzokorora uye mapurasitiki ekugadzirisa matekinoroji

Nzira yekurasa tsvina yethermoplastic iri nyore, sezvo inogona kudzokororwa kakawanda. Nekudaro, panguva yekugadziriswa, kuderera kwechikamu chepolymer kunoitika, zvichikonzera kuderera kweiyo mechanic zvinhu zvechigadzirwa. Nechikonzero ichi, chikamu chimwe chete muzana chezvinhu zvakadzokororwa zvinowedzerwa mukugadzirisa, kana tsvina inogadziriswa kuita zvigadzirwa zvine yakaderera kuita zvinodiwa, sematoyi.

Dambudziko rakakura kwazvo pakurasa zvakashandiswa thermoplastic zvigadzirwa kudiwa kwekugadzirisa maererano nehuwandu, hunoda unyanzvi hwehutano uye kubviswa kwetsvina kubva kwavari. Izvi hazvisi nguva dzose zvinobatsira. Mapurasitiki akagadzirwa kubva muchinjika-akabatanidzwa mapolymers ari musimboti haagone kushandiswazve.

Zvese organic zvinhu zvinopisa, asi zvakare zvakaoma kuzviparadza nenzira iyi. Iyi nzira haigone kushandiswa kune zvinhu zvine sarufa, halogens uye phosphorus, sezvo kana yapiswa, inosunungura mumhepo yakawanda yemagasi ane chepfu, iyo inokonzera iyo inonzi mvura yeasidhi.

Chekutanga, organochlorine inonhuhwirira komisheni inoburitswa, huturu hwayo hwakakura kakawanda kupfuura potassium cyanide, uye hydrocarbon oxides muchimiro che dioxanes - C.₄H₈O₂ uye furans - C₄H₄Nezvekuburitswa mumhepo. Dzinoungana mumhoteredzo asi dzakaoma kuona nekuda kwekushomeka kwakadzikira. Kunyudzwa nechikafu, mweya nemvura uye kuungana mumuviri, zvinokonzeresa hosha dzakakomba, kuderedza kusadzivirirwa kwemuviri, zvinokonzeresa uye zvinogona kukonzera shanduko yemajini.

Nzvimbo huru yekuburitsa dioxin maitiro ekupisa tsvina ine chlorine. Kuti udzivise kuburitswa kweizvi zvinokuvadza makomisheni, zvigadziriso zvakashongedzerwa nezvinonzi. afterburner, at min. 1200°C.

Tsvina inodzokororwa nenzira dzakasiyana

Technology tsvina patsva yakagadzirwa nepurasitiki ndeyekutevedzana kwematanho akawanda. Ngatitange nekuunganidza kwakakodzera kwesediment, kureva, kuparadzaniswa kwepurasitiki kubva kumarara. Pachigadzirwa chekugadzirisa, kutanga kusarudzwa kunoitika, ipapo kukuya uye kugaya, kupatsanurwa kwemitumbi yekunze, ipapo kuronga mapurasitiki nemhando, kuomesa uye kuwana chigadzirwa chehafu-chakapedzwa kubva kune zvakadzorerwa zvinhu zvakasvibirira.

Hazviiti nguva dzose kuronga marara akaunganidzwa nemhando. Ndicho chikonzero ivo vakarongedzerwa nenzira dzakawanda dzakasiyana, kazhinji dzakakamurwa kuita mechanical uye kemikari. Mechanical nzira dzinosanganisira: kupatsanurwa kwemaoko, flotation kana pneumatic. Kana tsvina yakasvibiswa, kurongedza kwakadaro kunoitwa nenzira yakanyorova. Kemikari nzira dzinosanganisira hydrolysis -kuora kwehutsi hwemapolymers (zvinoshandiswa zvekugadzirazve mapolyester, polyamides, polyurethanes uye polycarbonates) kana yakaderera tembiricha pyrolysis, iyo, semuenzaniso, mabhodhoro ePET uye matai akashandiswa anoraswa.

Pasi pepyrolysis nzwisisa kushanduka kwekupisa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa munzvimbo ine anoxic zvachose kana ine shoma kana isina oxygen. Low-temperature pyrolysis inoenderera kune tembiricha ye450-700 ° C uye inotungamirira pakuumbwa kwe, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, pyrolysis gasi, rinosanganisira mhute yemvura, hydrogen, methane, ethane, carbon monoxide uye dioxide, pamwe chete nehydrogen sulfide uye. ammonia, mafuta, tara, mvura uye organic matter, pyrolysis coke uye guruva rine yakakwira simbi inorema. Iyo yekuisa haidi simba rekupa, sezvo inoshanda pane pyrolysis gasi inogadzirwa panguva yekudzokorora.

Kusvikira ku15% yepyrolysis gasi inoshandiswa pakushanda kwekuiswa. Iyo nzira inoberekawo kusvika ku30% pyrolysis liquid, yakafanana nemafuta emafuta, ayo anogona kugoverwa muzvikamu zvakadai se: 30% peturu, solvent, 50% mafuta emafuta uye 20% mafuta emafuta.

Zvimwe zvezvimwe zvechipiri zvakawanikwa kubva kune imwe tani yemarara ndezvi: kusvika ku50% kabhoni pyrocarbonate imarara yakasimba, maererano nehuwandu hwekoriori padyo necoke, inogona kushandiswa sehuni yakasimba, activated carbon yemafirita kana poda. pigment yependi uye kusvika ku5% simbi (stern scrap) panguva yepyrolysis yematairi emotokari.

Dzimba, migwagwa nemafuta edzimotokari

Nzira dzekudzokorodza dzinotsanangurwa dzakakomba maindasitiri. Havawanikwi mumamiriro ese ezvinhu. Mudzidzi weDanish engineering Lisa Fuglsang Vestergaard (9) akauya nezano risingazivikanwe ari muguta reIndia reJoygopalpur kuWest Bengal - wadii kugadzira zvidhinha zvingashandiswa nevanhu kuvaka dzimba kubva mumabhegi akapararira nemapasuru?

9. Lisa Fuglsang Westergaard

Kwakanga kusiri kungoita zvidhinha chete, asi kugadzira hurongwa hwese kuti vanhu vari muchirongwa ichi vabatsirikane. Maererano nehurongwa hwake, tsvina inotanga kuunganidzwa uye, kana zvichidiwa, inocheneswa. Izvo zvakaunganidzwa zvinogadzirwa nekuzvicheka kuita zvidimbu zvidiki nechigero kana mapanga. Iyo yakapwanyika mbishi inoiswa muforoma uye inoiswa pane solar grate apo ipurasitiki inopisa. Mushure meawa imwe, ipurasitiki ichanyunguduka, uye mushure mokunge yatonhora, unogona kubvisa chidhinha chakapedzwa kubva pakuumbwa.

zvidhinha zvepurasitiki vane maburi maviri ayo matanda emushenjere anogona kukwizwa, achigadzira madziro akatsiga pasina kushandisa simende kana zvimwe zvinosunga. Zvadaro madziro epurasitiki akadaro anogona kuiswa nenzira yechinyakare, semuenzaniso, nevhu revhu rinovadzivirira kubva kuzuva. Dzimba dzakagadzirwa nezvidhinha zvepurasitiki dzinewo zvakanakira kuti, kusiyana nezvidhinha zvevhu, dzinopikisa, semuenzaniso, kumvura inonaya, zvinoreva kuti inova yakasimba zvikuru.

Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti tsvina yepurasitiki inoshandiswawo muIndia. kugadzirwa kwemigwagwa. Vese vanogadzira migwagwa munyika vanosungirwa kushandisa marara epurasitiki pamwe nemisanganiswa yebituminous zvinoenderana nehurumende yeIndia mutemo waNovember 2015. Izvi zvinofanirwa kubatsira kugadzirisa dambudziko riri kukura rekudzokorodza kwepurasitiki. Iyi tekinoroji yakagadzirwa naProf. Rajagopalan Vasudevan weMadurai School of Engineering.

Iyo yose nzira iri nyore kwazvo. Marara anotanga kupwanyiwa kusvika pahumwe saizi uchishandisa muchina wakakosha. Vanobva vawedzerwa kune zvakagadzirirwa zvakabatanidzwa. Iyo marara yakazadzwa kumashure inosanganiswa neasphalt inopisa. Mugwagwa unoiswa patembiricha ye110 kusvika 120°C.

Pane zvakawanda zvinobatsira pakushandisa marara epurasitiki pakugadzira migwagwa. Iyo nzira iri nyore uye haidi michina mitsva. Pakirogiramu imwe neimwe yedombo, 50 gramu yeasphalt inoshandiswa. Chimwe chegumi cheizvi chinogona kuva tsvina yepurasitiki, iyo inoderedza kuwanda kweasphalt inoshandiswa. Plastic tsvina inovandudzawo kunaka kwepamusoro.

Martin Olazar, injinjini paYunivhesiti yeBasque Country, akavaka mutsara unonakidza uye ungango vimbisa wekugadzirisa marara mumafuta ehydrocarbon. Chimiro, icho muvambi anotsanangura se mugodhi wekuchenesa, yakavakirwa papyrolysis yebiofuel feedstocks yekushandisa mumainjini.

Olazar yakavaka mhando mbiri dzemitsara yekugadzira. Yekutanga inogadzira biomass. Chechipiri, chinonyanya kufadza, chinoshandiswa kudzoreredza marara epurasitiki kuita zvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa, semuenzaniso, mukugadzira matai. Tsvina inoiswa pasi pekukurumidza pyrolysis process mureactor pane yakaderera tembiricha ye500 ° C, iyo inobatsira kuchengetedza simba.

Pasinei nemazano matsva uye kufambira mberi muhunyanzvi hwekugadzira patsva, chikamu chidiki chete chemamiriyoni mazana matatu ematani emarara epurasitiki anogadzirwa pasi rose gore rega rega anofukidzwa nawo.

Zvinoenderana neongororo yakaitwa neEllen MacArthur Foundation, gumi neshanu muzana chete zvekutakura zvinotumirwa kumidziyo uye 15% chete inodzokororwa. Inenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemapurasitiki anosvibisa zvakatipoteredza, kwaachagara kwemakumi emakore, dzimwe nguva mazana emakore.

Rega marara anyunguduke ega

Kudzokororwa kwemarara epurasitiki ndeimwe yenzira. Izvo zvakakosha, nekuti isu takatogadzira akawanda emarara aya, uye chikamu chikuru cheindastiri chichiri kupa zvakawanda zvezvigadzirwa kubva kumidziyo yemapurasitiki makuru matani akawanda. Zvisinei nekufamba kwenguva, kukosha kwehupfumi hwemapurasitiki anoodegradable, zvigadzirwa zvechizvarwa chitsva, semuenzaniso, pane zvinobva kune starch, polylactic acid kana ... silika, inogona kuwedzera..

10. D2w mabhegi emarara embwa anogona kuparara.

Kugadzirwa kwezvinhu izvi kuchiri kudhura, sezvinowanzoitwa nemhinduro itsva. Nekudaro, bhiri rese harigone kufuratirwa sezvo vasingabatanidzi mitengo ine chekuita nekudzokorora uye kuraswa.

Imwe yemafungiro anonyanya kufadza mumunda wezvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki zvinogadzirwa kubva ku polyethylene, polypropylene uye polystyrene, inoratidzika seyo teknolojia inobva pakushandiswa kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuwedzera mukugadzirwa kwavo, inozivikanwa nemagungano. d2w (10) kana MOTO.

Kunyanya kuzivikanwa, kusanganisira muPoland, kwemakore akati wandei ikozvino ndiyo d2w chigadzirwa cheBritish kambani Symphony Environmental. Icho chinowedzera chekugadzira mapurasitiki akapfava uye semi-akaomesesa, kubva kwatinoda kukurumidza, kune hushamwari kuzvidzora. Nehunyanzvi, iyo d2w oparesheni inonzi oxybiodegradation yemapurasitiki. Kuita uku kunosanganisira kuora kwechinhu chacho mumvura, carbon dioxide, biomass uye trace elements pasina zvimwe zvakasara uye pasina methane emission.

Iro zita regeneric d2w rinoreva huwandu hwemakemikari akawedzerwa panguva yekugadzira sekuwedzera kune polyethylene, polypropylene uye polystyrene. Iyo inonzi d2w prodegradant, iyo inotsigira uye inomhanyisa maitiro echisikigo ekuora semugumisiro wepesvedzero yezvimwe zvakasarudzwa zvinokurudzira kuora, sekushisa, chiedza chezuva, kudzvinyirira, kukanganisa kwemagetsi kana kutambanudza nyore.

Chemical degradation ye polyethylene, inosanganisira kabhoni uye hydrogen maatomu, kunoitika kana kabhoni-kabhoni bond ikaputswa, iyo inozoderedza huremu hwema molecular uye inotungamirira mukurasikirwa kwesimba reketani uye kusimba. Kutenda kune d2w, maitiro ekudzikisira zvinhu akaderedzwa kusvika kumazuva makumi matanhatu. Nguva yekuzorora - iyo yakakosha, semuenzaniso, mukurongedza tekinoroji - inogona kurongwa panguva yekugadzirwa kwezvinhu nekudzora zvakakodzera zvirimo uye marudzi ekuwedzera. Kana yangotanga, maitiro ekudzikisira achaenderera mberi kusvika kuparara kwakazara kwechigadzirwa, chingave chakadzika pasi pevhu, pasi pemvura kana kunze.

Zvidzidzo zvakaitwa kuratidza kuti kuzviparadzanisa kubva kud2w kwakachengeteka. Mapurasitiki ane d2w akatoedzwa mumarabhoritari eEurope. Rabhoritari yeSmithers/RAPRA yakaedza kukodzera kwed2w pakubata chikafu uye yakashandiswa nevatengesi vakuru vezvekudya muEngland kwemakore akati wandei. Iyo yekuwedzera haina chepfu uye yakachengeteka kune ivhu.

Ehe, mhinduro dzakaita se d2w hadzisi kuzokurumidza kutsiva iyo yakambotsanangurwa kudzokorodza, asi inogona zvishoma nezvishoma kupinda maitiro ekudzokorodza. Pakupedzisira, prodegradant inogona kuwedzerwa kune zvigadzirwa zvinokonzerwa nemaitiro aya, uye tinowana oxybiodegradable material.

Nhanho inotevera mapurasitiki, ayo anoora pasina chero maindasitiri maitiro. Zvakadai, semuenzaniso, seaya ayo e-ultra-thin emagetsi maseketi anogadzirwa, ayo anonyungudika mushure mekuita basa ravo mumuviri wemunhu., yakapiwa kekutanga muna October gore rakapera.

Invention kunyunguduka kwemagetsi maseketi chikamu chezvidzidzo zvakakura zvezvinonzi kukurumidza - kana, kana uchida, "nguva" - zvemagetsi () uye zvinhu zvinopera mushure mekupedza basa ravo. Masayendisiti akatogadzira nzira yekugadzira machipisi kubva kune akaonda zvakanyanya, anonzi nanomembrane. Vanonyungudika mukati memazuva mashoma kana mavhiki. Kureba kwekuita uku kunotaridzwa nehunhu hwesiriki layer inovhara masisitimu. Vatsvagiri vane kugona kudzora zvivakwa izvi, kureva, nekusarudza iyo yakakodzera layer paramita, vanosarudza kuti inguva yakareba sei icharamba ichidzivirira zvachose kune system.

Sezvo BBC yakatsanangura Prof. Fiorenzo Omenetto weTufts University kuU.S: “Midziyo yemagetsi inonyungudika inoshanda zvakavimbika semasekete echinyakare, ichinyunguduka kune kwaanosvika munzvimbo yaari, panguva yakatarwa nemugadziri. Inogona kuva mazuva kana makore. "

Maererano naProf. John Rogers weYunivhesiti yeI Illinois, achiwana mikana uye mashandisirwo ezvakadzorwa kunyungudika zvinhu zvichiri kuuya. Zvichida zvinonyanya kufadza tarisiro dzechigadzirwa ichi mumunda wekuraswa kwemarara ezvakatipoteredza.

Mabhakitiriya achabatsira here?

Soluble mapurasitiki ndeimwe yemaitiro emangwana, zvichireva kuti shanduko yakanangana nezvinhu zvitsva zvachose. Chechipiri, tsvaga nzira dzekukurumidza kuora zvinhu zvinokuvadza zvakatipoteredza izvo zvatova munharaunda uye zvingava zvakanaka kana zvikanyangarika kubva ipapo.

Munguva pfupi yapfuura Kyoto Institute of Technology yakaongorora kuparara kwemazana akati wandei emabhodhoro epurasitiki. Mukati mekutsvakurudza, zvakaonekwa kuti kune utachiona hunogona kuora mapurasitiki. Vakamudaidza . Kuwanikwa kwacho kwakatsanangurwa mumagazini ine mukurumbira Sainzi.

Ichi chisikwa chinoshandisa ma enzymes maviri kubvisa iyo PET polymer. Imwe inokonzeresa kuita kwemakemikari kuputsa mamorekuru, imwe inobatsira kuburitsa simba. Utachiona hwakawanikwa mune imwe yemasampuli mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu akatorwa munharaunda yePET bhodhoro recycling chirimwa. Yaiva yeboka rezvipembenene zvakaora PET membrane pamusoro pachiyero che250 mg/cm² pazuva pa130°C. Masayendisiti akakwanisawo kuwana seti yakafanana yezvipembenene zvisina, asi zvisingakwanisi metabolize PET. Zvidzidzo izvi zvakaratidza kuti zvechokwadi yakaita biodegrade plastiki.

Kuti uwane simba kubva kuPET, bhakitiriya rinotanga hydrolyzes PET neine enzyme yechirungu (PET hydrolase) kuenda ku mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid (MBET), iyo inobva yaitwa hydrolyzed muchinhanho chinotevera uchishandisa enzyme yeChirungu (MBET hydrolase) . pamapurasitiki ekutanga monomers: ethylene glycol uye terephthalic acid. Utachiona hunogona kushandisa makemikari aya zvakananga kugadzira simba (11).

11. PET kuderedzwa nebhakitiriya 

Sezvineiwo, zvinotora mavhiki matanhatu akazara uye mamiriro akakodzera (kusanganisira tembiricha ye30 ° C) kuti boka rose riburitse chidimbu chitete chepurasitiki. Izvo hazvichinje chokwadi chekuti kuwanikwa kunogona kushandura chiso chekudzokorodza.

Hatina kutongerwa kugara nemarara epurasitiki akapararira munzvimbo yese (12). Sezvichangobva kuwanikwa zvakawanikwa mumunda wezvekushandisa sainzi zvinoratidza, tinogona kubvisa yakakura uye yakaoma-kubvisa-purasitiki zvachose. Nekudaro, kunyangwe tikakurumidza kuchinjika kune yakazara biodegradable plastiki, isu nevana vedu tichafanirwa kutarisana nezvakasara kwenguva yakareba iri kuuya. nguva yepurasitiki yakaraswa. Zvichida ichi chichava chidzidzo chakanaka kuvanhu, icho chisingazomboregi tekinoroji pasina imwe pfungwa yechipiri nekuti yakachipa uye yakanakira?