Miganhu yefizikisi uye kuyedza kwemuviri

Makore zana apfuura, mamiriro ezvinhu mufizikisi akanga akasiyana chaizvo nemazuva ano. Mumaoko emasayendisiti maiva nemigumisiro yekuedza kwakasimbiswa, yakadzokororwa kakawanda, iyo, zvisinei, kazhinji yaisagona kutsanangurwa uchishandisa dzidziso dzenyama dziripo. Chiitiko chakatangira dzidziso zvakajeka. Vemafungidziro vaifanira kutanga kushanda.

Parizvino, chiyero chiri kurerekera kune ve theorists vane mamodheru akasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune zvinoonekwa kubva kune zvinogoneka kuyedza senge tambo dzidziso. Uye zvinoita sekunge kune akawanda uye akawanda asina kugadziriswa matambudziko mufizikisi (1).

1. Iyo inonyanya kukosha yemazuva ano maitiro uye matambudziko mufizikisi - kuona

Nyanzvi yefizikisi yekuPoland ine mukurumbira, prof. Andrzej Staruszkiewicz panguva ye "Limits of Knowledge in Physics" gakava muna June 2010 paIgnatianum Academy muKrakow akati: “Chikamu chezivo chakakura zvikuru muzana remakore rapfuura, asi basa rokusaziva rakatowedzera. (…) Kuwanikwa kwe general relativity uye quantum mechanics budiriro huru dzemifungo yemunhu, inofananidzwa neiyo yaNewton, asi zvinotungamira kumubvunzo wehukama pakati pezvimiro zviviri izvi, mubvunzo une chiyero chekuoma kunzwisisa chinokatyamadza. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, mibvunzo inomuka inomuka: tinogona kuzviita here? Kutsunga kwedu uye kuda kwedu kusvika pasi pechokwadi kuchaenderana nematambudziko atinosangana nawo here?”

Experimental stalemate

Kwemwedzi yakati wandei ikozvino, nyika yefizikisi yanga yakabatikana kupfuura nguva dzose nekukakavadzana kwakawanda. Mupepanhau Nature, George Ellis naJoseph Silk vakabudisa chinyorwa mukudzivirira kuvimbika kwefizikisi, vachitsoropodza avo vari kuwedzera kugadzirira kumbomira kuedza kuedza dzidziso dzemazuva ano dze cosmological kusvika "mangwana" risingagumi. Dzinofanirwa kuva dze "kunaka kwakakwana" uye kukosha kwekutsanangura. "Izvi zvinotyora tsika dzesainzi dzagara mazana emakore dzekuti ruzivo rwesainzi ruzivo rwakasimbiswa zvine simba," masayendisiti anotinhira. Iwo echokwadi anoratidza zvakajeka "yekuedza impasse" mufizikisi yemazuva ano.

Dzidziso dzazvino pamusoro pemasikirwo uye chimiro chenyika neChadenga, sekutonga, hazvigone kusimbiswa nekuedza kunowanikwa kuvanhu.

Nekuwana iyo Higgs boson, masayendisiti "apedza" iyo Standard Model. Nekudaro, iyo nyika yefizikisi iri kure nekugutsikana. Isu tinoziva nezvese quarks uye leptons, asi isu hatizive nzira yekuyananisa izvi nedzidziso yaEinstein yegiravhiti. Isu hatizive nzira yekubatanidza quantum mechanics negiravhiti kugadzira fungidziro yedzidziso yequantum gravity. Isu hatizivewo kuti Big Bang chii (kana kana yakanyatsoitika!) (2).

Parizvino, ngatizviti classical fizikisi, nhanho inotevera mushure meiyo Standard Model is supersymmetry, iyo inofanotaura kuti chese chepakutanga chidimbu chinozivikanwa kwatiri chine "shamwari".

Izvi zvinopeta nekaviri huwandu hwese hwezvivharo zvezvinhu, asi dzidziso inokwana zvakakwana muyemasvomhu equation uye, zvakakosha, inopa mukana wekuburitsa chakavanzika che cosmic rima nyaya. Inoramba ichingomirira mibairo yezviedzo paLarge Hadron Collider, iyo inosimbisa kuvepo kwesupersymmetric particles.

Zvisinei, hapana zvakawanikwa zvakadaro zvakambonzwika kubva kuGeneva. Ehezve, uku ndiko chete kutanga kweshanduro nyowani yeLHC, ine kaviri simba rekukanganisa (mushure mekugadzirisa uye kukwidziridzwa kwazvino). Mumwedzi mishomanana, vanogona kunge vachipfura champagne corks mukupemberera supersymmetry. Zvisinei, kana izvi zvisina kuitika, nyanzvi dzefizikiki dzakawanda dzinotenda kuti dzidziso dzepamusoro dzinofanira kubviswa zvishoma nezvishoma, pamwe chete netambo yepamusoro, iyo inobva pane supersymmetry. Nekuti kana iyo Large Collider ikasasimbisa idzi dzidziso, zvino chii?

Zvisinei, kune mamwe masayendisiti asingafungi kudaro. Nokuti dzidziso ye supersymmetry yakanyanyisa "yakanaka kuva isina kururama."

Naizvozvo, ivo vanovavarira kuongorora zvakare maequation avo kuti varatidze kuti masasi esupersymmetric particles ari kunze kweiyo LHC. The theorists vakarurama chaizvo. Mamodheru avo akanaka pakutsanangura zviitiko zvinogona kuyerwa nekuongororwa nekuyedza. Saka mumwe anogona kubvunza kuti nei tichifanira kusabvisa kukudziridzwa kweiyo dzidziso isu (zvakadaro) isu hatigone kuziva empirically. Iyi inzira ine musoro uye yesainzi here?

nyika kubva pasina

Sainzi dzechisikigo, kunyanya fizikisi, dzinobva paruzivo rwokuzviwanira, ndiko kuti, pakutenda kuti tinogona kutsanangura chinhu chiri chose tichishandisa masimba echisiko. Basa resainzi rakaderedzwa kusvika pakufunga hukama pakati pehuwandu hwakasiyana hunotsanangura zviitiko kana zvimwe zvimiro zviripo muzvisikwa. Fizikisi haina kutarisana nezvinetso zvisingagoni kurondedzerwa nemasvomhu, zvisingagoni kudzokororwa. Ichi ndicho, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, chikonzero chekubudirira kwayo. Rondedzero yemasvomhu inoshandiswa kuenzanisira maitikiro echisikigo yakaratidza kuva inoshanda zvakanyanya. Kubudirira kwesainzi yemusikirwo kwakaguma neruzivo rwavo rweuzivi. Nhungamiro dzakaita senge mechanistic philosophy kana zvesainzi zvinhu zvakagadzirwa, izvo zvakatamisa mhedzisiro yesainzi yechisikigo, yakawanikwa isati yapera yezana ramakore rechiXNUMX, mumunda wehuzivi.

Zvaiita sekuti isu taigona kuziva nyika yese, kuti kune determinism yakakwana mumasikirwo, nekuti isu tinogona kuona kuti mapuraneti achafamba sei mumamiriyoni emakore, kana mafambiro aakaita mamiriyoni emakore apfuura. Izvi zvakabudirira zvakapa kudada kunobvisa pfungwa dzevanhu. Kusvika pamwero wakasimba, methodological naturalism inokurudzira kuvandudzwa kwesayenzi yechisikigo kunyange nhasi. Pane, zvisinei, mamwe mapoinzi ekucheka anoita seanotaridza kuganhurirwa kwemaitiro echisikigo.

Kana Universe inogumira muhuwandu uye yakasimuka "pasina chinhu" (3), pasina kuputsa mitemo yekuchengetedza simba, somuenzaniso, sekuchinja-chinja, saka hapafaniri kuva nekuchinja mairi. Panguva ino, tiri kuvatarisa. Kuedza kugadzirisa dambudziko iri pahwaro hwefizikisi yequantum, tinosvika pakugumisa kuti mucherechedzi anoziva chete ndiye anoita kuti kuvepo kwenyika yakadaro. Ndosaka tichishamisika kuti sei iyo yatinogara mairi yakagadzirwa kubva kune dzakawanda dzakasiyana universes. Saka tinosvika pakugumisa kuti kana munhu akaonekwa paPasi, nyika - sezvatinoona - "yakava" chaizvo ...

Kuyera kunobata sei zviitiko zvakaitika bhiriyoni makore apfuura?

4. Wheeler experiment - kuona

Mumwe wenyanzvi dzefizikisi dzemazuvano, John Archibald Wheeler, akaronga imwe vhezheni yemuchadenga yeyeyedzo ine mbiri yekutsemura. Mumagadzirirwo ake epfungwa, chiedza chinobva kuquasar, chiedza chemakore bhiriyoni kubva kwatiri, chinofamba nemativi maviri akapesana eboka renyeredzi (4). Kana vacherechedzi vakacherechedza imwe neimwe yenzira idzi zvakasiyana, vachaona mafotoni. Kana vari vaviri kamwechete, ivo vachaona masaisai. Saka chiito chaicho chekucherechedza chinoshandura chimiro chechiedza chakasiya quasar makore bhiriyoni apfuura!

Kuna Wheeler, zviri pamusoro apa zvinoratidza kuti chadenga hachigoni kuvapo mupfungwa yenyama, pamwe chete nepfungwa yatakajaira kunzwisisa “chimiro chemuviri”. Hazvigone kunge zvakaitika munguva yakapfuura zvakare, kusvikira ... tatora chiyero. Nokudaro, chimiro chedu chemazuva ano chinokanganisa zvekare. Nekutarisa kwedu, kuona uye kuyerwa, tinogadzirisa zviitiko zvekare, mukati menguva, kusvika ... kutanga kweChisiko!

Neil Turk wePerimeter Institute muWaterloo, Canada, akataura muchinyorwa chaJuly cheNew Scientist kuti “hatigoni kunzwisisa zvatinowana. Dzidziso inova yakawanda uye yakaoma uye yakaoma. Isu tinozvikanda mudambudziko neminda inoteedzana, zviyero uye symmetries, kunyangwe nechipanera, asi isu hatigone kutsanangura zviri nyore chokwadi. " Nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzakawanda sezviri pachena dzinoshatiriswa neidi rokuti nzendo dzepfungwa dzevanyanzvi vemazuva ano, dzakadai sezviri pamusoro apa kana kuti dzidziso ye<em>superstring, hadzina chokuita nokuedza kuri kuitwa panguva ino mumarabhoritari, uye hapana nzira yokuzviedza nayo nokuedza.

Munyika ye quantum, iwe unofanirwa kutarisa wakafara

Sezvakataurwa nemubairo weNobel Richard Feynman, hapana anonyatsoziva nyika yehuwandu. Kusiyana nenyika yakanaka yekare yeNewtonian, umo kudyidzana kwemiviri miviri nehumwe ruzhinji kunoverengerwa neequation, mu quantum mechanics tine equations kubva kwaasinganyanyi kutevera, asi mhedzisiro yehunhu hunoshamisa hunocherechedzwa mukuyedza. Zvinhu zve quantum physics hazvifanirwe kuve nechekuita nechero chinhu "chemuviri", uye maitiro avo idomasi yeabstract multi-dimensional space inonzi Hilbert space.

Pane shanduko dzinotsanangurwa neiyo Schrödinger equation, asi nei chaizvo zvisingazivikanwe. Izvi zvinogona kuchinjwa here? Zvinotoita here kuwana mitemo yehuwandu kubva pamisimboti yefizikisi, sezvo mitemo nemisimboti yakawanda, semuenzaniso, ine chekuita nekufamba kwemitumbi iri kunze, yakabva mumitemo yaNewton? Masayendisiti kubva kuYunivhesiti yePavia muItaly Giacomo Mauro D'Ariano, Giulio Ciribella naPaolo Perinotti vanopokana kuti kunyange quantum phenomena inonyatsopesana nepfungwa dzakajairika inogona kuwanikwa mukuyedzwa kunoyerwa. Chaunongoda chete maonero akanaka - Zvichida kusanzwisisa kwehuwandu hwemigumisiro kunokonzerwa nekuona kusina kukwana kwakafara kwavari. Zvinoenderana neambotaurwa masayendisiti muNew Scientist, kuyedza kunoreva uye kunoyerwa muquantum mechanics kunofanirwa kusangana nemamiriro akati wandei. Ichi chi:

• causality - zviitiko zvenguva yemberi hazvigone kukanganisa zviitiko zvekare;
• kusiyanisa - inoti tinofanira kukwanisa kuparadzanisa kubva kune mumwe sevakaparadzana;
• kuumbwa - kana tichiziva matanho ose ekugadzirisa, tinoziva maitiro ose;
• kudzvinyirira - kune nzira dzekufambisa ruzivo rwakakosha nezve chip pasina kutamisa chip yese;
• tomography - kana isu tine hurongwa hune zvikamu zvakawanda, nhamba dzezviyero nezvikamu zvakakwana kuratidza mamiriro ehurongwa hwose.

MaItaliya anoda kuwedzera misimboti yavo yekucheneswa, maonero akatambanuka, uye kuyedza zvine musoro kusanganisa kusadzorereka kwechiitiko che thermodynamic uye musimboti wekukura kwe entropy, izvo zvisingafadzi vefizikisi. Zvichida pano, zvakare, kucherechedzwa uye kuyerwa kunokanganiswa nezvigadzirwa zvemaonero akatetepa kwazvo kuti anzwisise hurongwa hwese. “Chokwadi chinokosha chedzidziso ye<em>quantum ndechokuti chinjo dzine ruzha, dzisingachinjiki dzinogona kuitwa kuti dzigadziriswe nokuwedzera marongerwo matsva pakurondedzera,” anodaro musayendisiti wokuItaly Giulio Ciribella muhurukuro neNew Scientist.

Nehurombo, vanokahadzika vanoti, "kucheneswa" kwezviedzo uye kuyera kwakafara maonero kunogona kutungamirira kune yakawanda-yenyika fungidziro umo chero mhedzisiro inogoneka uye umo masayendisiti, achifunga kuti ari kuyera nzira chaiyo yezviitiko, "sarudza" a. kumwe kuenderera mberi nekuayera.

5. Maoko enguva ari muchimiro chemaoko wachi

Hapana nguva?

Pfungwa yezvinonzi miseve yenguva (5) yakaunzwa muna 1927 neBritish astrophysicist Arthur Eddington. Uyu museve unoratidza nguva, iyo inogara ichiyerera mune imwe nzira, i.e. kubva kare kusvika kune ramangwana, uye iyi nzira haigoni kuchinjwa. Stephen Hawking, mubhuku rake rinonzi A Brief History of Time, akanyora kuti kusagadzikana kunowedzera nekufamba kwenguva nokuti tinoyera nguva nenzira iyo nyonganyonga inowedzera. Izvi zvinoreva kuti tine sarudzo - isu tinogona, semuenzaniso, kutanga kuona zvimedu zvegirazi rakaputsika zvakapararira pasi, ipapo nguva iyo girazi rinowira pasi, ipapo girazi mumhepo, uye pakupedzisira muruoko rwe. munhu akaibata. Iko hakuna mutemo wesainzi wekuti "museve wepfungwa wenguva" unofanirwa kuenda munzira imwechete semuseve wethermodynamic, uye entropy yehurongwa inowedzera. Zvisinei, masayendisiti akawanda anodavira kuti ikoku kwakadaro nemhaka yokuti chinjo dzine simba dzinoitika muuropi hwomunhu, zvakafanana nezvatinoona muchisiko. Uropi hune simba rekuita, kucherekedza uye kufunga, nekuti "injini" yemunhu inopisa mafuta-chikafu uye, senge mujini yekupisa yemukati, maitiro aya haadzoke.

Nekudaro, pane zviitiko apo, uchichengetedza kutungamira kwakafanana kwemuseve wepfungwa wenguva, entropy ese ari maviri anowedzera uye anoderera mune akasiyana masisitimu. Semuenzaniso, kana uchichengetedza data mundangariro yekombuta. Iwo mamodule endangariro mumuchina anoenda kubva kune isina kurongeka kuenda kune disk kunyora kurongeka. Saka, iyo entropy mukombuta inoderedzwa. Zvisinei, chero nyanzvi yefizikiki ichataura kuti kubva pakuona kwezvose zvakasikwa - iri kukura, nokuti inotora simba rekunyora kune diski, uye simba iri rinoputika nenzira yekupisa kunogadzirwa nemichina. Saka pane kushomeka kudiki "kwepfungwa" kumitemo yakagadzwa yefizikisi. Zvakaoma kuti isu tifunge kuti izvo zvinobuda neruzha kubva kune fan zvinonyanya kukosha kupfuura kurekodha kwebasa kana imwe kukosha mundangariro. Ko kana mumwe munhu akanyora paPC yavo nharo inopidigura fizikisi yemazuva ano, yakabatana simba dzidziso, kana Theory yezvese? Zvingava zvakatiomera kubvuma pfungwa yokuti, pasinei zvapo naikoku, nyongano huru muchisiko chapose pose yawedzera.

Kare muna 1967, Wheeler-DeWitt equation yakaonekwa, kubva iyo yakatevera iyo nguva yakadaro haipo. Yakanga iri kuedza kusanganisa masvomhu pfungwa dze quantum mechanics uye general relativity, nhanho yakananga kudzidziso ye quantum gravity, i.e. Dzidziso Yezvese inodiwa nemasayendisiti ese. Yakanga isati yasvika muna 1983 apo nyanzvi dzefizikiki Don Page naWilliam Wutters vakapa tsananguro yokuti dambudziko renguva rinogona kudziviswa vachishandisa pfungwa yehuwandu hwekubatanidza. Zvinoenderana nepfungwa yavo, chete zvimiro zveiyo yatotsanangurwa system inogona kuyerwa. Kubva pamaonero emasvomhu, chikumbiro ichi chaireva kuti wachi haishande iri yoga kubva kuhurongwa uye inongotanga kana yapindwa nechimwe chinhu. Nekudaro, kana mumwe munhu akatitarisa kubva kune chimwe chakasikwa, vaizotiona sezvinhu zvakamira, uye kungosvika kwavo kwatiri kwaizokonzera kubatwa kwehuwandu uye kuita kuti tinzwe kufamba kwenguva.

Iyi fungidziro yakagadzira hwaro hwebasa revasayendisiti kubva kusangano rekutsvaga muTurin, Italy. Fizikisi Marco Genovese akasarudza kuvaka modhi iyo inofunga nezve quantum entanglement. Zvaive zvichibvira kudzokorora chimiro chemuviri chinoratidza kurongeka kwekufunga uku. Muenzaniso weUniverse wakagadzirwa, unosanganisira mafotoni maviri.

Imwe peya yaive yakanangana - vertically polarized, uye imwe yakatwasuka. Yavo quantum mamiriro, uye saka polarization yavo, inobva yaonekwa nenhevedzano yema detectors. Zvinoitika kuti kusvika kucherechedzwa kunozopedzisira kwagadzirisa chimiro chekutaura chasvika, mafotoni ari mu classical quantum superposition, i.e. dzakanga dzakanangidzirwa zvose zviri zviviri zvakadzika uye zvakachinjika. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mucherechedzi anoverenga wachi anoona quantum entanglement inobata chadenga chaanova chikamu chacho. Mucherechedzi akadaro anobva akwanisa kuona polarization yeanotevedzana mafotoni zvichibva pane quantum probability.

Iyi pfungwa inoedza zvikuru nokuti inotsanangura matambudziko akawanda, asi inotungamira kune kudiwa kwe "super-observer" uyo angave ari pamusoro pezvipimo zvose uye aizotonga zvose zvakazara.

6. Multiverse - Visualization

Zvatinoona uye zvatinoona se "nguva" ichokwadi chigadzirwa chekuchinja kwepasirese kuri kuitika munyika yakatitenderedza. Sezvo isu tichinyura mukati menyika yeatomu, mapurotoni nemafotoni, tinoona kuti iyo pfungwa yenguva inova shoma uye isinganyanye kukosha. Maererano nemasayendisiti, wachi inotiperekedza zuva rega rega, kubva pakuona kwenyama, haiyere kupfuura kwayo, asi inotibatsira kuronga hupenyu hwedu. Kune avo vakajaira pfungwa dzeNewtonian dzenguva yepasi rose uye inosanganisa zvese, pfungwa idzi dzinokatyamadza. Asi havasi vezvetsika vesainzi chete vasingaagamuchiri. Nyanzvi yefizikisi ine mukurumbira Lee Smolin, akambotaurwa nesu semumwe wevanogona kuhwina mubairo weNobel wegore rino, anotenda kuti nguva iripo uye ndeyechokwadi. Pane imwe nguva - kufanana nevakawanda vefizikisi - akapokana kuti nguva ndeyekunyepedzera.

Zvino, mubhuku rake Reborn Time, anotora maonero akasiyana zvachose efizikisi uye anotsoropodza dzidziso yakakurumbira yetambo munharaunda yesainzi. Maererano naye, marudzi akasiyana-siyana haako (6) nokuti tinogara munzvimbo imwe chete uye panguva imwe chete. Anotenda kuti nguva ndiyo inonyanya kukosha uye kuti ruzivo rwedu rwechokwadi chenguva ino haisi yekufungidzira, asi kiyi yekunzwisisa kukosha kwechokwadi.

Entropy zero

Sandu Popescu, Tony Short, Noah Linden (7) naAndreas Winter vakatsanangura zvavakawana muna 2009 mugwaro rePhysical Review E, iro rakaratidza kuti zvinhu zvinowana kuenzana, kureva mamiriro ekugovera simba kwakafanana, nekupinda mumatunhu ekuti quantum entanglement nekwavo. zvakapoteredza. Muna 2012, Tony Short akaratidza kuti kusungirirwa kunokonzeresa kuenzana kwenguva. Kana chinhu chichidyidzana nemhoteredzo, sekuti kana zvimedu zviri mukapu yekofi zvichidhumhana nemhepo, ruzivo nezvezvivakwa zvavo "runodonhedza" kunze uye "rusina kujeka" munzvimbo yese. Kurasikirwa kwemashoko kunokonzera kuti mamiriro ekofi adzike, kunyange sezvo mamiriro ehutsanana hwekamuri yose iri kuramba ichichinja. Maererano naPopescu, mamiriro ake ezvinhu anomira kuchinja nekufamba kwenguva.

7. Noah Linden, Sandu Popescu naTony Short

Sezvo hutsanana hwekamuri hunochinja, kofi inogona kumira kamwe kamwe kusanganiswa nemhepo uye inopinda mumamiriro ayo akachena. Nekudaro, kune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzakasanganiswa nenharaunda kupfuura kune dzakachena nyika dzinowanikwa kune kofi, uye nekudaro hazvimboitika. Kusaitika kwezviverengero uku kunopa pfungwa yekuti museve wenguva haudzoreki. Dambudziko remuseve wenguva rakasvibiswa ne quantum mechanics, zvichiita kuti zviome kuona zvisikwa.

Chinhu chekutanga hachina chaiwo zvimiro zvemuviri uye chinotemerwa chete nemukana wekuve mumatunhu akasiyana. Somuenzaniso, chero nguva ipi zvayo, chimedu chingava nemukana we50 kubva muzana wekucheuka newachi uye mukana we50 muzana wekutendeukira kune rimwe divi. Theorem, yakasimbiswa neruzivo rwefizikisi John Bell, inotaura kuti mamiriro echokwadi echikamu haapo uye kuti ivo vanosiiwa kuti vatungamirirwe nemukana.

Ipapo quantum kusavimbika kunotungamira mukuvhiringidzika. Kana zvimedu zviviri zvapindirana, hazvigone kana kutsanangurwa pachezvazvo, zvakazvimiririra zvichigadzira mikana inozivikanwa seyakachena nyika. Pane kudaro, ivo vanove vakapindwa muropa zvikamu zveyakaomesesa mukana wekugovera izvo zvese zvimedu zvinotsanangura pamwechete. Uku kugovera kunogona kusarudza, semuenzaniso, kana zvimedu zvichatenderera zvakatarisana. Iyo sisitimu yese iri mune yakachena mamiriro, asi mamiriro ega ega ma particles anobatanidzwa nechimwe chimedu.

Saka, ese ari maviri anogona kufamba makore mazhinji-chiedza akaparadzana, uye kutenderera kwechimwe nechimwe kucharamba kwakabatana neimwe.

Dzidziso itsva yemuseve wenguva inotsanangura izvi sekurasikirwa kweruzivo nekuda kwehuwandu hwekubatanidza, iyo inotumira kapu yekofi mukuenzanisa nekamuri yakapoteredza. Pakupedzisira, imba yacho inosvika pakuenzana nemhoteredzo yaro, uye iyo, zvakare, inosvika zvishoma nezvishoma kuenzana nezvimwe zvese zvakasikwa. Masayendisiti ekare aidzidza nezve thermodynamics aiona nzira iyi sekuparara kwesimba zvishoma nezvishoma, kuwedzera entropy yepasirese.

Nhasi, nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzinotenda kuti ruzivo runowedzera kupararira, asi haamboperi zvachose. Kunyangwe entropy ichiwedzera munharaunda, vanotenda kuti yakazara entropy yepasirese inoramba yakamira pazero. Nekudaro, chimwe chikamu chemuseve wenguva chinoramba chisina kugadziriswa. Masayendisiti anopikisa kuti kukwanisa kwemunhu kuyeuka zvakapfuura, asi kwete remangwana, kunogonawo kunzwisiswa sekuumbwa kwehukama pakati pezvikamu zvinopindirana. Patinoverenga meseji pabepa, uropi hunotaurirana nahwo kuburikidza nemaphoton anosvika kumaziso.

Kubva zvino zvichienda mberi ndipo patingayeuke zvatiri kuudzwa neshoko iri. Popescu anotenda kuti dzidziso itsva haitsananguri kuti sei mamiriro ekutanga epasirese aive kure nekuenzana, achiwedzera kuti chimiro cheBig Bang chinofanira kutsanangurwa. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vakaratidza kusava nechokwadi pamusoro peiyi nzira itsva, asi kukurudzirwa kweiyi pfungwa uye itsva yemasvomhu formalism ikozvino inobatsira kugadzirisa matambudziko ezvinyorwa zve thermodynamics.

Svikira kune zviyo zvemuchadenga-nguva

Black hole physics inoita seinoratidza, sezvinoratidzwa nemamwe masvomhu, kuti chadenga chedu hachina mativi matatu zvachose. Pasinei nezvatinoudzwa nenjere dzedu, chokwadi chakatipoteredza chingava hologram—chiratidzo chendege iri kure iyo chaizvoizvo ine mativi maviri. Kana mufananidzo wechisiko chapose pose uyu wakarurama, fungidziro yechimiro chemativi matatu enguva yechadenga inogona kubviswa kana maturusi ekutsvakurudza atiinawo anyatsonzwisisa. Craig Hogan, purofesa wefizikisi paFermilab uyo akapedza makore achifunda chimiro chinokosha chechisiko chapose pose, anokarakadza kuti iyi nhanho ichangobva kusvikwa.

8. GEO600 Gravitational Wave Detector

Kana chadenga chiri hologram, saka pamwe tangosvika pamiganho yekugadziriswa kwechokwadi. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzinosimudzira fungidziro inokatyamadza yekuti nguva-yatinogara mairi haisi kuzoenderera mberi, asi, semufananidzo wedhijitari, iri padanho rayo rekutanga rinoumbwa nemamwe "zviyo" kana "pixels." Kana zvakadaro, chokwadi chedu chinofanira kuve nerumwe rudzi rwekupedzisira "resolution". Aya ndiwo madudziro evamwe vaongorori "ruzha" rwakaonekwa mumhedzisiro yeGEO600 gravitational wave detector (8).

Kuti vaedze iyi pfungwa inoshamisa, Craig Hogan, nyanzvi yefizikisi yegiravhiti yemafungu, iye nechikwata chake vakagadzira interferometer yakarurama kwazvo pasi rose, inonzi Hogan holometer, iyo yakagadzirirwa kuyera chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chenguva-yenguva nenzira yakarurama zvikuru. Chiyedzo, chakanzi Fermilab E-990, hachisi chimwe chezvimwe zvakawanda. Iyi ine chinangwa chekuratidza huwandu hwenzvimbo pachayo uye kuvapo kweinonzi nesainzi "holographic noise".

Iyo holometer ine mainterferometer maviri akaiswa parutivi. Ivo vanonangisa imwe kilowatt laser matanda pane mudziyo unoapatsanura kuita maviri perpendicular matanda akareba mamita makumi mana, ayo anoratidzwa nekudzokera kunzvimbo yakatsemuka, achigadzira kuchinjika mukupenya kwemwenje wemwenje (40). Kana vakakonzera kumwe kufamba mumudziyo wekuparadzanisa, izvi zvichava humbowo hwekudedera kwenzvimbo pachayo.

9. Graphic inomiririra yekuedza holographic

Dambudziko guru rechikwata chaHogan ndere kuratidza kuti mhedzisiro yavakawana haisi kungovhiringika kunokonzerwa nezvinhu zviri kunze kwekumisikidzwa kwekuyedzwa, asi mhedzisiro yekuzunguzika-nguva. Naizvozvo, magirazi anoshandiswa muinterferometer anozowiriraniswa nemafafitera eese madiki ruzha runobva kunze kwechishandiso uye anotorwa neakakosha masensa.

Anthropic universe

Kuti nyika nemunhu zvivepo mairi, mitemo yefizikisi inofanirwa kuve nechimiro chakanyatsojeka, uye zvimiro zvemuviri zvinofanirwa kunge zvine hunhu hwakasarudzika ... uye ndizvo! Sei?

Ngatitangei nenyaya yekuti kune marudzi mana ekudyidzana muChadenga: giravitational (kudonha, mapuraneti, magalaxi), electromagnetic (atomu, zvidimbu, friction, elasticity, chiedza), nyukireya isina simba (kunobva simba renyeredzi) uye nyukireya yakasimba ( inosunga mapurotoni nemanyuturoni kuita nuclei yeatomu). Simba regiravhiti rakaderera ka1039 pane electromagnetism. Dai yaive isina kusimba zvishoma, nyeredzi dzaizoreruka kupfuura Zuva, supernovae yaisazoputika, zvinhu zvinorema zvaisaita. Kudai rakanga rakatosimba zvishoma, zvisikwa zvakakura kupfuura mabhakitiriya zvaizopwanywa, uye nyeredzi dzaiwanzobonderana, dzichiparadza mapuraneti uye kuzvipisa zvimene nokukurumidza zvikuru.

Kuwanda kweChadenga kuri pedyo nekuwanda kwakakomba, ndiko kuti, pasi pacho nyaya yacho yaizokurumidza kupera pasina kuumbwa kwemapoka enyeredzi kana nyeredzi, uye pamusoro pazvo Nyika ingadai yakararama kwenguva yakareba. Nekuitika kwemamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, iko kurongeka kwekufananidza maparameter eBig Bang kunofanira kunge kuri mukati me ± 10-60. Iwo ekutanga inhomogeneities yechidiki Universe aive pachiyero che10-5. Kudai aiva maduku, mapoka enyeredzi angadai asina kuumbwa. Kudai aiva makuru, makomba matema makuru aizoumba panzvimbo pemapoka enyeredzi.

Iyo symmetry yezvikamu uye antiparticles muUniverse yakaputsika. Uye pabhariyoni yega yega (proton, neutron) pane 109 mafotoni. Kudai kwaiva nemamwe, mapoka enyeredzi aisagona kuumba. Kudai aiva mashoma, pangadai pasina nyeredzi. Zvakare, nhamba yezviyero zvatinogara mairi inoita se "chaiyo". Complex zvimiro hazvigoni kusimuka mumativi maviri. Nezvinopfuura zvina (zviyero zvitatu pamwe nenguva), kuvapo kwekutenderera kwemapuraneti kwakagadzikana uye simba remaerekitironi mumaatomu kunonetsa.

10. Munhu sepakati pechadenga

Pfungwa yeanthropic musimboti yakaunzwa naBrandon Carter muna 1973 pamusangano muKrakow wakatsaurirwa kumakore mazana mashanu ekuyeukwa kwekuzvarwa kwaCopernicus. Mukutaura kwakawanda, inogona kugadzirwa nenzira yekuti Chadenga chinocherechedzwa chinofanirwa kusangana nemamiriro ezvinhu chachinosangana nacho kuti chionekwe nesu. Kusvika ikozvino, kune akasiyana mavhezheni ayo. Iyo isina kusimba yeanthropic nheyo inotaura kuti isu tinogona chete kuvapo mune zvakasikwa izvo zvinoita kuti hupenyu hwedu hugoneke. Dai hunhu hwezvimiro hwakasiyana, hatingamboona izvi, nekuti tingadai tisipo. Iyo yakasimba anthropic musimboti (yechinangwa tsananguro) inotaura kuti denga rakadaro zvekuti tinogona kuvapo (10).

Kubva pakuona kwehuwandu hwefizikisi, chero nhamba yepasirese inogona kunge yakasimuka pasina chikonzero. Takaguma tava mune chimwe chisiko chapose pose, icho chaifanira kuzadzisa chiverengero chakati chemigariro isingaoneki kuti munhu agare mairi. Zvadaro tiri kutaura nezve anthropic world. Kumutendi, semuenzaniso, imwe anthropic universe yakasikwa naMwari yakakwana. Maonero epasirese ekuda zvinhu haabvume izvi uye anofungidzira kuti kune zvakawanda zvepasirese kana kuti chadenga chiripo chingori chinhanho chekushanduka kusingagumi kwezvakasiyana-siyana.

Munyori weiyo vhezheni yemazuva ano yekufungidzira kwepasirese semufanidzo ndiye theorist Niklas Boström. Maererano naye, chokwadi chatinoona chinongova kuenzanisa kwatisingazivi. Musayendisiti akataura kuti kana zvichikwanisika kugadzira inovimbika yekufananidza yebudiriro yese kana kunyangwe chadenga chese uchishandisa komputa ine simba rakakwana, uye vanhu vakafananidzirwa vanogona kuziva, saka zvinogoneka kuti budiriro dzepamusoro dzakagadzira nhamba huru chete. yekuenzanisa kwakadaro, uye isu tinogara mune imwe yacho mune chimwe chinhu chakafanana neThe Matrix (11).

Pano mashoko okuti “Mwari” uye “Matrix” akataurwa. Pano tasvika pakugumira kutaura nezvesainzi. Vazhinji, kubatanidza masayendisiti, vanodavira kuti imhaka chaiyoiyo yokusabetsera kwefizikisi yokuedza iyo sayenzi inotanga kupinda munzvimbo dzinopesana neizvo chaizvo, kunhuwa kwemetaphysics uye ngano yesayenzi. Izvo zvinoramba zvichitarisirwa kuti fizikisi ichakunda dambudziko rayo rekuita uye zvakare kuwana nzira yekufara sesainzi inoongororwa.