Miganhu yeperiodic table yezvinhu. Ndekupi chitsuwa chinofadza chekugadzikana?
Ko iyo periodic table yezvinhu ine muganhu "wepamusoro" - saka pane here nhamba yeatomu yetioretical yechinhu chinorema zvakanyanya chisingakwanise kusvika munyika inozivikanwa? Nyanzvi yefizikisi yokuRussia Yuri Oganesyan, ane zita rechikamu 118, anodavira kuti muganhu wakadaro unofanira kuvapo.
Maererano naOganesyan, mukuru werabhoritari yeFlerov paJoint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) muDubna, Russia, kuvapo kwemuganhu wakadaro kunokonzerwa nemigumisiro ye relativistic. Sezvo nhamba yeatomu inowedzera, chaji yakanaka yenucleus inowedzera, uye izvi, zvakare, zvinowedzera kukurumidza kwekufamba kwemaerekitironi kutenderedza nucleus, ichiswedera pedyo nekumhanya kwechiedza, nyanzvi yefizikisi inotsanangura mubvunzurudzo yakabudiswa mumagazini yaApril. bhuku. New Scientist. “Somuenzaniso, maerekitironi ari padyo nenyukiresi muchikamu chechina 112 anofamba pa7/10 kumhanya kwechiedza. Kana maerekitironi ekunze akasvika pakumhanya kwechiedza, zvaizochinja zvinhu zveatomu, zvichityora misimboti yetafura yeperiodic,” anodaro.
Kugadzira zvinhu zvitsva zvinorema mufizikisi marabhoritari ibasa rinonetesa. Masayendisiti anofanirwa, nekunyatsorongeka, kudzikamisa masimba ekukwezva uye kuramba pakati pezvikamu zvekutanga. Chinodiwa inhamba ye "magic" yemapurotoni nemanyuturoni "anonamatirana" munyukireya ine nhamba yeatomu inodiwa. Iyo nzira pachayo inomhanyisa zvimedu kusvika kune chegumi chekumhanya kwechiedza. Pane diki, asi kwete zero, mukana wekuumbwa kweheavy nucleus yeatomu yenhamba inodiwa. Zvadaro basa remafizikiki nderekuitonhodza nokukurumidza sezvinobvira uye "kuibata" mu detector isati yaora. Zvisinei, nokuda kweizvi zvakakosha kuwana "raw materials" dzakakodzera - zvisingawanzo, zvinodhura zvakanyanya isotopes zvezvinhu zvine neutron inodiwa.
Chaizvoizvo, iyo inorema chinhu muboka retransactinide, iyo ipfupi hupenyu hwayo. Chinhu chine nhamba yeatomu 112 ine hafu yehupenyu hwemasekonzi makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe, 29 - 116 milliseconds, 60 - 118 milliseconds. Zvinotendwa kuti sayenzi inosvika pamiganhu yezvinhu zvinogoneka mumuviri.
Zvisinei, Oganesyan haabvumirani. Anopa maonero ekuti ari munyika yezvinhu zvinorema zvikuru. "Island of Stability". "Nguva yekuora kwezvinhu zvitsva ipfupi kwazvo, asi kana ukawedzera manyuturoni kumwoyo yavo, hupenyu hwavo hunowedzera," anodaro. “Kuwedzera ma<em>neutron sere kuzvinhu zvine nhamba 110, 111, 112 uye kunyange 113 kunowedzera upenyu hwavo nemakore 100 XNUMX. kamwe".
Yakatumidzwa zita reOganesyan, iyo element Oganesson ndeyeboka re transactinides uye ine nhamba yeatomu 118. Yakatanga kugadzirwa muna 2002 neboka revasayendisiti veRussia neAmerica kubva kuJoint Institute for Nuclear Research muDubna. Muna Zvita 2015, yakacherechedzwa sechimwe chezvinhu zvina zvitsva neIUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Group (boka rakavambwa neInternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry uye International Union of Pure and Applied Physics). Kutumidzwa kwepamutemo kwakaitika munaNovember 28, 2016. Oganesson ma nhamba yepamusoro yeatomu i hukuru hweatomu pakati pezvinhu zvose zvinozivikanwa. Muna 2002-2005, maatomu mana chete e294 isotopu akaonekwa.
Ichi chikamu ndecheboka rechigumi nesere reperiodic table, i.e. magasi akanaka (kuve mumiriri wayo wekutanga), zvisinei, inogona kuratidza reactivity yakakosha, kusiyana nemamwe magasi akanaka. Munguva yakapfuura, oganesson aifungidzirwa kuva gasi pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akaenzana, asi kufungidzira kwazvino kunongedza kuhutano hunogara huripo pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya nekuda kwehutano hwakataurwa naOganessian mubvunzurudzo yambotaurwa. Mutafura yeperiodic, iri mu-p-block, iri mudzi wekupedzisira wenguva yechinomwe.
Vese vaviri nyanzvi dzeRussia neAmerica dzakagara dzakaronga mazita akasiyana ayo. Pakupedzisira, zvakadaro, IUPAC yakasarudza kukudza ndangariro yaHovhannisyan nekuziva mupiro wake mukuru mukuwanikwa kwezvinhu zvinorema kwazvo mutafura yeperiodic. Ichi chinhu chimwe chezviviri (padyo negungwa) zita remunhu mupenyu.
