Mushonga wezana remakore - chikamu 1
Chete salicylic acid ndiwo mushonga wakakodzera. Muna 1838 nyanzvi yemakemikari yeItaly Raffaele Piria akawana chikamu ichi muchimiro chayo chakachena, uye muna 1874 muGermany kemisitiri Herman Kolbe yakagadzira nzira yekugadzirwa kwayo kwemaindasitiri.
Panguva imwecheteyo, salicylic acid yakashandiswa mukurapa. Zvisinei, mushonga wacho wakanga une simba rakasimba rinogumbura pane gastric mucosa, izvo zvakatungamirira kune zvirwere zvisingaperi zvegastric uye maronda. Yakanga iri mhedzisiro yekutora salicylic acid kugadzirira iyo yakakurudzira muGermany kemisiti Felix Hoffmann (1848-1946) kuwana nzvimbo yakachengeteka yemishonga (baba vaHoffmann vakabatwa ne salicylic acid nokuda kwezvirwere zverheumatic). "Bullseye" yaifanirwa kuwana yakabva - Acetylsalicylic acid.
Mushonga unoumbwa ne esterification yeOH boka re salicylic acid ine acetic anhydride. Acetylsalicylic acid yakawanikwa kare, asi chete gadziriro yakachena yakawanikwa naHoffmann muna 1897 yakanga yakakodzera kushandiswa kwekurapa.
Particle modhi ye salicylic acid (kuruboshwe) uye acetylsalicylic acid (kurudyi)
Mugadziri wemushonga mutsva aiva kambani duku yeBayer, inobata mukugadzirwa kwedhayi, nhasi iri kunetseka pasi rose. Mushonga wacho wainzi aspirin. Ichi chiratidzo chakanyoreswa ®, asi zvave zvakafanana negadziriro dzine acetylsalicylic acid (saka iri chidimbu chinowanzo shandiswa ASA). Zita rinobva pamazwi anoti "acetyl"(tsamba a-) uye (ikozvino), kureva, meadowsweet - isingaperi ine yakakwira yesalicin, inoshandiswawo mumishonga yemakwenzi se antipyretic. Kuguma-mukati kunowanzoitika kune mazita emishonga.
Aspirin yaive patented muna 1899 uye yakarumbidzwa nekukurumidza sepanacea. [kurongedza] Akarwisa fivha, kurwadziwa uye kuzvimba. Yakashandiswa zvakanyanya panguva yedenda reSpanish flu, iro rakauraya hupenyu hwakawanda muna 1918-1919 kupfuura Hondo Yenyika I ichangopera. Aspirin yaive imwe yemishonga yekutanga kutengeswa semapiritsi anonyungudika nemvura (akasanganiswa nestarch). Mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, iyo inobatsira mukudzivirira chirwere chemoyo yakaonekwa.
Pasinei nekuva pamusika kweanopfuura zana remakore, aspirin ichiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya mukurapa. Ichowo mushonga unogadzirwa muhuwandu hukuru (vanhu vanodya zvinopfuura matani makumi matatu nemashanu emusanganiswa wakachena pasi rose zuva rega rega!)
Salicylic acid murabhoritari yedu
Nguva yezviitiko.
Kutanga, ngatidzidzei nezve hunhu hwemhinduro ye aspirin protoplasty - salicylic acid. Unozoda salicylic alcohol (mishonga inouraya utachiona inotengeswa muma pharmacy nema pharmacy; salicylic acid 2% water-ethanol solution) uye solution ye iron (III) chloride FeCl.3 nehuwandu hunosvika 5%. Dururira 1 cm mukati me test tube.3 salicylic doro, wedzera masendimita mashoma3 mvura uye 1cm.3 FeCl mhinduro3. Musanganiswa unobva washanduka ruvara rwepepuru-bhuruu. Uyu ndiwo mugumisiro wekuita pakati pe salicylic acid ne iron (III) ions:
Aspirin kubvira 1899 (kubva kuBayer AG archive)
Ruvara rwakaita seinki, izvo hazvifanirwe kushamisa - inki (sekudanwa kwaiitwa ingi kare) yakagadzirwa kubva mumunyu wesimbi uye maumbirwo akafanana muchimiro kune salicylic acid. Mhedzisiro yakaitwa bvunzo yekuongorora yekuona kweFe ions.3+uye panguva imwechete inoshumira kusimbisa kuvapo kwe phenols, kureva, makemikari umo boka reOH rakanyatsobatanidzwa kune mhete inonhuhwirira. Salicylic acid ndeyeboka iri remakomponi. Ngatiyeukei kuita uku zvakanaka - hunhu hweviolet-blue ruvara mushure mekuwedzerwa kwesimbi (III) chloride icharatidza kuvepo kwe salicylic acid (phenols in general) muyedzo sampuli.
The test run inogona zvakare kushandiswa kuratidza kuti inoshanda sei. ingi inoyevedza. Papepa jena rine brashi (toothpick, inonongedza match, cotton swab nekotoni pad, nezvimwewo) tinoita chero chinyorwa kana kudhirowa ne salicylic alcohol, uye toomesa pepa. Moisten pad donje kana donje pad neFeCl mhinduro.3 (mhinduro inokuvadza ganda, saka magurovhosi ekudzivirira anodiwa) uye pukuta nepepa. Unogona zvakare kushandisa mushonga wekupfapfaidza chirimwa kana bhodhoro rekupfapfaidza mapefiyumu uye zvekuzora kunyorovesa shizha. Mavara eViolet-blue ezvinyorwa zvakanyorwa kare anooneka pabepa. [inki] Yeuka kuti kuitira kuti uwane mhedzisiro inoshamisa muchimiro chekuerekana chitarisiko chechinyorwa, chinhu chakakosha kusaonekwa kwechinyorwa chakafanogadzirirwa. Ndokusaka tichinyora papepa jena rine mhinduro dzisina ruvara, uye kana dzine ruvara, tinosarudza ruvara rwebepa kuitira kuti zvinyorwa zvirege kumira kunze kwemashure (semuenzaniso, pane yero pepa, unogona kugadzira chinyorwa FeCl mhinduro3 uye kuipinza ne salicylic doro). Mucherechedzo unoshanda kune ese mavara etsitsi, uye kune akawanda masanganiswa anopa maitiro ekuita kwemavara.
Pakupedzisira, acetylsalicylic acid
Kuongorora kwerabhoritari yekutanga kwakatopera, asi isu hatina kusvika kune hero yezvinyorwa zvemazuva ano - acetylsalicylic acid. Zvisinei, hatizozviwani pachedu, asi bvisa kubva pachigadzirwa chakapedzwa. Chikonzero chiri nyore synthesis (reagents - salicylic acid, acetic anhydride, ethanol, H.2SO4 kana H.3PO4), asi midziyo inodiwa (pasi girazi maflask, reflux condenser, thermometer, vacuum filtration kit) uye kufunga nezvekuchengetedza. Acetic anhydride imvura inogumbura zvakanyanya uye kuwanikwa kwayo kunodzorwa - iyi ndiyo inonzi precursor yemishonga.
Dambudziko rezvinyorwa zvakavanzika zvakagadzirwa ne salicylic acid ine mhinduro yesimbi (III) chloride
Iwe unozoda 95% ethanol solution (somuenzaniso, decolorized denatured alcohol), flask (pamba iyi inogona kutsiviwa nechirongo), mvura yekugezera yekudziya kit (hari yesimbi iri nyore yakaiswa pa cheesecloth), sefa. kit (funnel, sefa) uye Chokwadi aspirin yakafanana mumapiritsi. Isa mahwendefa maviri-2 emushonga une acetylsalicylic acid mubhokisi (tarisa kuumbwa kwechirwere, usashandise mishonga inonyungudika mumvura) uye udururire 3-10 cm.3 doro denatured. Pisa flask mumvura yekugezera yemvura kusvikira mahwendefa aparadza zvachose (isa pepa repepa pasi pepani kuitira kuti flask irege kuputsa). Munguva iyi, tinotonhorera makumi mashoma masendimita mufiriji.3 mvura. Zvimwe zvinobatsira zvemushonga (starch, fiber, talc, flavoring substances) zvinosanganiswawo mukuumbwa kwemapiritsi eAspirin. Izvo hazvigoneke mu ethanol, nepo acetylsalicylic acid inonyungudika mairi. Mushure mekupisa, mvura yacho inokurumidza kusefa muflask itsva. Iye zvino tinowedzera mvura inotonhora, iyo inokonzera kuti makristasi eacetylsalicylic acid awedzere (pa25 ° C., inenge 100 g yekomboni inonyungudutswa mu5 g ethanol, asi inenge 0,25 g yehuwandu hwemvura). Bvisa makristasi uye uomese mumhepo. Rangarira kuti musanganiswa wabuda hauna kukodzera kushandiswa semushonga - takashandisa ethanol yakasvibiswa kuibvisa, uye chinhu chisina zvinhu zvinodzivirira chinogona kutanga kuora. Isu tinoshandisa hukama kune ruzivo rwedu chete.
Kana iwe usingadi kubvisa acetylsalicylic acid kubva pamapiritsi, unogona kungonyungudutsa mushonga mumusanganiswa we ethanol nemvura uye kushandisa kusungirirwa kusina kusvibiswa (tinopedza nzira yacho nekupisa mumvura yekushambidza mvura). Nezvinangwa zvedu, iyi fomu reagent inokwana. Iye zvino ini ndinoronga kurapa mhinduro yeacetylsalicylic acid nemhinduro yeFeCl.3 (zvakafanana nekuedza kwekutanga).
Watofungidzira here, Muverengi, kuti sei wawana mhedzisiro yakadai?
