Mweya wemhondi yemuchina unoenderera mberi. Mutungamiri Putin anotenda chii?

Vatsigiri vemarobhoti echiuto (1) vanopikisa kuti zvombo zvinongozviitira zvinopa dzimwe sarudzo dzekuchengetedza hupenyu hwevanhu. Michina inokwanisa kuswedera pedyo nemuvengi kupfuura varwi, uye kunyatsoongorora kutyisidzira. Uye mirangariro dzimwe nguva inoremadza mano okuita zvisarudzo zvakarurama.

Vazhinji vanotsigira marobhoti anouraya vane chokwadi chokuti achaita kuti hondo dzisanyanya kudeura ropa nokuti varwi vashoma vachafa. Vanocherekedza kuti marobhoti, kunyange asinganzwi tsitsi, haapindiri pamanzwiro asina kunaka evanhu akadai sekuvhunduka, kutsamwa, uye kutsiva, izvo zvinowanzokonzera mhosva dzehondo.

Vanorwira kodzero dzevanhu vanoshandisawo gakava rekuti mauto akonzera kudzikiswa kukuru kwekufa kwevanhu mukati mehafu yezana ramakore yapfuura, uye marobhoti emauto anobvumira nzira yekusimbisa mitemo yehondo zvakanyanya. Vanoti michina ichave ine hunhu kana yave nesoftware inovamanikidza kuteerera mitemo yehondo.

Zvechokwadi, nhamba huru yevanhu, kusanganisira vanozivikanwa zvikuru, havagoverane maonero aya kwemakore. Muna Kubvumbi 2013, mushandirapamwe wepasi rose wakatangwa pasi pe sirogani (2). Mukati mehurongwa hwayo, masangano asiri ehurumende anoda kurambidzwa zvachose kushandiswa kwezvombo zvinozvimiririra. Nyanzvi dzinobva kunyika dzakawanda dzakatanga kugara pasi kuti dzikurukure nezvenyaya iyi pamusangano weUnited Nations weKubvisa Zvombo muGeneva muna Chivabvu 2014. Chirevo chakaburitswa mwedzi mishoma gare gare neHuman Rights Watch uye masayendisiti kubva kuHarvard University akati ivo vanozvimiririra vangave nengozi zvakanyanya - vakasarudza vavariro yavo uye vakauraya vanhu. Panguva imwecheteyo, hazvina kunyatsojeka kuti ndiani anofanirwa kuzvidavirira.

2. Kuratidzira sechikamu chechiito "Stop killer marobhoti"

Izvo boka rema drones madiki anogona kuita

Kukakavadzana kwakatenderedza mhondi marobhoti (ROU) kwave kuenderera kwemakore uye hazviperi. Mwedzi ichangopfuura yakaunza kuedza kutsva kumisa marobhoti emauto uye mafungu emishumo yezvirongwa zvitsva zverudzi urwu, zvimwe zvacho zviri kutoedzwa mumamiriro ekurwa chaiwo.

MunaNovember 2017, vhidhiyo inoratidza mapoka anouraya e mini-drones ., muchiito chinotyisa. Vaoni vakaona kuti hatichadi michina yehondo inorema, matangi, kana maroketi anokandwa nePredators kuuraya vanhu vakawanda uye nepfuti. Mutungamiriri anotungamira Stuart Russell, purofesa wehunyanzvi hwekugadzira paBerkeley, anoti:

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Chirimo chekupedzisira mapurofesa makumi mashanu Mayunivhesiti epamusoro pasi rose akasaina chikumbiro kuKorea Institute of Advanced Science and Technology (KAIST) nemumwe wayo Hanwha Systems. vakazivisa kuti vaisazoshanda pamwe neyunivhesiti uye kugamuchira KAIST vaenzi. Chikonzero chaiva kuvakwa kwe "zvombo zvakasununguka" zvaiitwa nemasangano maviri. KAIST yakaramba mishumo yenhau.

Munguva pfupi yapfuura muUS vanopfuura 3 vashandi veGoogle vakapikisa basa rekambani yemauto. Vainetsekana kuti Google yaibatana nepurojekiti yehurumende codenamed Maven ine chinangwa chekushandisa AI kuziva zvinhu uye zviso mumavhidhiyo echiuto. Vatungamiri vekambani iyi vanoti chinangwa cheMaven ndechekuchengetedza hupenyu hwevanhu uye kuchengetedza vanhu kubva kumabasa anonetesa, kwete zvechisimba. Varatidziri vacho havana kugutsikana.

Chikamu chaitevera chehondo chaiva chiziviso artificial intelligence nyanzvi, kusanganisira. kushanda paGoogle purojekiti uye Elon Musk. Vanovimbisa kusagadzira marobhoti. Vanokumbirawo hurumende kuti dzisimbe kudzora nekumisa zvombo izvi.

Chirevo chinoti, muchidimbu, "chisarudzo chekutora hupenyu hwemunhu hachifanirwe kutorwa nemuchina." Kunyange zvazvo mauto enyika akashongedzerwa nemichina yakawanda otomatiki, dzimwe nguva ine mwero wakakwirira wokuzvimirira, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinotya kuti mune ramangwana ruzivo urwu runogona kuzvimirira chose chose, zvichibvumira kuuraya pasina kubatanidzwa kupi nokupi kwomufambisi womunhu nomutungamiriri.

Vanamazvikokota vanoyambirawo kuti michina yekuuraya yakazvimiririra inogona kuve nengozi zvakanyanya kupfuura "zvombo zvenyukireya, makemikari uye zvipenyu" nekuti inogona kutenderera nyore nyore. Pakazara, muna Chikunguru gore rapfuura, tsamba iri pasi pechirongwa cheFuture of Life Institute (FGI) yakasainwa nemasangano e170 nevanhu 2464. Mumwedzi yekutanga ye2019, boka revasayendisiti vezvokurapa vakabatana neFLI zvakare vakadana tsamba nyowani yekurambidza kugadzirwa kwehungwaru hwekugadzira (AI) inodzorwa zvombo.

Gore rakapera gore raAugust UN musangano muGniewo pamusoro pezvinokwanisika mutemo wepamutemo wemauto "marobhoti anouraya" akapera mukubudirira ... michina. Boka renyika, kusanganisira United States, Russia neIsrael, rakavhara rimwe basa pakuunzwa kwekurambidzwa kwepasi rose kwezvombo izvi (chinyorwa Chibvumirano cheKurambidza kana Kurambidza Kushandiswa Kwezvimwe Zvombo, CCW). Hazvisi zvakangoitika kuti nyika idzi dzinozivikanwa nebasa radzo pahurongwa hwepamusoro hwezvombo zvekuzvidzivirira uye zvemarobhoti.

Russia inotarisa pakurwisa marobhoti

Mutungamiri Vladimir Putin vanowanzotaurwa vachitaura nezvemauto eAI masisitimu nemarobhoti ekurwisa:

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inotaura pachena nezvekugadzirwa kwezvombo zvinozvimiririra. Mukuru weGeneral Staff wemauto ayo, General Valery Gerasimov, munguva pfupi yapfuura akaudza sangano renhau remauto Interfax-AVN kuti kushandiswa kwemarobhoti kuchava chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvehondo dzemangwana. Akawedzera kuti Russia iri kuedza gadzirisa zvizere nhandare yehondo. Mashoko akafanana akaitwa neMutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weNyika Dmitry Rogozin uye Gurukota rezvekudzivirirwa Sergei Shoigu. Sachigaro weFederation Council Committee on Defense and Security Viktor Bondarev akati Russia iri kuedza kusimudzira Roju tekinorojiizvi zvaizobvumira drone network kushanda sechinhu chimwe chete.

Izvi hazvishamisi kana tikayeuka kuti yekutanga teletanks yakagadzirwa muSoviet Union muma30s. Vakashandiswa pakutanga kweHondo Yenyika II. Nhasi Russia iri kugadzirawo tangi marobhoti wedzera kuzvitonga.

Nyika yaPutin munguva pfupi yapfuura yakatumira yayo kuSyria Motokari yekurwa isina munhu Uran-9 (3). mudziyo wakarasika kubata nepasi pekudzora mapoinzi, waive nematambudziko neiyo suspension system, uye zvombo zvaro hazvina kushanda zvakakwana uye hazvina kurova zvinofamba. Izvo hazvinzwika zvakanyanya, asi vazhinji vanofunga kuti kupukuta kweSyria kuve bvunzo yakanaka yekurwa iyo inobvumira maRussia kuvandudza muchina.

Roscosmos yakatendera hurongwa hwekutanga kutumira marobhoti maviri kuInternational Space Station muna Nyamavhuvhu gore rino. Fedor (4) muMubatanidzwa usina munhu. Kwete semutoro, asi. Sezviri mubhaisikopo RoboCop, Fedor anobata chombo uye anoratidza hunyanzvi hunouraya panguva yekurovedza kupfura.

Mubvunzo ndewokuti, sei robhoti riri muchadenga ringave nezvombo? Pane fungidziro yekuti nyaya iyi haisi mugwaro rekunyorera chete. Zvichakadaro paPasi, mugadziri wezvombo weRussia Kalashnikov akaratidza chiono muranda Igorekizvo, kunyangwe zvakakonzera kuseka kwakawanda, zvinoratidza kuti kambani iri kushanda zvakanyanya pamotokari dzehondo dzinozvimiririra. Muna July 2018, Kalashnikov akazivisa kuti akanga achivaka chombo chaanoshandisa kuita "kupfura kana kusapfura" zvisarudzo.

Kune iyi ruzivo inofanira kuwedzerwa mishumo yekuti mupfuti weRussia Digtyarev akagadzira diki autonomous tank Nerekht iyo inogona kufamba chinyararire yakananga payakananga payo pachayo yobva yaputika nechisimba chine simba kuparadza zvimwe kana zvivakwa zvese. Naizvozvowo Tank T14 Armata , rudado rwemauto eRussia, rwakagadzirirwa kuti rigone kudzora kure uye kutyaira kusina munhu. Sputnik inotaura kuti mainjiniya emauto eRussia ari kushanda kuti T-14 ive mota yakazvimiririra yakazara.

Objection Directive

Mauto eUS pachawo akaisa muganho wakajeka padanho rekuzvitonga kwezvombo zvavo. Muna 2012, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro reUnited States rakapa Directive 3000.09, iyo inoti vanhu vanofanira kuva nekodzero yekupikisa zviito zvemarobhoti ane zvombo. (kunyangwe panogona kunge paine zvimwe zvisiri izvo). Murairo uyu unoramba uchishanda. Ikozvino mutemo wePentagon ndeyekuti iyo inogadzirisa mukushandiswa kwezvombo inofanira kugara iri munhu, uye kuti kutonga kwakadaro kunofanira kuva. zvinoenderana nemitemo yehondo.

Kunyangwe vanhu vekuAmerica vanga vachishandisa kubhururuka, Predator, Reaper uye mamwe akawanda supermachines kwemakumi emakore, vanga vasiri uye havasi vakazvimirira modhi. Iwo anodzorwa nevashandisi vari kure, dzimwe nguva kubva chinhambwe chezviuru zvemakiromita. Nhaurirano yakatsva pamusoro pekuzvimiririra kwemichina yerudzi urwu yakatanga nekutanga kweiyo prototype. X-47B drone (5), iyo isina kungobhururuka yakazvimirira, asi yaigonawo kusimuka kubva kune inotakura ndege, kumhara pairi uye kuwedzera mafuta mumhepo. Zvinoreva zvakare kupfura kana kubhomba pasina kupindira kwevanhu. Nekudaro, iyo purojekiti ichiri kuongororwa uye kuongororwa.

5. Kuedzwa kweiyo isina munhu X-47B pane imwe ndege yeAmerica inotakura

Muna 2003, Dhipatimendi reDziviriro rakatanga kuyedza nerobhoti diki-rakafanana netangi. SPOES akashongedzerwa nepfuti yemuchina. Muna 2007 akatumirwa kuIraq. zvisinei, purogiramu yakaguma mushure mokunge robhoti yatanga kuita zvisizvo, ichifamba pfuti yayo zvisinganzwisisiki. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mauto eUS akasiya tsvakiridzo pamarobhoti ane zvombo pasi kwemakore mazhinji.

Panguva imwecheteyo, Mauto eUS akawedzera mari yaanoshandisa mukushanda kubva pamadhora mazana maviri emamiriyoni muna 20 kusvika pamadhora zana nemakumi mashanu nenhanhatu muna 2014. Muna 156, bhajeti iri rakatokwira kusvika pamadhora mazana matatu nemakumi maviri nenomwe. Uku kuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwe2018% mumakore mashoma. Nyanzvi dzinoti kutanga kwa2025, mauto eUS anogona kunge aine nzvimbo yehondo masoja emarobhoti akawanda kupfuura vanhu.

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, kukakavara kwakawanda kwakakonzerwa uye kuziviswa neUS Army ATLAS chirongwa () - otomatiki. Mune vezvenhau, izvi zvaionekwa sekutyora kweiyo yambotaurwa Directive 3000.09. Zvakadaro, mauto eUS anoramba uye anovimbisa kuti kusabatanidzwa kwemunhu kubva mukuita sarudzo hakusi kwemubvunzo.

AI inoziva shark uye vanhuwo zvavo

Zvisinei, vadziviriri vezvombo zvinozvimiririra vane nharo itsva. Prof. Ronald Arkin, nyanzvi yemarobhoti paGeorgia Institute of Technology, anotaura mumabhuku ake kuti Muhondo dzemazuva ano, zvombo zvehungwaru zvakakosha kudzivirira kufa kwevanhu, sezvo nzira dzekudzidzira muchina dzichigona kubatsira kusiyanisa varwi nevanhuwo zvavo, uye zvakakosha uye zvisina kukosha zvinangwa.

Muenzaniso wehunyanzvi hweAI hwakadai kutenderera kumahombekombe eAustralia. drones Little Ripperyakagadzirirwa neSharkSpotter system yakagadzirwa neYunivhesiti yeTechnology Sydney. Iyi sisitimu inoongorora otomatiki mvura yehaki uye inozivisa mushandisi kana aona chimwe chinhu chisina kuchengetedzeka. (6) Inogona kuziva vanhu, ma dolphin, zvikepe, surfboards uye zvinhu zviri mumvura kuti zvisiyanise kubva kune shark. Inogona kuona uye kuona marudzi gumi nematanhatu akasiyana ane huchokwadi hwepamusoro.

6. Kuzivikanwa shark muSharkSpotter system

Idzi nzira dzepamusoro dzekudzidza muchina dzinowedzera huroyi hwekuziva kwemuchadenga neinodarika 90%. Kuenzanisa, munhu anoshanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana anonyatsoziva 20-30% yezvinhu mumifananidzo yepamhepo. Pamusoro pezvo, kuzivikanwa kuchiri kusimbiswa nemunhu pamberi pearamu.

Panhandare yehondo, mushandisi, achiona mufananidzo pachiratidziri, haakwanise kuona kana vanhu vari pasi vari varwi vane AK-47 mumaoko avo kana, semuenzaniso, varimi vane pikes. Arkin anoti vanhu vanowanzo "kuona zvavanoda kuona," kunyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu anonetsa. Izvi zvakakonzera kudonha netsaona kwendege yeIran neUSS Vincennes muna 1987. Zvechokwadi, mumaonero ake, zvombo zvinodzorwa neAI zvingave zviri nani pane ikozvino "mabhomba akachenjera", ayo asina kunyatsonzwa. Nyamavhuvhu apfuura, chombo cheSaudi chinotungamirirwa nelaser chakarova bhazi rakazara nevana vechikoro muYemen, ndokuuraya vana makumi mana.

“Kana bhazi rechikoro rikanyorwa zvakafanira, kurizivisa mugadziriro inozvitonga kunogona kuva nyore,” anodaro Arkin muPopular Mechanics.

Nekudaro, nharo idzi hadziite sedzinonyengerera varatidziri kurwisa vanouraya otomatiki. Pamusoro pekutyisidzirwa kwemarobhoti anouraya, chimwe chiitiko chakakosha chinofanira kuverengerwa. Kunyangwe "yakanaka" uye "inoteerera" system inogona kubiwa uye kutorwa nevanhu vakaipa kwazvo. Ipapo nharo dzose mukudzivirira zvombo zvehondo dzinorasikirwa nesimba radzo.