ivhu rakanyorova

Muna Ndira 2020, NASA yakashuma kuti TESS spacecraft yakawana yekutanga inogona kugarika yePasi-saizi exoplanet inotenderera nyeredzi ingangoita 100 makore echiedza kubva.

Nyika chikamu TOI 700 system (TOI inomirira TESS Zvinhu Zvinofarira) nyeredzi diki, inotonhora, kureva, diki yekirasi M, muboka renyeredzi Goldfish, inongova ne40% yehukuru uye saizi yeZuva redu uye hafu yekupisa kwepasi.

Chinhu chine zita TOI 700 d uye nderimwe remapuraneti matatu anotenderera pakati paro, ari kure zvikuru kubva pariri, achipfuura nzira yakatenderedza nyeredzi mazuva makumi matatu nemanomwe oga oga. Iri pachinhambwe chakadaro kubva kuTOI 37 sekuti inokwanisa kuchengetedza mvura yemvura ichiyangarara, iri munzvimbo inogarwa. Inogamuchira inenge 700% yesimba iro Zuva redu rinopa kuNyika.

Nekudaro, kuenzanisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwakagadzirwa nevatsvaguri vachishandisa data kubva kuTransiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) yakaratidza kuti TOI 700 d inogona kuita zvakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kuPasi. Nekuti inotenderera ichienderana nenyeredzi yayo (zvichireva kuti rimwe divi renyika rinogara riri masikati uye rimwe riri murima), maumbirwo anoitwa makore nekuvhuvhuta kwemhepo zvinogona kutishamisa.

1. Kuenzanisa kwePasi uye TOI 700 d, nekuona kwePasi hurongwa hwemakondinendi pane exoplanet.

Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzakasimbisa kuwanikwa kwavo nerubatsiro rweNASA. Spitzer Space Telescopeiyo ichangobva kupedza basa rayo. Pakutanga, Toi 700 yakatsanangurwa zvisirizvo seyaipisa zvakanyanya, izvo zvakaita kuti vazivi venyeredzi vafunge kuti mapuraneti ese ari matatu aive padhuze zvakanyanya uye saka achipisa zvakanyanya kutsigira hupenyu.

Emily Gilbert, nhengo yeYunivhesiti yeChicago timu, akadaro panguva yekuratidzwa kwekuwanikwa. -

Vatsvakurudzi vanotarisira kuti mune ramangwana, zvishandiso zvakadai se James Webb Space Telescopeiyo NASA inoronga kuisa muchadenga muna 2021, ivo vachakwanisa kuona kana mapuraneti ane mhepo uye vachakwanisa kudzidza maumbirwo ayo.

Vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa software yepakombiyuta kuita kufungidzira mamiriro ekunze planet TOI 700 d. Sezvo zvisati zvazivikanwa kuti ndezvipi magasi angave ari mumhepo yaro, sarudzo dzakasiyana-siyana uye mamiriro ezvinhu akaedzwa, kusanganisira sarudzo dzinotora mhepo yemazuva ano yePasi (77% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, methane uye carbon dioxide), iyo ingangove yakaumbwa mhepo yePasi makore 2,7 bhiriyoni apfuura (kunyanya methane nekabhoni dhaikisaidhi) uye kunyangwe mhepo yeMartian (yakawanda yecarbon dioxide), iyo ingangove yaivepo makore 3,5 bhiriyoni apfuura.

Kubva pamhando idzi, zvakaonekwa kuti kana TOI 700 d's mhepo ine musanganiswa wemethane, carbon dioxide, kana mhute yemvura, pasi rinokwanisa kugarika. Ikozvino timu inofanirwa kusimbisa aya mafungidziro vachishandisa yambotaurwa yeWebb telescope.

Panguva imwecheteyo, kuenzanisa kwemamiriro ekunze kwakaitwa neNASA kunoratidza kuti mhepo yePasi uye gasi kumanikidza hazvina kukwana kubata mvura yemvura pamusoro payo. Kana tikaisa huwandu hwakafanana hwemagasi egreenhouse paTOI 700 d sePanyika, tembiricha yepasi inenge ichiri pasi pe zero.

Simulations nemapoka ese ari kutora chikamu anoratidza kuti mamiriro ekunze emapuraneti akatenderedza nyeredzi diki uye dzakasviba senge TOI 700, zvisinei, akasiyana zvakanyanya nezvatinosangana nazvo paNyika yedu.

Nhau dzinonakidza

Zvizhinji zvezvatinoziva nezve exoplanets, kana mapuraneti anotenderera zuva rezuva, zvinobva muchadenga. Yakaongorora matenga kubva 2009 kusvika 2018 ikawana anopfuura zviuru zviviri nemazana matanhatu emapuraneti kunze kwesolar system yedu.

NASA yakabva yapfuudza baton yekuwanikwa kuTESS(2) probe, yakatangwa muchadenga muna Kubvumbi 2018 mugore rayo rekutanga kushanda, pamwe nemazana mapfumbamwe asina kusimbiswa zvinhu zverudzi urwu. Mukutsvaga mapuraneti asingazivikanwe nevanoongorora nyeredzi, inocherekedza inoongorora denga rose, yaona zvakakwana zve200 XNUMX. nyeredzi dzakajeka zvikuru.

2. Transit setiraiti yekuongorora exoplanet

TESS inoshandisa nhevedzano yehupamhi angle kamera masisitimu. Inokwanisa kudzidza hukuru, saizi, density uye orbit yeboka rakakura remapuraneti madiki. Iyo satellite inoshanda zvinoenderana nenzira kure kutsvaga kwekupenya dips zvinogona kunongedzera mafambiro emapuraneti - kufamba kwezvinhu zviri mu orbit pamberi pezviso zvevabereki vavo nyeredzi.

Mwedzi mishoma yapfuura yanga iri nhevedzano yezvinhu zvinonakidza zvakawanikwa, pamwe nekuda kweichiri nyowani nyowani yekutarisa nzvimbo, pamwe nerubatsiro rwezvimwe zviridzwa, kusanganisira zvepasi. Mumavhiki anotevera musangano wedu nemapatya ePasi, shoko rakabuda pamusoro pekuwanikwa kwepasi rinotenderera zuva maviri, sezvakaita Tatooine kubva kuStar Wars!

TOI nyika 1338 b yakawana XNUMX light years away, muboka renyeredzi reArt. Saizi yaro iri pakati pehukuru hweNeptune neSaturn. Chinhu chacho chinosangana nekuora kwenyeredzi nguva dzose. Iwo anotenderera achitenderedzana pamazuva gumi nemashanu, imwe yakati kurei pane Zuva redu uye imwe idiki zvakanyanya.

Muna Chikumi 2019, ruzivo rwakaonekwa rwekuti mapuraneti maviri emhando yepasi akawanikwa chaizvo munzvimbo yedu yekuseri kwemba. Izvi zvakataurwa mune imwe nyaya yakabudiswa mumagazini yeAstronomy uye Astrophysics. Nzvimbo dzese dziri mbiri dziri munzvimbo yakanaka umo mvura inogona kuumba. Vanogona kunge vane dombo uye vanotenderera Zuva, rinozivikanwa se nyeredzi yeTigarden (3), inongori makore gumi nemaviri echiedza kubva kuPasi.

- akadaro munyori mukuru wekuwanikwa, Matthias Zechmeister, Fellow Research, Institute of Astrophysics, University of Göttingen, Germany. -

3. Teegarden star system, kuona

Nekudaro, nyika dzinonakidza dzisingazivikanwe dzakawanikwa neTESS muna Chikunguru apfuura dzinotenderera UCAC nyeredzi4 191-004642, makore makumi manomwe nematatu echiedza-makore kubva paNyika.

Planetary system ine nyeredzi inotambira, yava kunzi TOI 270, rine mapuraneti anenge matatu. Mumwe wavo, TOI 270 p, yakati kurei zvishoma kupfuura Nyika, mamwe maviri mamini-Neptunes, ari eboka remapuraneti asipo mugadziriro yedu yezuva. Nyeredzi inotonhora uye haina kujeka zvakanyanya, ingangoita 40% idiki uye ishoma pane Zuva. Tembiricha yaro yepasi inodziya inosvika zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu kupfuura iyo yemufambidzani wedu wenyeredzi.

Iyo solar system TOI 270 iri muboka renyeredzi reArtist. Mapuraneti anoigadzira anotenderera ari pedyo nenyeredzi zvokuti nzira dzawo dzinokwanisa kupinda mune imwe satiraiti inofambidzana neJupiter (4).

4. Kuenzanisa kweTOI 270 system neJupiter system

Kumwe kuongorora kwegadziriro iyi kunogona kuratidza mamwe mapuraneti. Idzo dzinotenderera kure neZuva kupfuura TOI 270 d dzinogona kutonhora zvakakwana kubata mvura yemvura uye pakupedzisira inopa hupenyu.

TESS inofanirwa kunyatsotariswa

Kunyangwe nehuwandu hukuru hwekuwanikwa kwediki exoplanets, mazhinji evabereki nyeredzi dziri pakati pe600 uye 3 metres kure. chiedza-makore kubva kuPasi, kure zvakanyanya uye kwakasviba zvakanyanya kuti utariswe zvakadzama.

Kusiyana neKepler, TESS inonyanya kutariswa kutsvaga mapuraneti akatenderedza zuva vavakidzani vari pedyo anopenya zvekuti anogona kuonekwa iye zvino uye gare gare nezvimwe zviridzwa. Kubva Kubvumbi 2018 kusvika parizvino, TESS yatowana anopfuura 1500 mapuraneti evamiriri. Mazhinji acho anodarika kaviri kukura kwePasi uye anotora mazuva asingasviki gumi kutenderera. Somugumisiro, dzinowana kupisa kwakawanda kudarika pasi redu, uye dzinopisa zvikuru kuti mvura yemvura ivepo pamusoro padzo.

Imvura yemvura inodiwa kuitira kuti exoplanet igare. Inoshanda senzvimbo yekuberekesa makemikari anogona kupindirana.

Zvinotendwa, zvinotendwa kuti mafomu ehupenyu ekunze anogona kuvepo mumamiriro ekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kana tembiricha yakanyanya - sezvazvakaita kune extremophiles inowanikwa padyo ne hydrothermal vents, kana nehutachiona hwakavigwa anenge kiromita pasi peWest Antarctic ice sheet.

Zvisinei, kuwanikwa kwezvipenyu zvakadaro kwakave nekugoneka nekuti vanhu vakakwanisa kudzidza zvakananga mamiriro ezvinhu akanyanyisa mavari kurarama. Zvinosuruvarisa, ivo havana kukwanisa kuonekwa munzvimbo yakadzika, kunyanya kubva kure nemakore akawanda echiedza.

Kutsvaga kwehupenyu uye kunyangwe pekugara kunze kwesolar system yedu kuchiri kutsamira pakuona kure. Nzvimbo dzinoonekwa dzemvura dzemvura dzinogadzira mamiriro angave akanaka ehupenyu dzinogona kudyidzana nemhepo iri pamusoro, dzichigadzira kure kure kuona biosignatures inooneka nepasi-based telescopes. Izvi zvinogona kuva zvinyorwa zvegasi zvinozivikanwa kubva kuPasi (oxygen, ozone, methane, carbon dioxide uye mhute yemvura) kana zvikamu zvemhepo yekare yePasi, somuenzaniso, makore mabhiriyoni 2,7 apfuura (kunyanya methane uye carbon dioxide, asi kwete oxygen). )

Mukutsvaga nzvimbo "chaizvo" uye pasi rinogara imomo

Kubva pakuwanikwa kwe51 Pegasi b muna 1995, pamusoro peXNUMX exoplanets yakaonekwa. Nhasi tinoziva zvechokwadi kuti nyeredzi zhinji dziri mugwara redu renzou uye muchadenga zvakakomberedzwa nemapuraneti. Asi mashoma gumi nemaviri exoplanets anowanikwa anogona kugarika pasirese.

Chii chinoita kuti exoplanet igare?

Chimiro chikuru ndiyo yatotaurwa mvura yemvura iri pamusoro. Kuti izvi zvigoneke, isu kutanga kune zvese tinoda iyi yakasimba nzvimbo, i.e. nzvimbo ine matomboasiwo mamiriro ekunze, uye yakakora zvekuti igadzire kudzvanywa uye kupesvedzera tembiricha yemvura.

Unodawo nyeredzi chaiyoiyo isingaunze mwaranzi yakawandisa panyika, inopeperetsa mhepo uye inoparadza zvipenyu. Nyeredzi imwe neimwe, kusanganisira Zuva redu, rinogara richibudisa mwero mikuru yemwaranzi, saka pasina mubvunzo zvaizobatsira kuti kuvepo kwehupenyu kuzvidzivirira kubva kwairi. simba remaginetisekuburitswa kweEarth's liquid metal core.

Nekudaro, sezvo panogona kunge paine dzimwe nzira dzekudzivirira hupenyu kubva kune mwaranzi, ichi chinongova chinhu chinodiwa, kwete chinodiwa mamiriro.

Sechinyakare, vazivi venyeredzi vanofarira nzvimbo dzehupenyu (ecospheres) muzvirongwa zvenyeredzi. Idzi inzvimbo dzakatenderedza nyeredzi uko tembiricha iripo inodzivirira mvura kuti isagara ichifashaira kana kutonhora. Nzvimbo iyi inowanzotaurwa nezvayo. "Zlatovlaski Zone"nokuti “zvakarurama muupenyu”, izvo zvinoreva miitiro yengano yakakurumbira yevana (5).

5. Nzvimbo yehupenyu yakatenderedza nyeredzi

Uye chii chatinoziva kusvika parizvino nezve exoplanets?

Zvakawanikwa kusvika parizvino zvinoratidza kuti kusiyana-siyana kwehurongwa hwemapuraneti kwakakura kwazvo. Mapuraneti chete atakaziva chero makore makumi matatu apfuura aive mumhepo yezuva, saka takafunga kuti zvinhu zvidiki uye zvakasimba zvinotenderera nenyeredzi, uye chete kubva pazviri pane nzvimbo yakachengeterwa mapuraneti makuru ane gasi.

Zvakazoitika, zvisinei, kuti hapana "mitemo" ine chekuita nenzvimbo yemapuraneti zvachose. Tinosangana nehofori dzegasi dzinenge dzichikwesha nyeredzi dzadzo (dzinodaidzwa kuti hot Jupiters), pamwe nehurongwa hwakasimba hwemapuraneti madiki akadai seTRAPPIST-1 (6). Dzimwe nguva mapuraneti anofamba ari eccentric orbits akatenderedza nyeredzi dzebhinari, uye kune zvakare "anodzungaira" mapuraneti, angangove akabviswa kubva kune madiki masisitimu, anoyangarara akasununguka mu interstellar void.

6. Kuonekwa kwemapuraneti eTRAPPIST-1 system

Nokudaro, pane kufanana kwepedyo, tinoona kusiyana kukuru. Kana izvi zvikaitika padanho rehurongwa, saka nei mamiriro exoplanet achifanira kufanana nezvese zvatinoziva kubva kunharaunda yepedyo?

Uye, zvichitodzika, nei zvimiro zvekufungidzira zvichifanira kufanana neizvo zvatinoziva?

Super category

Zvichienderana nedatha yakaunganidzwa naKepler, muna 2015 musayendisiti weNASA akaverenga kuti girazi redu pacharo rine. mabhiriyoni emapuraneti akafanana nePasiI. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzenyeredzi dzakasimbisa kuti iyi yakanga iri fungidziro inochengetedza. Chokwadi, kumwe kutsvagurudza kwakaratidza kuti Milky Way inogona kunge iri kumba kwayo 10 mabhiriyoni epasi.

Masayendisiti aisada kuvimba chete nemapuraneti akawanikwa naKepler. Nzira yekufambisa inoshandiswa muteresikopu iyi yakanyatsokodzera kuona mapuraneti makuru (seJupiter) pane mapuraneti akakura sePasi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti data raKepler rinogona kunge richinyepera huwandu hwemapuraneti seyedu zvishoma.

Teresikopu yakakurumbira yakaona kunyura kudiki mukupenya kwenyeredzi kunokonzerwa nenyika yaipfuura pamberi payo. Zvinhu zvihombe zvinonzwisisika zvinovhara chiedza chakawanda kubva kunyeredzi dzadzo, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuona. Mutoo waKepler wakanga wakanangidzira ngwariro panyeredzi duku, kwete nyeredzi dzakajeka zvikurusa, uwandu hwadzo hwaiva hunenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu choukuru hweZuva redu.

Teresikopu yeKepler, kunyangwe isiri yakanyanya kunaka pakutsvaga mapuraneti madiki, yakawana nhamba yakati wandei yeanonzi super-Earths. Iri izita remaexoplanets ane huwandu hukuru kupfuura Nyika, asi ishoma pane Uranus neNeptune, iyo inorema 14,5 uye 17 nguva inorema kupfuura nyika yedu, zvichiteerana.

Saka, izwi rekuti "super-Earth" rinongoreva kurema kwepasi, zvichireva kuti harirevi mamiriro epamusoro kana kugara. Kune zvakare rimwe izwi rekuti "gas dwarfs". Sekureva kwevamwe, inogona kuve yakanyatso kurongeka kune zvinhu zviri muchikamu chepamusoro chechiyero chehukuru, kunyangwe rimwe izwi rinonyanya kushandiswa - iro rakatotaurwa "mini-Neptune".

Nyika dzekutanga dzepamusoro-soro dzakawanikwa Alexander Volshchan i Dalea Fraila kumativi ose pulsar PSR B1257+12 muna 1992. Mapuraneti maviri ekunze ehurongwa ndiwo poltergeysti fobetor - vane huremu hunosvika kana pahuremu hwePasi, iyo idiki kwazvo kuti ive hofori dzegasi.

Yekutanga yepamusoro-Pasi yakatenderedza nyeredzi huru yekutevedzana yakaonekwa nechikwata chinotungamirwa na Eugenio Rivery muna 2005. Inotenderera Gliese 876 uye akagamuchira zita racho Gliese 876 d (Kare, hofori mbiri dzegasi dzakakura seJupiter dzakawanikwa mune ino system). Huremu hwayo hunofungidzirwa hunosvika 7,5 pahuremu hwePasi, uye nguva yekutenderera kwayo ipfupi kwazvo, angangoita mazuva maviri.

Kune zvinotopisa zvinhu mukirasi yepamusoro-yePasi. Somuenzaniso, yakawanikwa muna 2004 55 Kankri ndiye, iri kure nechiedza-makore makumi mana, inotenderera nyeredzi yayo mupfupi kutenderera kwechero inozivikanwa exoplanet - maawa gumi nemanomwe chete nemaminitsi makumi mana. Mune mamwe mazwi, gore pa17 Cancri e rinotora isingasviki maawa gumi nemasere. Iyo exoplanet inotenderera kanenge ka40 padyo nenyeredzi yayo kupfuura Mercury.

Kuva pedyo nenyeredzi kunoreva kuti pamusoro pe55 Cancri e yakafanana nemukati mechoto chinoputika chine tembiricha inosvika 1760°C! Maonero matsva kubva kuSpitzer Telescope anoratidza kuti 55 Cancri e ine huremu hwakapetwa ka7,8 uye radius zvishoma kudarika zvakapetwa kaviri zvePasi. Mhedzisiro yeSpitzer inoratidza kuti chikamu chimwe muzvishanu chehuremu hwepasi chinofanirwa kugadzirwa nezvinhu uye maumbirwo akareruka, kusanganisira mvura. Pakupisa uku, izvi zvinoreva kuti zvinhu izvi zvinenge zviri mu "supercritical" pakati pemvura negasi uye zvinogona kubva pamusoro penyika.

Asi Super-Earth hadzisi dzemusango kudaro.Chikunguru chapfuura, chikwata chepasi rose chevazivi venyeredzi vachishandisa TESS chakawana imwe exoplanet itsva yerudzi rwayo muboka renyeredzi Hydra, ingangoita makore makumi matatu nerimwe echiedza-makore kubva kuNyika. Chinhu chakanyorwa se GJ 357 d (7) kaviri dhayamita uye katanhatu kuwanda kwePasi. Inowanikwa kumucheto kwekunze kwenzvimbo inogara nyeredzi. Vesainzi vanodavira kuti panogona kunge paine mvura pamusoro peiyi Nyika yepamusorosoro.

akati Diana Kosakovskuye Fellow Research paMax Planck Institute for Astronomy muHeidelberg, Germany.

7. Planet GJ 357 d - kuona

Sisitimu inotenderera yakatenderedza nyeredzi diki, ingangoita chikamu chimwe muzvitatu saizi nehuremu hweZuva redu uye 40% inotonhora, iri kuwedzerwa nemapuraneti epasi. GJ 357 b uye imwe nyika yepamusoro GJ 357 s. Chidzidzo cheiyo system chakaburitswa munaChikunguru 31, 2019 mujenari Astronomy uye Astrophysics.

MunaSeptember apfuura, vatsvakurudzi vakashuma kuti imwe ichangobva kuwanikwa yepamusoro-Earth, 111 chiedza-makore kure, ndiyo "mumiriri wepamusoro wekugara anozivikanwa kusvika zvino." Yakawanikwa muna 2015 neKepler telescope. K2-18b (8) yakasiyana zvikuru nenyika yedu yokumusha. Ine kakapetwa kasere mukurema kwayo, zvichireva kuti ihofori yeaizi seNeptune kana nyika ine matombo ine dense, hydrogen-rich atmosphere.

Kutenderera kwe K2-18b kwakaswedera kanomwe kune nyenyedzi yayo pane chinhambwe chePasi kubva kuZuva. Nekudaro, sezvo chinhu ichi chiri kutenderera rima dzvuku M-dwarf, iyi orbit iri munzvimbo inogoneka kwehupenyu. Mamodheru ekutanga anofanotaura kuti tembiricha paK2-18b inotangira pa -73 kusvika 46°C, uye kana chinhu chacho chiine ratidziro yakafanana nePasi, avhareji yekupisa kwayo inofanira kufanana neyedu.

- akadaro nyanzvi yezvemuchadenga kubva kuUniversity College London pamusangano wevatori venhau, Angelos Tsiaras.

Zvakaoma kuita sepasi

An Earth analogue (inonziwo Earth twin kana Earth-like planet) iplanet kana mwedzi ine mamiriro ekunze akafanana neanowanikwa paNyika.

Zviuru zveexoplanetary nyeredzi masisitimu akawanikwa kusvika parizvino akasiyana nesolar system yedu, zvichisimbisa izvo zvinonzi rare earth hypothesisI. Zvisinei, vazivi vanotaura kuti chisiko chapose pose chakakura kwazvo zvokuti pane imwe nzvimbo panofanira kuva nepasi rinenge rakada kufanana neredu. Zvinogoneka kuti mune ramangwana riri kure zvinogoneka kushandisa tekinoroji kuti uwane zvekugadzira analogues ePasi nevaya vanonzi. . Fashionable zvino dzidziso dzakawanda ivo zvakare vanoratidza kuti mumwe wepanyika anogona kuvepo mune chimwe chadenga, kana kutove imwe shanduro yePasi pachayo mune imwe yakafanana chadenga.

Muna Mbudzi 2013, vazivi venyeredzi vakashuma kuti, zvichibva pane data kubva pateresikopu yeKepler nemamwe mamishini, panogona kunge paine mapuraneti akakura sePasi anosvika mabhiriyoni makumi mana munzvimbo inogarwa yenyeredzi dzakaita sezuva uye madiki matsvuku muGwara renzou.

Kugoverwa kwenhamba kwakaratidza kuti iyo yepedyo yavo inogona kubviswa kubva kwatiri isingapfuuri makore gumi nemaviri echiedza. Mugore rimwe chetero, vanhu vakati wandei vakawanikwa naKepler vane madhayamita asingasviki 1,5 nguva yeradius yePasi vakasimbiswa kuva nyeredzi dzinotenderera munzvimbo inogarwa. Nekudaro, yakanga isati yasvika 2015 apo wekutanga-pedyo-ne-Earth mumiriri akaziviswa - egzoplanetę Kepler-452b.

Mukana wekuwana Earth analogi unoenderana zvakanyanya nehunhu hwaunoda kufanana. Mamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa asi asiri akakwana: saizi yepasi, giravhiti yepasi, saizi yenyeredzi yemubereki uye rudzi (kureva solar analog), orbital kureba uye kugadzikana, axial tilt uye kutenderera, yakafanana geography, kuvapo kwemakungwa, mamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ekunze, yakasimba magnetosphere. .

Kudai zvinhu zvipenyu zvakaoma kunzwisisa zvaivamo, masango aigona kufukidza chikamu chikuru chepasi. Dai hupenyu hwakangwara hwaivepo, dzimwe nzvimbo dzaigona kuve dzemaguta. Zvakadaro, kutsvaga kuenzanisa chaiko nePasi kunogona kutsausa nekuda kwemamiriro chaiwo epanyika nekutenderedza Pasi, semuenzaniso, kuvepo kweMwedzi kunokanganisa zvakawanda zvinoitika panyika yedu.

Iyo Planetary Habitability Laboratory paYunivhesiti yePuerto Rico kuArecibo nguva pfupi yadarika yakanyora rondedzero yevanokwikwidza kuPasi analogues (9). Kazhinji kacho rudzi urwu rwekuronga runotanga nehukuru uye hukuru, asi iyi ndiyo chirevo chekunyengera, chakapiwa, semuenzaniso, Venus, iyo iri pedyo nesu, iyo inenge yakaenzana nePasi, uye mamiriro api aripo pairi. , zvinozivikanwa.

9. Anovimbisa exoplanets - anogona analogues ePasi, maererano nePlanetary Habitability Laboratory.

Chimwe chiyero chinowanzo taurwa ndechekuti Earth analogue inofanirwa kunge iine yakafanana pamusoro peiyo geology. Mienzaniso yepedyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeyeMars neTitan, uye nepo paine kufanana maererano nepamusoro penzvimbo uye kuumbwa kwezvikamu zvepasi, kune zvakare misiyano yakakura, senge tembiricha.

Mushure mezvose, zvinhu zvakawanda zvepasi uye maumbirwo evhu anomuka chete nekuda kwekudyidzana nemvura (semuenzaniso, ivhu nematombo emvura) kana sechigadzirwa chehupenyu (semuenzaniso, limestone kana marasha), kusangana nemhepo, kuputika kwemakomo. , kana kuti kupindira kwevanhu.

Nokudaro, analogue yechokwadi yePasi inofanira kusikwa kuburikidza nemaitiro akafanana, kuva nemhepo, makomo anoputika achibatana nepamusoro, mvura yemvura, uye imwe nzira yehupenyu.

Panyaya yemhepo, greenhouse effect inofungidzirwawo. Pakupedzisira, kupisa kwepamusoro kunoshandiswa. Inopesvedzerwa nemamiriro ekunze, ayo anozobva apesvedzerwa nekutenderera kwepasi uye kutenderera, chimwe nechimwe chinounza mitsva mitsva.

Chimwe chinhu chinoita kuti pave neenzaniso yakanaka yepasi rinopa upenyu ndechokuti rinofanira orbit yakatenderedza solar analogi. Nekudaro, chinhu ichi hachigone kururamiswa zvizere, sezvo nzvimbo yakanaka inokwanisa kupa kutaridzika kwenzvimbo yemhando dzakasiyana dzenyeredzi.

Semuenzaniso, muGwara renzou, nyeredzi zhinji idiki uye dzakasvibira pane Zuva. Mumwe wavo ambotaurwa TRAPPIST-1, iri pachinhambwe chemakore gumi echiedza muboka renyeredzi reAquarius uye inenge 10 nguva duku uye i2. nguva shoma shoma kudarika Zuva redu, asi kune mapuraneti matanhatu epasi munzvimbo yaro inogarwa. Aya mamiriro anogona kuita seasina kunaka kuhupenyu sekuzviziva kwatinoita, asi TRAPPIST-1 ingangove ine hupenyu hwakareba pamberi payo kupfuura nyeredzi yedu, saka hupenyu hune nguva yakawanda yekuvandudza ipapo.

Mvura inovhara 70% yePasi uye inoonekwa seimwe yemamiriro esimbi ehuvepo hwemhando dzehupenyu dzinozivikanwa kwatiri. Zvingangodaro, nyika yemvura ipasi Kepler-22b, iri munharaunda inogarwa yenyeredzi yakafanana nezuva asi yakakura zvikuru kupfuura Nyika, magadzirirwo ayo chaiwoiwo emakemikari anoramba asingazivikanwi.

Yakaitwa muna 2008 nenyanzvi yenyeredzi Michaela Meyeruye kubva kuYunivhesiti yeArizona, zvidzidzo zveguruva re cosmic munharaunda yenyeredzi ichangobva kuumbwa seZuva zvinoratidza kuti 20 kusvika 60% yeanalogu eZuva tine humbowo hwekuumbwa kwemapuraneti ane matombo mumaitiro akafanana neaya akatungamira pakuumbwa. zveNyika.

Mu 2009 Alan Boss kubva kuCarnegie Institute of Science yakakarakadza kuti mugwara redu renzou bedzi ndipo panogona kuvapo neGwara Renzou Mabhirioni 100 akafanana nepasih.

Muna 2011, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), zvakare zvichibva pane zvakaonekwa kubva kuKepler mission, yakagumisa kuti inenge 1,4 kusvika 2,7% yenyeredzi dzese dzakaita sezuva dzinofanirwa kutenderera mapuraneti akakura sePasi munzvimbo dzinogarwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti panogona kuva nemapoka enyeredzi ane mabhiriyoni maviri muGwara Renzou roga, uye tichifunga kuti kufungidzira uku ndokwechokwadi kumakwara enzou ose, panogona kunge paine makwara enzou ane mabhiriyoni 2 muchadenga chinooneka. 100 quintillion.

Muna 2013, iyo Harvard-Smithsonian Center yeAstrophysics, vachishandisa ongororo yehuwandu hwekuwedzera Kepler data, yakaratidza kuti pane zvishoma. 17 mabhiriyoni emapuraneti ukuru hwePasi - pasina kufunga nezve nzvimbo yavo munzvimbo dzekugara. Chidzidzo che2019 chakawana kuti mapuraneti akakura sePasi anogona kutenderera imwe yenyeredzi nhanhatu dzakaita sezuva.

Muenzaniso pane kufanana

The Earth Similarity Index (ESI) chiyero chinokurudzirwa chekufanana kwechinhu chepuraneti kana setiraiti yechisikigo kuNyika. Yakagadzirwa pachiyero kubva pazero kuenda kune imwe, neNyika yakapihwa kukosha kweimwe. Iyo parameter inoitirwa kufambisa kuenzaniswa kwemapuraneti mune yakakura dhatabhesi.

ESI, yakatsanangurwa muna 2011 mujenari Astrobiology, inosanganisa ruzivo nezve radius yepasi, density, velocity, uye tembiricha yepasi.

Webhusaiti inochengetwa nemumwe wevanyori vechinyorwa cha2011, Abla Mendes kubva kuYunivhesiti yePuerto Rico, anopa maverengero ake emaindices eakasiyana exoplanetary masisitimu. ESI Mendesa inoverengerwa pachishandiswa nzira yakaratidzwa mu mufananidzo 10kupi x_i ivo_i0 ndiwo maitiro emuviri wekunze mune hukama nePasi, v_i iyo inorema exponent yechinhu chimwe nechimwe uye huwandu hwese hwezvivakwa. Yakavakwa pahwaro Bray-Curtis kufanana index.

Huremu hwakapihwa kune imwe neimwe nzvimbo, w_i, isarudzo ipi neipi inogona kusarudzwa kuratidza zvimwe zvinhu pamusoro pezvimwe, kana kuwana index yaunoda kana kuti zvikumbaridzo. Webhusaiti iyi inorongawo zvainotsanangura semukana wekurarama pane exoplanets uye exo-mwedzi zvinoenderana nemaitiro matatu: nzvimbo, ESI, uye zano rekugona kuchengetedza zvipenyu mucheni yechikafu.

Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvakaratidzwa, semuenzaniso, kuti yechipiri yakakura ESI mune solar system ndeyeMars uye ndeye 0,70. Mamwe exoplanets akanyorwa muchinyorwa chino anodarika iyi nhamba, uye mamwe achangobva kuwanikwa Teegarden b ine iyo yepamusoro ESI yechero yakasimbiswa exoplanet, pa 0,95.

Kana tichitaura nezvePasi-sepanyika uye inogarika exoplanets, hatifanire kukanganwa mukana wekugona kugarika exoplanets kana satellite exoplanets.

Kuvepo kwechero yakasikwa extrasolar satellite haisati yasimbiswa, asi muna Gumiguru 2018 Prof. David Kipping yakazivisa kuwanikwa kweiyo exomoon inogona kutenderera chinhu Kepler-1625b.

Mapuraneti makuru ari mugadziriro yezuva, akadai seJupiter neSaturn, ane mwedzi mikuru inokwanisa kushanda mune zvimwe zvinhu. Nekuda kweizvozvo, mamwe masayendisiti akataura kuti mapuraneti makuru eextrasolar (uye mapuraneti ebhinari) anogona kunge aine masatellite makuru anogona kugarika. Mwedzi wehuwandu hwakakwana unokwanisa kutsigira Titan-yakafanana nemhepo pamwe chete nemvura yemvura pamusoro.

Chinonyanya kufarirwa panyaya iyi mapuraneti makuru eextrasolar anozivikanwa kuva munzvimbo inogarika (seGliese 876 b, 55 Cancer f, Upsilon Andromedae d, 47 Ursa Major b, HD 28185 b, uye HD 37124 c) nekuti vanogona kunge vaine. masatelliti echisikigo ane mvura yemvura pamusoro.

Hupenyu hwakapoteredza nyeredzi tsvuku kana chena?

Vakashongedzerwa neanoda kusvika makumi maviri emakore ezvakawanikwa munyika ye exoplanets, nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzakatotanga kugadzira mufananidzo wekuti pasi rinogarwa ringaite sei, kunyangwe vazhinji vakatarisa pane zvatinotoziva kare: puraneti yakaita sePasi inotenderera kune yero diki kunge. zvedu. Zuva, rakarongedzerwa seG-mhando huru-inotevedzana nyeredzi. Zvakadini nenyeredzi diki dzvuku dzeM, dzine dzimwe dzakawanda mugwara redu renzou?

Ko musha wedu waizova wakadini kana waitenderera dzvuku? Mhinduro yacho ishoma-sePasi, uye zvakanyanya kwete sePasi.

Kubva pamusoro penyika yakadaro yokufungidzira, taizotanga kuona zuva guru kwazvo. Zvingaita sekuti imwe nehafu kusvika katatu zvakapetwa kupfuura zvatinazvo pamberi pemeso edu ikozvino, tichipihwa kuswedera kweiyo orbit. Sezvinoratidzwa nezita racho, zuva richatsvuka nekuda kwekutonhora kwaro.

Red dwarfs inodziya zvakapetwa kaviri seZuva redu. Pakutanga, nyika yakadaro inogona kuita semutorwa zvishoma kuPasi, asi kwete kutyisa. Misiyano chaiyo inozobuda pachena kana tikaziva kuti zvizhinji zvezvinhu izvi zvinotenderera mukuwirirana nenyeredzi, saka rimwe divi rinogara rakatarisana nenyeredzi yaro, sezvinoita Mwedzi wedu kuNyika.

Izvi zvinoreva kuti rimwe divi rinoramba rakasviba chaizvo, sezvo risingakwanisi kuwana chiedza - kusiyana neMwedzi, uyo unovhenekerwa zvishoma neZuva kubva kune rimwe divi. Zvamazvirokwazvo, fungidziro huru ndeyokuti chikamu chepasi chakaramba chiri muchiedza chemasikati chisingagumi chaizotsva, uye icho chakanyura muusiku husingagumi chaizotonhora. Zvisinei ... hazvifaniri kunge zvakadaro.

Kwemakore, vazivi venyeredzi vakatonga nzvimbo dzvuku senzvimbo yekuvhima yePasi, vachitenda kuti kupatsanura nyika kuita zvikamu zviviri zvakasiyana zvachose kwaisazoita kuti imwe yadzo isagarike. Zvisinei, vamwe vanocherekedza kuti nyika dzomuchadenga dzinenge dziine kutenderera chaiko kuchaita kuti makore akakora aungane kudivi rine zuva kuitira kudzivirira mwaranzi wakasimba kuti urege kupisa pamusoro. Kutenderera kwemvura kwaizogoverawo kupisa pasi rose.

Mukuwedzera, uku kukora kwemhepo yakapoteredza pasi kunogona kupa dziviriro inokosha masikati kubva kune dzimwe njodzi dzemwaranzi. Vadiki diki dzvuku vanobata zvakanyanya mumakore mabhiriyoni mashoma ekutanga ekuita kwavo, vachiburitsa flare uye ultraviolet mwaranzi.

Makore makobvu anogona kuchengetedza hupenyu hunogona kuitika, kunyangwe zvipenyu zvekufungidzira zvinowanzovanda zvakadzika mumvura yepasi. Kutaura idi, masayendisiti nhasi anodavira kuti mwaranzi, somuenzaniso, mu<em>ultraviolet range, haikanganisi kukura kwezvipenyu. Mushure mezvose, hupenyu hwepakutanga paPasi, kubva kune zvipenyu zvose zvatinoziva, kusanganisira homo sapiens, zvakatanga, zvakagadziriswa pasi pemamiriro emagetsi ane simba eUV.

Izvi zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu anogamuchirwa pane iri pedyo Earth-like exoplanet inozivikanwa kwatiri. Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzepaCornell University dzinoti hupenyu hwepaPasi hwakasangana nemwaranzi yakasimba kupfuura inozivikanwa kubva Proxima-b.

Proxima-b, inongori makore 4,24 echiedza-makore kubva kumhepo yezuva uye iri padyo nePasi-sepasi rine matombo ratinoziva (kunyangwe isu tisingazive chero chinhu nezvazvo), inogamuchira ka250 maX-rays kupfuura Earth. Inogonawo kuona mazinga anouraya emwaranzi ye ultraviolet pamusoro payo.

Proxima-b-like mamiriro anofungidzirwa kuti aripo eTRAPPIST-1, Ross-128b (anenge makore gumi nerimwe echiedza-makore kubva kuPasi muboka renyeredzi Mhandara) uye LHS-1140 b (makumi mana emakore chiedza-makore kubva kuNyika muboka renyeredzi Cetus). zvirongwa.

Dzimwe fungidziro dzine hanya kubuda kwezvipenyu zvinogona kuitika. Sezvo rima dzvuku dzvuku raizoburitsa mwenje mushoma, zvinofungidzirwa kuti kana pasi rinoitenderedza riine zvipenyu zvakafanana nezvirimwa zvedu, zvinofanirwa kutora mwenje pamusoro pehuwandu hwakakura hwewavelengths yephotosynthesis, izvo zvinoreva kuti "exoplanets" inogona. kuita kunge mutema semaonero edu (onawo: ) Nekudaro, zvakakosha kuziva pano kuti zvinomera zvine rumwe ruvara kunze kwegirinhi zvinozivikanwawo paPasi, zvinotora chiedza zvishoma zvakasiyana.

Munguva ichangopfuura, vatsvakurudzi vave vachifarira chimwe chikamu chezvinhu - zvichena zvidiki, zvakafanana nekukura kwePasi, izvo zvisiri nyeredzi, asi zvinogadzira nzvimbo yakagadzikana yakavapoteredza, inopenya simba kwemabhiriyoni emakore, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive zvinangwa zvinonakidza zve exoplanetary research. .

Hukuru hwadzo hudiki uye, nekudaro, chiratidzo chikuru chekufamba cheexoplanet inogoneka inoita kuti zvikwanise kuona angangoita matombo emuchadenga wepasi, kana aripo, nemateresikopu echizvarwa chitsva. Vazivi venyeredzi vanoda kushandisa zvese zvakavakwa uye zvakarongwa zvekuongorora, kusanganisira teresikopu yeJames Webb, yepasi. Teresikopu yakakura kwazvopamwe chete neramangwana mavambo, HabEx i LUVUARkana vakasimuka.

Pane dambudziko rimwe chete munharaunda ino iri kuwedzera zvinoshamisa ye exoplanet tsvagiridzo, tsvakiridzo nekuongorora, risina basa panguva ino, asi iro rinogona kudzvanya nekufamba kwenguva. Zvakanaka, kana, nekuda kwezviridzwa zvepamberi, isu pakupedzisira takwanisa kuwana exoplanet - mapatya ePasi anosangana nezvinodiwa zvese zvakaoma, akazadzwa nemvura, mhepo uye tembiricha zvakaringana, uye nyika ino ichataridzika "yemahara" , ipapo pasina ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runobvumira kubhururuka ikoko pane imwe nguva ine mufungo, uchiziva kuti inogona kuva chitambudzo.

Asi, zvinofadza, hatisati tine dambudziko rakadaro.