proton zvakavanzika. Zera nekukura hazvisati zvazivikanwa
Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti kune matatu quarks muproton. Muchokwadi, chimiro chayo chakanyanya kuomarara (1), uye kuwedzerwa kwemagluons anosunga quarks pamwe chete hakusi kupera kwenyaya. Iyo proton inoonekwa segungwa rechokwadi requarks uye antiquarks anouya nekuenda, izvo zvinoshamisa kune yakagadzikana chidimbu chenyaya.
Kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, kunyangwe saizi chaiyo yeproton yakanga isingazivikanwe. Kwenguva yakareba, fizikisi yaive yakakosha ye0,877. femtometer (fm, uko femtometer yakaenzana ne100 quintillion metres). Muna 2010, chimwe chikwata chepasi rose chakaita chiedzo chitsva paPaul Scherrer Institute kuSwitzerland uye chakawana kukosha kwakaderera kwe0,84 fm. Muna 2017, nyanzvi dzefizikisi dzekuGermany, zvichienderana nezviyero zvavo, dzakaverenga proton radius ye0,83 fm uye, sezvaitarisirwa nekururama kwekuyerwa kwekukanganisa, yaizoenderana nekukosha kwe0,84 fm yakaverengerwa muna 2010 zvichibva pane exotic "muonic hydrogen radiation. ."
Makore maviri gare gare, rimwe boka revasayendisiti vanoshanda muUS, Ukraine, Russia, neArmenia, vakaumba boka rePRad paJefferson Lab muVirginia, vakayambuka-kutarisa zviyero kuedza kutsva pakuparadzira mapurotoni pamaerekitironi. Masayendisiti akawana chigumisiro - 0,831 femtometers. Vanyori veNature bepa pane izvi havatendi kuti dambudziko rakagadziriswa zvachose. Urwu ndirwo ruzivo rwedu rwechikamu, chinova "nheyo" yenyaya.
Tinotaura pachena izvozvo proton - yakagadzika subatomic particle kubva muboka remabhayoni ine mutero we +1 uye zororo remareji anenge 1 unit. Mapurotoni nemanyuturoni manyukoni, zvinhu zveatomic nuclei. Huwandu hwemapurotoni mumukati meatomu yakapihwa hunoenzana nenhamba yeserial number, inova ndiyo hwaro hwekuronga zvinhu muperiodic table. Iwo ndiwo chikamu chikuru chekutanga cosmic mwaranzi. Zvinoenderana neiyo Standard Model, iyo proton ichidimbu chakaomeswa chakaiswa semahadrons, kana kunyanya, mabhayoni. inogadzirwa nemaquarks matatu - maviri kumusoro "u" uye imwe pasi "d" quarks yakasungwa nekubatana kwakasimba kunoparidzirwa nemagluons.
Zvinoenderana neazvino mhedzisiro yekuyedza, kana proton yakaora, saka avhareji yehupenyu hwechikamu ichi inodarika 2,1 · 1029 makore. Zvinoenderana neStandard Model, proton, sebhayoni yakareruka, haigone kuora yega. Dzidziso huru dzakabatana dzisina kuongororwa dzinowanzofanotaura kuora kweproton nehupenyu hunosvika makore 1 x 1036. Iyo proton inogona kushandurwa, semuenzaniso, mukuita kwekutora ma electron. Iyi nzira haina kuitika yega, asi chete semugumisiro we kupa mamwe simba. Iyi nzira inodzokororwa. Somuenzaniso, pakuparadzana beta neutron inoshanduka kuita proton. Manyuturoni emahara anowora (hupenyu hwese anenge maminetsi gumi nemashanu), achigadzira proton.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zviedzo zvakaratidza kuti mapurotoni nevavakidzani vawo ari mukati memukati meatomu. manyuturoni zvinoratidzika zvakakura kupfuura zvavanofanira kuva. Vefizikisi vauya nedzidziso mbiri dzinokwikwidza vachiedza kutsanangura chiitiko ichi, uye vatsigiri veumwe neumwe vanotenda kuti mumwe haana kururama. Nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero, mapurotoni nemanyuturoni ari mukati menyuclei inorema anoita sokunge kuti akakura zvikuru pane paainge ari kunze kwomwoyo. Masayendisiti anoidana iyo EMC mhedzisiro kubva kuEuropean Muon Collaboration, iro boka rakazviwana netsaona. Uku kutyora zviriko.
Vatsvagiri vanoratidza kuti maquark anoumba nucleon anodyidzana nemamwe maquark emamwe maproton nemanyutroni, achiparadza madziro anopatsanura zvidimbu. Quarks inoumba imwe proton i quarks kugadzira imwe proton, vanotanga kutora nzvimbo imwe chete. Izvi zvinoita kuti mapurotoni (kana manyutroni) atambanuke uye asvibe. Vanokura zvakasimba, kunyange munguva pfupi. Zvisinei, hadzisi nyanzvi dzose dzefizikisi dzinobvumirana nerondedzero iyi yechiitiko chacho. Saka zvinoita sekunge hupenyu hwemagariro eproton munyukiresi yeatomu hahuna kunzwisiswa zvishoma pane zera nehukuru hwayo.
