Turning nharaunda inokosha paramende yemotokari

Mumwe nemumwe wedu akatarisana nebasa rakaoma rekufambisa munzvimbo yakamanikana - semuenzaniso, munzvimbo yekupaka yenzvimbo yekutengesa. Kureba kwemota, ndiko kunonyanya kuoma kupaka. Ichi ndicho chikonzero mota dzine diki inotenderera radius dzinonyanya kubatsira mumaguta. Mukuwedzera kune wheelbase, zvimwe zvinhu zvakakoshawo pazviri.

Chii chiri kutenderera nharaunda yemota

Kutenderera nharaunda yemotokari kunoreva denderedzwa rinotsanangura mota kana ichiita maneuver. Panyaya iyi, mudhiraivho akatendeukira zvachose divi kana imwe. Kuziva paramende iyi kwakakosha kuitira kuti uone kana mota ichizokwanisa kutendeuka zvizere pane chimwe chikamu chemugwagwa kana mutyairi anofanirwa kuchinjika kubva pakutanga kumhanya kuti adzokere kakawanda.

Uyezve, mutyairi anofanirwa kunzwisisa kuti diki uye hombe nharaunda dzakasiyana pfungwa, uye dzinofanirwa kutariswa. Mune zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi zvemamwe mamodheru emota, ese ma parameter anoratidzwa (nhamba dzakanyorwa nechidimbu).

Diki kana kushomeka kutenderera nharaunda kunoreva kune inonzi inonzi curb-to-curb kure. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo vhiri rinosiya rakatenderedza kunze kweiyo semicircle painotendeuka. Uchishandisa iyi paramende, iwe unogona kuona kuti yakafara sei nzira yemugwagwa inofanira kunge iine yakaderera curbs kumucheto kuitira kuti mota igone kutendeuka yakadzikama.

Radiyo yakakura idenderedzwa, iyo yatove yakatsanangurwa nemuviri wemotokari. Iyi paramende inonzi zvakare rusvingo-kune-rusvingo nharaunda. Kunyangwe kana mota dzakasiyana dziine wheelbase imwechete (chinhambwe kubva kumberi kuenda kumavhiri ekumashure, sekuyerwa kubva kumativi ari kure ematai), anogona kuve nematanho akasiyana anotenderera kubva pamadziro kuenda kumadziro. Icho chikonzero ndechekuti zviyero zvemashini akasiyana anogona kuve akasiyana kwazvo.

Zvirinani kuti mutyairi wega wega atarise pane yechipiri paramende, nekuti kana uchiita U-kutendeuka pamugwagwa usina kukomberedzwa, zvinokwanisika kutyaira nemavhiri uye munzira yemarara. Asi kana mugwagwa uine ruzhowa kana mota ichitendeuka pakati pemasvingo kana zvimwe zvivakwa, saka zvakakosha zvakanyanya kuti mutyairi "anzwe" kukura kwemotokari yake.

Hechino chimwe chinhu chine chekuita nemamiriro emota panguva yekufambisa kana kutendeuka. Kana mota ikatendeuka, kumberi kwemotokari kunoita denderedzwa rakati kurei kupfuura rekumashure. Naizvozvo, kana uchisiya kupaka, garaji kana pamharadzano, zvinodikanwa kukwevera chikamu chepamberi chemota kumberi zvishoma kuitira kuti chikamu chekumashure chikwane mune mamwe madimikira. Iko kumberi kwemotokari kunogara kuchikwanisika kufamba, uye kuti ikwane mukutendeuka, mutyairi anongoda kuona kuti ingamise sei vhiri rekutenderera.

Chii chinokanganisa kutenderera nharaunda

Kana ichitenderedzwa 360 madhigirii, muchina wega wega "unodhonza" denderedzwa rekunze nemukati. Tichingofunga kuti kutendeuka kunoenderana newachi, denderedzwa rekunze rinotsanangurwa nemavhiri ari kudivi romutyairi uye denderedzwa remukati nevari kurudyi.

Paunenge uchityaira mudenderedzwa, nharaunda inotenderera yemotokari imwe neimwe inogona kusarudzwa zvakasiyana, ingave kombi kana mota inoenderana. Iyo diki yekutendeuka nharaunda yakaenzana neiya huru yekufambisa vhiringi inobvumidzwa nemishini yemagetsi. Izvi zvakakosha kana kupaka kana kudzosera kumashure.

Maitiro ekuyera iro rinotenderera redhiyo yemota

Ehezve, kuziva iwo chaiwo manhamba ane maradhi, kana kunyatsoita, dhayamita, kutendeuka kwemota, izvi hazvina kukwana. Mutyairi haamhanye mumugwagwa netepi yekuyera kuti aone kana achigona kuita U-kutendeuka apa kana kwete. Kuti uone izvi nekukurumidza sezvinobvira, unofanirwa kujairira kukura kwemotokari yako.

Radiyo yekutendeuka inoyerwa nenzira mbiri. Kutanga, nzvimbo isina chinhu inosarudzwa, uko kune nzvimbo inokwana kuti mota izadzise yakazara -360-degree kutendeuka mune yekutanga giya. Tevere, iwe unofanirwa kutora makoni kana mabhodhoro emvura, choko uye tepi chiyero.

Chekutanga, tinoyera kuti mota inoda chinhambwe chakadii kuitira kuti mavhiri epamberi akwane kana achitendeuka munzira. Kuti tiite izvi, tinomisa mota, mavhiri ari munzira yakatwasuka. Kunze kwevhiri, uko kucharondedzera kutenderera kwekunze, mucherechedzo unoitwa pane asphalt. Panzvimbo, mavhiri anotendeuka achienda kune iyo U-kutendeuka uye mota inotanga kufamba kudzamara dhiraivhi rekunze riri kudivi rakatarisana nemaki. Mucherechedzo wechipiri unoiswa pane asphalt. Iyo inokonzeresa kure ndiko kutendeuka kweruwa kubva kumucheto kusvika kumucheto. Kunyanya chaizvo, ichave iri dhayamita. Iyo nharaunda iri hafu iyi kukosha. Asi kana data iri richiratidzwa mubhuku remota, rinonyanya kuve dhayamita inopihwa.

Izvo zviyero zvinoitwa pamadziro-kune-madziro hwaro. Kune izvi, muchina unoiswa chaizvo. Mucherechedzo unoitwa pane iyo asphalt pakona yakanyanyisa yebhamba, inozotsanangura denderedzwa rekunze. Mumota yakamira, mavhiri akanyatsobuda, uye mota inotenderera kusvika kona yekunze ye bhamba iri kune rimwe divi rechiratidzo (180 degrees). Mucherechedzo unoiswa paasphalt uye chinhambwe pakati pemamaki chinoyerwa. Ichi chichava chikuru kutendeuka nharaunda.

Aya ndiwo marongero ehunyanzvi anoitwa. Asi, sekucherechedza kwatakaita, mutyairi haazokwanise kumhanya achitevedza mugwagwa kuti aone kana achigona kutendeudza mota yake kana kwete. Naizvozvo, iwo manhamba haataure chero chinhu. Kuti mutyairi anyatsoona mukana weU-kutendeuka, achitarisa padanho remota, anofanirwa kujaira kwavari.

Ndozvinoita makoni, mabhodhoro emvura, kana chero zvimisikidzwa zvinotakurika. Zvirinani kusaita izvi kumadziro kuitira kuti usakanganisa muviri wemota. Nheyo yacho yakafanana: kumira kunoiswa kune yekunze chikamu chebhamba, mota inoshandura zana nemakumi masere neshanu, uye yekumira yechipiri inoiswa. Ipapo mutyairi anogona kudzokorora kutendeuka mukati memiganhu imwechete pasina kusiya mota kuti agadzirise zvakare maones. Iyi nheyo inoshandiswa kudzidzisa kupaka uye kugona maneja muzvikoro zvekutyaira.

Kuchinja kona yekastor kunokanganisa nharaunda inotenderera yemota

Kutanga, ngatinzwisisei muchidimbu kuti caster (kana castor) iri mumotokari. Iyi ndiyo kona iri pakati petsika yakatwasuka neiyo axis panotenderera vhiri. Mumota zhinji, mavhiri haatendeuke akabatana nedivi rekumira, asi nekukanganisa zvishoma.

Sekuona, iyi paramende inenge isingaonekwe, nekuti iyo yakakwira inosiyana kubva pakatarisana nematanho gumi chete. Kana kukosha uku kuri kukuru, saka mainjiniya anofanirwa kugadzira kumiswa kwakasiyana zvachose kwemotokari. Kuita kuti zvive nyore kunzwisisa kuti chii chinonzi caster, chingotarisa forogo yebhasikoro kana mudhudhudhu.

Iyo inowoneka zvakanyanya kutsvedza kwayo kune hukama nemutsara wakamira, iko kukwirira kweiyo castor index. Iyi parameter yakanyanya kune yakasarudzika-yakagadzirwa chopper mhando midhudhudhu. Aya mamodheru ane forogo refu kwazvo kumberi, izvo zvinopa vhiri repamberi kufamba kwakawanda kumberi. Aya mabhasikoro ane dhizaini inoshamisa, asi zvakare inoyevedza kutendeuka nharaunda.

Museve unoratidza kwaienda motokari. Kuruboshwe kune positive caster, pakati pane zero, kurudyi kune negative.

Zvinonzwisisika kuti kona yekastor inoenderana neiyo yakatwasuka inogona kuva zero, yakanaka kana isina kunaka. Muchiitiko chekutanga, iko kunongedzera kwepositi kune chinzvimbo chakamira chakamira. Mune yechipiri kesi, yekumusoro chikamu che rack iri padyo nemukati memota, uye vhiri axis iri kumberi zvishoma (iyo pivot axis, kana ichionekwa yakatambanudzirwa kumharadzano nemugwagwa, ichave iri pamberi pevhiri rekubata nzvimbo ). Muchiitiko chechitatu, vhiri repivot riri padyo padyo nekamuri revatambi kupfuura pamusoro pembiru. Iine castor yakadaro, axle yekufambisa (iine mamiriro ekuwedzera kusvika pamharadzano nemugwagwa wemugwagwa) ichave iri kumashure kwechikamu chekubata chevhiri nemugwagwa.

Mune dzinenge mota dzese dzevanhu, iyo caster ine kona yakanaka. Nekuda kweizvi, mavhiri anotenderera panguva yekufamba kwemota anokwanisa kuzvimiririra achidzokera kune yakatwasuka-mutsetse chinzvimbo kana mutyairi aburitsa chidhiraivho. Ichi ndicho chirevo chikuru chekastor.

Chirevo chechipiri chekurerekera uku ndechekuti camber yemavhiri anotenderera anochinja kana mota yapinda mukana. Kana iyo caster yakanaka mumotokari, iyo camber inoshandukira kune yakashata parutivi pakuita manevavha. Nekuda kweizvi, chigamba chekubata uye chinzvimbo chemavhiri chakaringana geometrically, izvo zvinokanganisa kubata kwemotokari.

Ikozvino nezvekuti iyo castor angle inobata iyo inoshanduka nharaunda. Hunhu hwemota mumugwagwa, kana zvakanyanyisa, kugona kwayo, kunoenderana nechero paramende inoshandiswa mukutyaira.

Kana iwe ukachinja zvishoma kurereka kwerack kune iyo mira, ehe, izvi zvinokanganisa nharaunda inotenderera yemota. Asi unenge uri mutsauko usingakoshi zvekuti mutyairi haatombozviona.

Kuganhurira kutenderera kweiri vhiri rekutyaira kwakanyanya kukosha kutenderedza mota kupfuura kukosha kwecaster. Semuenzaniso, shanduko mukona yekutenderera kwevhiri nedhigirii rimwe chete ine zvakapetwa kashanu pane kumwe kutenderera kwemota uchienzaniswa neshanduko imwe chete mukona yekutenderera kwetambo inoenderana neyakakodzera mira.

Mune dzimwe mota dzakagadziriswa, kona yekumhara inogona kusvika pamadhigirii makumi mapfumbamwe.

Kuti caster ideredze zvakanyanya nharaunda inotenderera, inofanirwa kunge isina kunaka zvekuti mavhiri epamberi anenge ave pasi pechigaro chemutyairi. Uye izvi zvinosanganisira mhedzisiro yakakomba, kusanganisira kudzikisira kwakanaka mukutsetseka kwekufamba kwemota uye kugadzikana panguva yekumira (mota inozo "peck" kumberi kwekupedzisira zvakanyanya kusimba). Uye zvakare, shanduko dzakakomba dzinofanirwa kuitwa mukumiswa kwemotokari.

Zvakanakira mota ine diki yekutendeuka nharaunda

Iyo radius inotendeuka inogona kutsanangurwa, inogona kuverengerwa nefomu D = 2 * L / chivi. D mune iyi dhayamita yedenderedzwa, L ndiyo wheelbase, uye ndiyo kona yekutenderera kwematairi.

Motokari ine nharaunda diki yekutendeuka zviri nyore kufamba kupfuura mota hombe. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika pakutyaira munzvimbo dzakapinza, senge muguta. Nediyasi diki, kupaka kuri nyore pamwe nekutyaira munzvimbo dzakaomarara senge off-roading.

Vagadziri vanopa ruzivo pane izvo zvinonzi kutendeuka nharaunda kune avo mota. Iyi ivhareji yemamita gumi kusvika gumi nemaviri mumugwagwa. Radiyo inotsamira zvakanyanya pane wheelbase.

Kukanganisa kwemachina ane radius hombe

Mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope, seGerman, maererano nemutemo, mota dzinofanirwa kunge dzichitenderera nharaunda isingasviki gumi nemashanu emamita. Zvikasadaro, ivo havazonyorwa. Icho chikonzero cheichi chinodikanwa ndiko kukotama uye kutenderera nzira idzo mota dzinofanira kupfuura dzisingarove mabhureki.

Mune dzimwe nyika, hapana zvirambidzo zvakanyanya pane iyi paramende. Mitemo yemugwagwa kumatunhu akasiyana inogona kungoratidza mutemo wekutyaira mukona nhete pamotokari hombe. Semuenzaniso, mumwe wemitemo unoti:

"Kutendeuka kunogona kutanga kubva kune chimwe chikamu chemugwagwa (kana redhiyo yekutenderera iri yakakura kudarika upamhi hwenzira yacho pachayo), asi mutyairi wemotokari inotendeuka anofanira kupfuura nekupfuura mota kurudyi kwadzo."

Zvimwe zvinodiwa zvinoshanda kumarori, mabhazi uye zvimwe zvinorema michina. Maitiro avo anopfuura gumi nemaviri emamita. Kuti uyambuke migwagwa mitete, zvinowanzodiwa kuti upinde munzira inoenda kuitira kuti mavhiri ekisero ekumashure apinde nenzira kwayo uye usatyaira munzira.

Pakupera kwekudzokorora, isu tinopa dudziro diki yekuti ndeipi trajectory chaiyo kuita U-kutendeuka pamharadzano:

Rini rekuvhura yakakura trajectory uye kana pane diki trajectory?

Mibvunzo nemhinduro:

Maitiro ekuyera iro rinotendeuka nzvimbo yemugwagwa. Kazhinji mune zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi, dhayamita yekutendeuka yemotokari inoratidzwa, nekuti kana ichitendeuka, mota inoita denderedzwa rese. Asi kana iri yekutenderera, iyi ichave iri nharaunda, nekuti kutenderera kunotsanangura chete chikamu chedenderedzwa. Pane nzira yekuyera kubva pamharadzano kusvika pakukomberedza kana kumadziro kusvika kumadziro. Muchiitiko chekutanga, chinhambwe chinodiwa kuti mavhiri ese emotokari arambe ari munzira chakatemwa. Muchiitiko chechipiri, zvinotariswa kana mota yakakura zvakakwana kuti ikwane kana ichitendeuka munzvimbo yakakomberedzwa.

Maitiro ekuyera iro rinotenderera redhiyo yemota munzvimbo yekupaka. Kuyera chinhambwe kubva kumucheto kusvika kumharadzano, mucherechedzo unodhonzwa pane asphalt pane iyo yekunze vhiri iripo, inozotsanangura nzvimbo yekunze. Shure kwaizvozvo, mavhiri akashandurwa kuti amire, uye muchina unoshandura 180 degrees. Mushure mekutendeuka, mumwe mucherechedzo unoitwa pane iyo asphalt kubva kudivi rerimwe vhiri. Iyi nhamba inoratidza hushoma hupamhi hwenzira iyo mota ichatendeuka zvakachengeteka. Iyo nharaunda iri hafu yedaro iyi, asi vatyairi vanoshandiswa kudaidza denderedzwa rinotenderera iro nharaunda. Maitiro echipiri (kubva pamadziro kusvika kumadziro) anotarisawo pamusoro pechipfuva chemotokari (iri ndiro chinhambwe kubva kumberi kwevhiri kusvika kunze kwebhambu). Mune ino kesi, tsvimbo ine choko yakasungirirwa kune yekunze kweye bumper uye mota inoshandura 180 degrees. Kusiyana neparamende yapfuura, kukosha uku pamotokari imwechete kuchave kwakakura zvishoma, nekuti chinhambwe kubva pagumbo kuenda kuchikamu chekunze chebhamba chinowedzerwa.

Iko kushoma kutendeuka nharaunda yendima. Kune yemotokari yevatakuri, iyo diki yekutendeuka nharaunda ndeye 4.35 kusvika 6.3 metres.