Udza katsi yako zvaunofunga mukati - the black box effect

Icho chokwadi chekuti advanced AI algorithms yakafanana nebhokisi dema (1) rinokanda kure mhedzisiro isina kuburitsa kuti yakauya sei inoshungurudza vamwe uye inogumbura vamwe.

Muna 2015, boka rekutsvagisa paMount Sinai Hospital muNew York rakakumbirwa kushandisa nzira iyi kuongorora dhatabhesi yakakura yevarwere veko (2). Muunganidzwa muhombe uyu une gungwa reruzivo rwemurwere, mhinduro dzebvunzo, zvakatemwa nachiremba, nezvimwe.

Masayendisiti akadana chirongwa chekuongorora chakagadzirwa munguva yebasa. Yakadzidziswa pane data kubva kune vangangoita 700 vanhu. vanhu, uye kana yakaedzwa muzvinyorwa zvitsva, yakaratidza kuve inoshanda zvakanyanya mukufanotaura chirwere. Pasina rubatsiro rwenyanzvi dzevanhu, akawana mapatani mumarekodhi echipatara anoratidza kuti ndeupi murwere ari munzira yechirwere, chakadai sekenza yechiropa. Maererano nenyanzvi, kufungidzira uye kuongororwa kwehutano hwehurongwa hwakanga hwakanyanya kudarika iyo yeimwe nzira dzinozivikanwa.

2. Medical artificial intelligence system yakavakirwa padhatabhesi dzevarwere

Panguva imwecheteyo, vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti inoshanda nenzira isinganzwisisiki. Zvakazoitika, semuenzaniso, kuti yakanakira kuziva zvirwere zvepfungwazvakadai seschizophrenia, iyo yakaoma zvikuru kuna vanachiremba. Izvi zvaikatyamadza, kunyanya sezvo pasina aiziva kuti AI system yaigona sei kuona chirwere chepfungwa zvichibva chete pamarekodhi emurwere. Hongu, nyanzvi dzakafara zvikuru nerubatsiro rwemuchina wekuongorora unoshanda, asi vaizogutsikana zvakanyanya kana vakanzwisisa kuti AI inosvika sei pamhedzisiro yayo.

Matanho eartificial neurons

Kubva pakutanga, ndiko kuti, kubva panguva iyo pfungwa yehungwaru hwekugadzira yakazivikanwa, pakanga paine mapoinzi maviri ekuona paAI. Wekutanga akataura kuti zvaizova zvine musoro zvikuru kugadzira michina inorangarira maererano nemisimboti inozivikanwa uye pfungwa dzevanhu, zvichiita kuti kushanda kwayo kwemukati kuve pachena kumunhu wese. Vamwe vaidavira kuti njere dzaizobuda nyore kana michina yaidzidza kuburikidza nekucherechedza uye kuedza kwadzokororwa.

Iyo yekupedzisira inoreva kudzosera yakajairika komputa hurongwa. Panzvimbo peiyo programmer kunyora mirairo kugadzirisa dambudziko, chirongwa chinoburitsa own algorithm zvichibva pamuenzaniso data uye mhedzisiro yaunoda. Nzira dzekudzidza dzemuchina dzakazoshanduka kuita dzakasimba kwazvo AI masisitimu anozivikanwa nhasi achangopinda munzira, kutaura zvazviri, muchina pachawo zvirongwa.

Iyi nzira yakaramba iri pamucheto weAI masisitimu ekutsvagisa mu60s uye 70s. Chete pakutanga kwemakore gumi apfuura, mushure mekuchinja kwekutanga nekuvandudza, "Yakadzika" neural network akatanga kuratidza kuvandudzwa kwakakura mukugona kweruzivo rweotomatiki. 

Kudzidza kwemichina yakadzika kwakapa makomputa nehunyanzvi hunoshamisa, sekugona kuziva mazwi anotaurwa zvakada kufanana nemunhu. Uhu hwakanyanya kuomarara hunyanzvi hwekuronga pachine nguva. Muchina wacho unofanirwa kukwanisa kugadzira "chirongwa" chayo ne kudzidziswa pamadatasets makuru.

Kudzidza kwakadzama kwakashandurawo kuzivikanwa kwemufananidzo wekombuta uye kwakavandudza zvakanyanya kunaka kweshanduro yemuchina. Nhasi, inoshandiswa kuita marudzi ese esarudzo dzakakosha mukurapa, mari, kugadzira, nezvimwe.

Zvisinei, nezvose izvi haugone kungotarisa mukati meyakadzika neural network kuti uone kuti "mukati" inoshanda sei. Manetiweki ekufunga maitiro akaiswa mumaitiro ezviuru zveezesheni neuroni, dzakarongwa kuita gumi nemaviri kana kunyange mazana ematanho akabatana akabatana..

Imwe neimwe yemaneuron muchikamu chekutanga inogamuchira, sekusimba kwepixel mumufananidzo, uye yobva yaita masvomhu isati yaburitsa zvinobuda. Ivo vanofambiswa mune yakaoma network kune neurons yeinotevera layer - uye zvichingodaro, kusvika yekupedzisira yekubuda chiratidzo. Pamusoro pezvo, pane maitiro anozivikanwa sekugadzirisa maverengero anoitwa nemaneuron ega ega kuitira kuti network yekudzidzisa ibudise mhedzisiro inodiwa.

Mumuenzaniso unowanzotaurwa une chekuita nekuzivikanwa kwemufananidzo wembwa, mazinga akaderera eAI anoongorora hunhu hwakareruka sechimiro kana ruvara. Iwo epamusoro anobata nenyaya dzakaoma semvere kana maziso. Chepamusoro chepamusoro chete chinounza zvese pamwe chete, kuratidza iyo yakazara seti yeruzivo sembwa.

Nzira imwechete inogona kushandiswa kune mamwe marudzi ekuisa simba kuti muchina udzidze pachawo: manzwi anoumba mazwi mukutaura, mavara uye mazwi anoumba mitsara mumagwaro akanyorwa, kana chidhiraivho, semuenzaniso. mafambiro anodiwa kutyaira mota.

Mota haina chainosvetuka.

Kuedza kunoitwa kutsanangura kuti chii chaizvo chinoitika muhurongwa hwakadai. Muna 2015, vatsvakurudzi veGoogle vakagadzirisa yakadzika yekudzidza mufananidzo wegorgorithm kuitira kuti panzvimbo yekuona zvinhu mumifananidzo, yakagadzira kana kuigadzirisa. Nekumhanyisa algorithm kumashure, ivo vaida kuwana hunhu hunoshandiswa nechirongwa kuziva, toti, shiri kana chivakwa.

Zviyedzo izvi, zvinozivikanwa pachena sezita, zvakaburitsa mifananidzo inoshamisa ye (3) mhuka dzinotyisa, dzinoshamisa, nzvimbo, uye mavara. Nekuburitsa zvimwe zvezvakavanzika zvekuona muchina, sekuti mamwe mapatani anodzokororwa nekudzokororwa, vakaratidzawo kuti kudzidza kwemichina kwakadzama kwakasiyana sei nemaonero evanhu - semuenzaniso, mupfungwa yekuti inowedzera uye inodzokorora zvinhu zvekare zvatisingatarise. mumaitiro edu ekuona pasina kufunga . .

3. Mufananidzo wakagadzirwa mupurojekiti

Nenzira, kune rumwe rutivi, zviedzo izvi zvakaburitsa chakavanzika chemaitiro edu ekuziva. Zvichida zviri mumaonero edu kuti kune zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvisinganzwisisi zvinoita kuti tinzwisise uye tisakanganwa chimwe chinhu pakarepo, nepo muchina unodzokorora nemoyo murefu kudzokororwa kwayo pazvinhu “zvisina kukosha”.

Mimwe miedzo uye zvidzidzo zvakaitwa mukuyedza "kunzwisisa" muchina. Jason Yosinski akasika chishandiso chinoshanda sechiferefeta chakanamira muuropi, kunanga chero artificial neuron uye kutsvaga mufananidzo unoimutsa zvakasimba. Mukuedza kwekupedzisira, mifananidzo isinganzwisisike yakaonekwa semhedzisiro ye "peeping" network red-handed, izvo zvakaita kuti maitiro ari kuitika muhurongwa atonyanya kusanzwisisika.

Zvisinei, kune masayendisiti akawanda, kudzidza kwakadaro kusanzwisisa, nokuti, mumaonero avo, kuitira kuti vanzwisise hurongwa, kuziva maitiro uye nzira dzepamusoro-soro dzekuita zvisarudzo zvakaoma, zvese computational kusangana mukati meyakadzika neural network. Iyo hofori maze yemabasa emasvomhu uye zvinosiyana. Parizvino, hazvinzwisisiki kwatiri.

Komputa haisati yatanga here? Sei?

Sei zvakakosha kuti unzwisise nzira dzekuita sarudzo dzepamusoro artificial intelligence system? Masvomhu ari kutoshandiswa kuona kuti ndevapi vasungwa vanogona kusunungurwa parole, vangapihwe chikwereti, uye kuti ndiani angawana basa. Vaya vanofarira vangada kuziva kuti sei ichi uye kwete imwe sarudzo yakaitwa, ndezvipi zvikonzero zvayo uye nzira.

akabvuma muna Kubvumbi 2017 muMIT Technology Ongororo. Tommy Yaakkola, purofesa weMIT anoshanda pane zvikumbiro zvekudzidza muchina. --.

Iko kune kunyange pamutemo uye mutemo chinzvimbo kuti kugona kuongorora uye kunzwisisa nzira yekuita sarudzo yeAI masisitimu ikodzero yakakosha yemunhu.

Kubva 2018, EU yanga ichishanda pakuda kuti makambani ape tsananguro kune vatengi vavo nezve sarudzo dzakaitwa neatomatiki masisitimu. Zvinoitika kuti izvi dzimwe nguva hazvigoneke kunyangwe nemasisitimu anoita seakareruka, senge maapplication uye mawebhusaiti anoshandisa yakadzama sainzi kuratidza kushambadza kana kurumbidza nziyo.

Makombiyuta anoshandisa purogiramu iyi yebasa ivo pachavo, uye vanozviita nenzira dzatisinganzwisisi ... Kunyange mainjiniya anogadzira zvikumbiro izvi haagoni kutsanangura zvizere kuti inoshanda sei.