shanduko, kuvandudzwa kwese

… Ndizvo zvakajairika munyika yedu. Ini ndakatonyora imwe sequel (kune rwiyo runozivikanwa), asi ini handisi kuzoigovera nevaverengi. Mukupera kwegore ra2016, ndakatora chikamu mumisangano yakati wandei pamusoro pedzidzo muPoland, uye ndakavawo nehurukuro dzakati wandei, dzatove dzakanyatsoenderana nezvidzidzo, pamisangano yedidactic nemisangano nevadzidzisi. Zvichava zvakanaka kana ndikanyora pfungwa dzangu.

Ikozvino shanduko yesangano redzidzo inongova pfungwa yezvematongerwo enyika, kushandiswa kwehumwe uzivi, hwakagadzirwa muPrussia muzana remakore rechiXNUMX uye hunoshandiswa kure nePoland pakutanga kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX: kutanga tichaparadza zvatinazvo, tobva tafunga. Hungu, kune nharo dzakawanda dzakasimba dzokuti uye dzokupikisa. Ini pachangu, ndakaona kuti kubva pakutanga kwekuzvitonga kwedu muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX, imwe neimwe - pasina kusarudzika - hurumende itsva yakabva yatanga kugadzirisa dzidzo, ichigara ichivimbisa vadzidzisi kuti vaizoita zvirinani. Ndakaona kuti hurumende iripo ndiyo yekutanga kusavimbisa. Zvakanaka, kunyange zvakadaro - zvirinani pano nokutendeseka.

Zvikoro zvepuraimari ( "vanhu") - kugadzirwa kwaFrederick Mukuru. Haana kuita izvi nekuda kwevanhu - akagumisa kuti musoja akadzidza anopfura zviri nani.

Zivai kuti hurongwa hwezvikoro zvakadai hwakashanda zvakanaka chose. Kazhinji, chero zvingaitwa nemaGermany, vanoita izvozvo chaizvo. Muenzaniso weunhu ndiko kuwanikwa kwetarenda yemumwe wevasayendisiti vakuru venguva dzese: Charles Frederic Gauss (1777-1855). Muchikoro chekumaruwa pedyo neHannover, mudzidzisi akachenjera (!) Akaziva kuti mukomana asingaoneki-anotarisa angave ari nyanzvi. Saka akapfuudza mukomana "kumusoro", zvakasvika kumuchinda, uyo aikwanisawo kuongorora kuti ndiani aive pamberi pake, akadururira peni mukuwedzera kudzidza ... uye nyika yakawana mumwe munhu anoshamisa - uye tsananguro yangu ndeye. kuti vanonyanya kukosha kunzanga vadzidzisi, vakagamuchira imwe simbiso.

Makore zana edzidzo

Hwirudzuro pfupi yegadziriro dzezvikoro zvakatekeshera muPoland mukati mamakore zana okuzvitonga kwedu kutsva ichafadza.

Kunonoka, muna 1932 chete. iyo inonzi Jędrzewiczowska yakaunza kurongeka uye yakabatana masisitimu akasiyana - izvo zvakasara zvezvikamu. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, kwaive nezvikoro zvepuraimari zvemakore manomwe. Zvikoro zvepakati zvaive nehurongwa hwakasiyana kubva kuzvikoro zvepuraimari. Dzidzo muchikoro chesekondari chakatora makore masere: makore matatu mujunior high school uye makore mashanu muchikoro chesekondari. Sezvinofungwa, pashure pegiredhi rechina rechikoro chepuraimari, mudzidzi aigona kupfuuridzira dzidzo yake muchikoro chikuru chesekondari, asi mugariro wacho wakanga uri wokupasa bvunzo yokupinda, iyo kazhinji kazhinji isingarangarirwi nekosi yechikoro chepuraimari. Ndokusaka izvo zvinonzi makirasi ekugadzirira pre-bvunzo. Paiva nemhando nhatu dzemagymnasiums: humanitarian, masvomhu nesayenzi yezvisikwa, uye classical, nechiGiriki nechiLatin. Imba yekurovedza muviri yakapera nebvunzo yematriculation, iyo yaive hwaro hwekubvumidzwa kuzvikoro zvepamusoro (pasina bvunzo dzekupinda). Dzidzo yeruzhinji yakabhadharwa.

Mufananidzo 1. Kiti yekudzidzira yegiredhi 1 yepuraimari.

Muna 1932, iyo yambotaurwa shanduko yedzidzo yakaitwa, ichibatanidza chirongwa chepuraimari nesekondari. Kunyange zvazvo pakanga pachine makore manomwe muchikoro chepuraimari apo mudzidzi aida kupfuuridzira dzidzo yake, akapinda muchikoro chesekondari pashure pamakore matanhatu. Kubva ipapo, chikoro chesekondari chakakamurwa kuva chikoro chesekondari chemakore mana uye chemakore maviri chesekondari, chichiteverwa nebvunzo dzematric.

Mushure mehondo, chikoro chepuraimari chemakore manomwe (muzita rakashandurwa: primary) chakasiiwa, imba yekurovedza muviri yakanyangarika, uye chikoro chesekondari chakakura kusvika makore mana. Munyori wemashoko aya akapasa bvunzo dzematrice mugwaro regumi nerimwe. Saka zvaive kusvika kuma70s, payakatsanangurwa USSR-GDR muenzaniso XNUMX-gore yakazara chikoro. Muchina wekudhinda wakazadzwa nerumbidzo mukukudza iyi pfungwa uye kuti inokura sei nesu, mudiki, akadzidza Pole. "Munhu wese achave nedzidzo yesekondari - ichi chiratidzo chekunetseka kwedu kune chizvarwa chechidiki!" Kwakanga kwakafanana nemamiriro ezvinhu ehondo yeAfrica, iyo, kuti idzore rudzi rwakadzidza, yakapa dhigirii ra master kuvadzidzi vayo vose. Saka zvaive nani naye kupfuura muPolish People's Republic - vese vaive nedzidzo yepamusoro.

Mufananidzo 2a. (kuruboshwe) uye 2b. Inyoka here kana kuti haisi nyoka? Kurudyi: kutadza kuedza kubatanidza mabhatani ese ane polyline

Zvisinei, ndinofanira kupa rukudzo kuvakuru vedzidzo venguva iyoyo. Kuvandudza uku ndiko chete kwakanga kwakanyatsogadzirirwa. Paive nezvirongwa zvakatenderwa (uye zvisina zvazvinoreva "basic curricula"), vadzidzisi vakadzidziswa uye manejimendi. Uye pamwe ndosaka shanduko ... haina kuuya musimba. Mumwe munhu ane njere akaziva kuti izvi zvichiri zvisina musoro, nepo vamwe varwiri vane njere (ipapo munhu wese ainzi “macommies”) akagamuchira nharo dzine musoro. Mutariri, uyo anoti munyu unofanirwa kutorwa panzvimbo yeshuga yekubika keke, haakwanisi kuvimba kuti vaenzi vanorumbidza mabheki - zviri nani kurasa zvinhu zvose vasati vashumira.

Saka mugumisiro ndiyo yakareba-yakagara 8 + 4. Purogiramu yemasvomhu inokodzera ndima yakasiyana, asi ikozvino ndiri kutaura chete nezvesangano. Mukupera kwema90, pfungwa yacho yakamutswa pre-war three-stage system, panguva ino mune 6 + 3 + 3 sarudzo uye - pasina kukurukura chokwadi - shanduko yakaitwa. Zvisinei, makore gumi nemaviri apfuura, panguva iyoyo zvikoro zvakanaka zvejunior zvakasikwa, uye zvinonyanya kukosha, vadzidzisi vakadzidza kushanda muhurongwa uhu. Mutsvagiridzo yedzidzo yepasi rose, takapfuura zvinzvimbo gumi nemaviri kuti tive pamberi peEurope.

Iniwo ndinoona kuti mumunda wedzidzo yepamusoro, tave kuyedza muEurope kutora hurongwa hwakabatana (inonzi. Bolognese system) uye, pasinei nekupikisa uye kushamwaridzana kusina maturo, "neimwe nzira inoshanda", mukurera vana, "munhu wose anokwenya patella". Nyika ngani, masystem akawanda. Uye zvakanaka kwazvo. Pane musimboti mudzidzo, unoti: hapana mitemo.

* * *

Nyika yakatitenderedza iri kuchinja nekukurumidza. Chigadzirwa chikuru chenguva yedu chingave Indaneti, yakafanotaurwa neuporofita naStanislaw Lem (mubhuku rake rinokatyamadza ra1959 Return from the Stars, Lem pachake akashamiswa nemabatiro akaita bhuku iri risina kubudirira pachizvarwa chose) . Chikoro hachigoni kuramba chisina hanya nekuchinja. Tinofanira kufunga kwete chete nezve nzira yekudzidzisa, asi - muzana remakore rechi20 pakutanga - chii chatinofanira kudzidzisa. Mushure mezvose, isu tinofanira kugadzirira vana vedu mabasa asati avapo! Pamwe mabasa aya haana kana mazita. Yeuka kuti isu, vadzidzisi (vemazinga ose), tine mugove mukuru pane inonzi GDP. Isu tiri vakanaka kwazvo !!! Dzidzo ndiyo akisi yenyika!!! Zvinoenderana nesu izvo Commonwealth yedu ichave… zvakanaka, kwete nekukurumidza, asi mumakore makumi matatu-30. Hatizvishandire isu kana vana vedu. Zvevazukuru. Izvi zviri kure newe here? Ngatiite basa redu!

Mupunga. 1 Nyoka "yakaverengerwa" nemabhuraki kana nhanho

Hapana zvakawanda zvakanaka zvinogona kutaurwa pamusoro pehurongwa hwedzidzo yevadzidzisi. Izvo zvisina maturo zvakatanga nenyaya yokuti vadzidzisi vose (kureva, vakatoshanda, vachishanda nebasa) vakaendeswa kuzvikoro zvepamusoro - uye izvi, zvakare, "pasina kukanganisa basa." Makunivhesiti haana kushandura curricula yavo nekuti "imwe diploma!" Mhedzisiro: Mudzidzisi akaenda kuhurukuro uye maekisesaizi mushure mekuita basa rinonetesa kuchikoro. Ndaiva mudzidzi akanaka, asi ndaigona kudzidza kwemaawa anoverengeka pazuva. Ndakatadza kufungidzira kuti munhu anoshanda "kazhinji" angaite sei izvi. Zvinorwadza kuramba ndichinyora...

Zvakabva zvasiyana. Nekudaro, kushomeka kwevadzidzisi vakanyatsodzidziswa ndicho chikonzero chekudonha kwedzidzo yePoland. Dhiyabhorosi ari muhuwandu. “Akadzidza” zvinorevei? Ah, ndiwo musoro weimwe chidzidzo. Izvo zvine hukama zvakasununguka chete nemadhigirii ezvidzidzo uye mazita.

Isu tichagara tichitsvaga nzira nyowani uye zvemukati zvekudzidziswa. Nekudaro, "tichatsvaga" hazvina kufanana "nekukurumidza kuita - isu ticharasa kunze zvekare, isu tichagamuchira nyowani." Aihwa. Ngatishandisei zvakanakisa chete. Kazhinji, zvitsva zvinongoreva simbi, facade, kana kuti kudziyisa zvakare chops yekare. Hongu, zvingave zvisina musoro kudzidzisa vana kugadzira moto pasina machisi, asi kutungamira mapoinzi emakadhi kuzuva zvine musoro, kunyangwe munhu wese aine GPS. Ngatichengetei kunzwisisa kunyangwe muzana ramakore rechiXNUMX.

Math blocks

Imwe yeanonyanya kunakidza mazano edidactic ndeyekuzivikanwa kweLego zvidhinha, izvo zvatakataura mwedzi wapfuura. Panguva ino, ndichataura nezvemakirasi ekutevedzera evadzidzisi ayo LEGO Dzidzo inomhanya kubva pachangu mamiriro. Mumuenzaniso uyu, ndichataura zvandinotarisira kubva kuvadzidzisi vepuraimari.

Mufananidzo 3. Imwe shanduro yenyoka

Chokwadi hachisi chinhu chandakaona kakawanda. Mudzidzisi anotaura kuti basa reparalelogiramu rakamuomera zvikuru. Mumwe anotya shoko rokuti "cubic". Vamwe vanhu havatombovhura bhuku rangu rakakurumbira "nekuti ndidzo masvomhu acho." Mumwe mukadzi "anovenga geometry", mumwe munhu anoparadzanisa ne zero, mumwe munhu haaoni chero chinhu chinowanikwa mukutevedzana kwenhamba 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, ... zvichingodaro. Ndinoshamisika kuti vadzidzi vangu havaone kubatana pakati pekutevedzana kwenhamba dzeFibonacci: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233,…. uye kutevedzana 5, 9, 14, 22, 35, 56, 90, 145, 234, .... Uye ndizvo zvandinodzidzisa vadzidzi vesainzi yekombuta pakutanga.

Dzidzo yeLego brick set yegiredhi rekutanga rechikoro chepuraimari ine grey rug uye zvidhinha, sezvakaratidzwa mumufananidzo uri pasi apa. PHOT. Poshi. Imwe yezvidhinha 1x1 ine ziso rakadhonzwa. Iri richava ziso renyoka muzviitwa zvakakurudzirwa.

Ndakatarisa iyi seti kubva pakuona kwe "nyanzvi yemasvomhu". Ndakaifarira, ndakatanga kutamba nayo ini. Zvakazoitika kuti ini ndinogona "conjure" chidimbu chikuru che "chaiyo" kubva mairi. Vandinoshanda navo vachandipomera kuti ndakagadzira zuva racho. masvomhu chaiwo. Nekuti kana ichi chiri chokwadi, saka pamwe hachisi chokwadi. Pamwe, asi ini handisi kuzopinda muhurukuro iyoyo.

Mufananidzo 4. Iyi puzzles ndeye axisymmetric.

Ndichazvitaura. Ndakafarira nhamba yemabhatani mumabhuroki akasiyana mune iyi seti - asi ini ndichamisa mubvunzo uyu kusvika chinyorwa chinotevera. Kubva pakuona kwe "yunivhesiti" masvomhu, dambudziko rinonakidza chikamu che algebraic geometry, iyo inonzi. divisional theory, algebraic tensor uye hunyanzvi hwemasvomhu husingazivikanwe nevadzidzi vane polytechnical dzidzo (uye hapana chimwe chikamu, kunze kwechikamu chakamanikana uye chakaoma - chinoti, tensor algebra). Handizivi kuti vakagadzira dambudziko iri vaizviziva here (nhamba 5). Zvichida kwete.

Mukirasi nevadzidzisi, ndakataura chinhu chakadai: Ndini ndega mukirasi ndinoona kudzika kweizvi - kwete nekuti "ndakangwara", asi nekuti ndanga ndichiita izvi nehunyanzvi kwemakore makumi maviri. . Zvingava zvisina musoro kutarisira kuti vadzidzisi vave neruzivo rwakafanana. Asi ndinokukurudzirai kuti mukurukure dzimwe misoro yandinokurukura pazasi: symmetry, classification, number curiosities - Ndinoda kuti vadzidzisi vakwanise kuendesa izvi kuvadzidzi vavo, semuenzaniso nenzira yekuvakurudzira kuti vaende ikoko (ndokumbirawo uverenge pazasi. nezve kwekuenda neiyo Gzhes peak muWestern Tatras). Kana pane chimwe chinhu chakanaka mubasa remudzidzisi, ndiko kukwanisa kutungamirira mudzidzi munzira yakarurama: enda ikoko, ona chimwe chinhu chinonakidza, farira, zvichida iyi ndiyo nzira yako yehupenyu?

Zvakanaka, kupera kwekudzokera shure. Aiwa, hazvisati zvapera! “Ndinofanira” chimwe chinhu. Mumakore makumi manomwe ezana remakore rapfuura, vakaedza kudzidzisa vadzidzisi nevadzidzi nekuvapa - kubva kukireshi - pfupiso yekosi yeyunivhesiti mumasvomhu. Uye yaifanira kupera sei?

Ngatidzokere kumabasa edu uye Lego. Ziso rinokweverwa pabhuroko jena - iri richava ziso renyoka, iyo yatichazoora (kureva kuti, vana vachaiora). Hurefu hwekutanga 6 huri nyore. Zvadaro 10 kureba (pano unoda kuputsa nyoka). Izvi zvinoteverwa nebasa rinokakavara asi rinonakidza zvikuru: kugadzira nyoka yakareba kupfuura dzose.

Sei vachiitirana nharo? Mhinduro inoti makumi mana nemana, zvinoreva kuti unofanira kuabatidza ose woumburudza nyoka kuita bhora. Hongu, nyoka inogona kugonya kudaro. Asi ini pamwe nehafu ye "vakapindura" vanotenda kuti nyoka haifanire kuzvibata. Sei ndichitaura chokwadi? Nyoka mutsetse here, kana chimwe chinhu chakareba, uye mativi mana akareba? Mubvunzo wechipiri: kana nyoka yakaita seizvi mufananidzo 2amuswe uripi? Muswe unoenda kuseri kwemusoro nenzira ipi? Ehe, iyi inogona kunge iri mibvunzo isina kufanira, kunyanya sezvo nyaya iri mhenyu uye iwe unogona nekukasira kujekesa kusahadzika kwako ...

Mufananidzo 5. Unoona kuenzanisa kwepakati pano, handiti?

1 basa. (zvakaoma, uye zvechokwadi zvakaoma kuvadzidzi vekutanga). Ita zvatinoona mufananidzo 2ainyoka here? Zvinorevei kuti i“nyoka”? Izvi zvinoreva kuti iwe unogona kuita chimiro ichi polyline. Ngatiedze (mufananidzo 2b) Ndakanyora miniti yapfuura kuti "pamwe ndiri right." Ini handidi, ndinonzwisisa kuti handidi. Ini handidi kupinda munhaurirano ingafadze vadzidzisi vane hunyanzvi. Asi ndakazvibvunza kuti, mugumisiro wakanaka here? Ndinoda patani here? Uye, chokwadi, ndakatanga kuunganidza zvakasara. Hazvibviri kuyera kuti ndeipi pikicha ichave yakanaka kupfuura imwe. Asi iwe unogona kubvunza mubvunzo: ndeipi nyoka yakanakisisa. Ngativhotei.

2 basa. Ita nyoka yakanakisa. Shandisa zvinenge zvidhinha zvose. Asi sei uchingofunga nezvenyoka?

3 basa. Unganidza iyo yakanakisa pikicha uchishandisa ese mabhururu (ane kana asina ziso renyoka). ndinoda izvozvo (Mufananidzo 4, 5) Vane symmetry - yekutanga ndeye axial, yechipiri iri pakati.

4 basa. Ita symmetrical ornament kuitira kuti pasave ne "maburi" senge pane yangu PHOT. Poshi.

Mufananidzo 6. Symmetry "ine maburi"

Zvinokwanisika here kugadzira chishongo chingave chine axial symmetry, asi maererano ne-x-axis, i.e. yakachinjika? Zvakadini nekudzika? Chipikicha ichi chinewo symmetry yepakati. Chipikicha chinotevera mu LEGO Dzidzo yegiredhi XNUMX seti chinonakidza kwazvo... uye havasi vanhu vazhinji vanoziva. MuWestern Tatras pane kwete yakanyanya kukwirisa peak Gzhes, uko vashanyi vanouya kwehafu yezuva kubva kuChocholowska Valley mumwaka. Zvakakwana kutendeukira kumadokero kubva kwairi, kuenda kuMunhu, uye mumaminetsi gumi uchazviwana uri mune imwe nyika. Asi ngatisarota. Chinangwa chekambani ndecheku:

5 basa. Shandisa zvidhinha zvitanhatu kuvaka hose 14.

Dambudziko rinogona kugadziriswa nenzira dzakawanda. Nyoka inofanira kuva nemusoro. Naizvozvo, kwasara mabhuroko mashanu kuita muswe wehurefu 13. Ndeapi mabhuroko kubva paseti yedu yatinofanira kutora? Pane zvingangoitika zviviri chete: 13 = 4 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 2 + 2. Saka pane nzira mbiri chete dzekututira nyoka!

Mufananidzo 7. Zvirongwa zvakasiyana zvenyoka imwe chete

O, imi muri vaviri here? Saka tine nyoka mbiri chete? Zvinoenderana nemaonero ako. nyoka pamusoro PHOT. Poshi Tinofanira kusiyana here kana kuti takafanana? Tinogona kuti iyi nyoka imwe chete, yakangomonereka zvakasiyana. Iwe unotaura kudaro Hezvo iwe unoenda, tsvaga: Basa 6. Nzira dzingani dzinogona kuonekwa nyoka pa PHOT. Poshi?

7 basa. Ronga ... mabasa anotevera. Aiwa, uku hakusi kukanganisa. Zvironge iwe pachako. Ndichakupa mazano.

8 basa. Paunorega fungidziro yako ichimhanya, fungidzira kuti nyoka dzakafanana nemhando PHOT. Poshi ivo varume. Murume wacho anoratidzwa nekuvapo kwemuswe wemavara akadai seapo: tsvuku, chiedza chegirini uye rima rakasvibirira. Kurongeka kwemavara kunopindirana, asi hakugoni kuva ne "mavara", i.e. kusanganiswa kwechiedza chakasvibirira-yakasviba girini-chiedza chegirini hachibvumirwi. Imhando ngani dzevarume dzinogoneka?

9 basa. Uye tichabvumira rini "zvigamba"?

10 basa. Zvakanaka, funga nyoka dzechikadzi dzemhando 3 + 3 + 3 + 2 + 2. Ronga nyoka yakadaro. Ingaputsika munzira ngani? Kune marudzi mangani evakadzi?

11 basa. Dzokorora matanho ekare kune humwe hurefu hwepombi.

12 basa. Shamisa mudzidzisi nemubvunzo: inguva yakareba sei hose yakaiswa? fig. 1. Akapeta musana wake mumufananidzo wechisere ndokurara achigutsikana. Kana mudzidzisi akati: "kumuviri (muswe) wakashandisa zvidhinha zvishanu, zvidhinha zvina zvemiromo miviri, imwe ine miromo mina, uye kusanganisira musoro - 28, ipapo nyoka ine urefu hwe 28" - ipapo pindura: " Ngativerengei semumutambo Chinaman. Matanho mangani anodiwa kupedzisa kutenderera (fig. 1)? Ini ndinosimuka kubva mumusoro mangu uye mushure mematanho makumi maviri nemapfumbamwe ndinozviona ndiri mumunda umo ndichiri nenhanho yekuvhara loop. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kureba i29. 30. Nyoka, "yakaverengerwa" mumabhuroko kana nhanho

13 basa. Na PHOT. Poshi furatira mavara. Mabhatani mangani aunoona muzvikamu zvinotevera? Nhamba idzi dzinonzi chii? Wedzera ose. Iwe une makumi matatu nematanhatu, inova katanhatu katanhatu. Ita 36 ne6 square.

Mufananidzo 8. Unoona 6 ne6 here?

14 basa. Chii chaunoona mumufananidzo 9? 

Photo 9. Tine chimwe chinhu chinonakidza here pano?