Russian anti-ndege system Sosna
Pine pakufamba. Pamativi e-optical-electronic head, unogona kuona zvivharo zvesimbi zvinodzivirira lenzi kubva kune gasi jet yeroketi injini. Mapuratifomu ekuyangarara kubva kuBMP-2 akaiswa pamusoro pemakwara.
Pakupera kweHondo Yenyika I, boka idzva rendege dzehondo rakatanga. Idzi dzaive mota dzekurwisa dzakagadzirirwa kutsigira mauto adzo pamitsetse yepamberi, pamwe nekurwisa mauto epasi evavengi. Kubva pakuona kwemazuva ano, kubudirira kwavo kwakanga kusina maturo, asi vakaratidza kupikisa kunoshamisa kwekukuvadza - vaiva imwe yemichina yekutanga ine simbi yakagadzirwa. Anobata rekodhi akadzokera kunhandare yendege yake aine mapfuti anoda kusvika mazana maviri.
Kubudirira kwemadutu ehondo kubva muHondo Yenyika Yechipiri kwaive kwakakwirira zvikuru, kunyange kana Hans-Ulrich Rudl akavimbisa kuparadzwa kwematangi anopfuura XNUMX anofanirwa kuonekwa sekuwedzeredza. Panguva iyoyo, kudzivirira kubva kwavari, pfuti dzemuchina dzinorema uye pfuti diki dzinodzivirira ndege dzakashandiswa, izvo zvichiri kutorwa senzira inoshanda yekurwisa zvikopokopo uye kunyange ndege dzinobhururuka. Vatakuri vezvombo zvine hungwaru zvekusvika-pasi idambudziko riri kuramba richikura. Parizvino, zvinokandwa zvinokandwa uye zvinokambaira zvinogona kupfurwa kubva kure kure kupfuura huwandu hwepfuti diki, uye mukana wekupfura mapfuti anouya haugoneki. Naizvozvo, mauto epasi anoda zvombo zvinorwisa ndege zvine huwandu hwakakura kupfuura hwepamusoro-chaizvo-ye-air-to-ground zvombo. Iri basa rinogona kubatwa nepakati-caliber anti-ndege pfuti dzine zvombo zvemazuva ano kana pamusoro-kumhepo.
MuSoviet Union, kudzivirira kwemhepo kwemauto epasi kwakapihwa kukosha kukuru, kupfuura mune chero imwe nyika. Mushure mehondo, zvimiro zvayo zvine mitsetse yakawanda zvakasikwa: kudzivirira kwakananga kwakasvika 2-3 km yemoto, mutsara wakanyanyisa wekudzivirira wemauto epasi wakaparadzaniswa ne50 km kana kupfuura, uye pakati pekunyanyisa uku paive neimwe " chikamu chepakati”. Echelon yekutanga pakutanga yaive nemapatya uye quadruple 14,5 mm ZPU-2 / ZU-2 uye ZPU-4 pfuti, uyezve 23 mm ZU-23-2 pfuti uye chizvarwa chekutanga chinotakurika mounts (9K32 Strela-2, 9K32M "Strela- 2M"), yechipiri - inozvifambisa rocket launchers 9K31 / M "Strela-1 / M" ine pfuti yakasiyana-siyana inosvika 4200 m uye inozvifambisa-inokwira inokwira ZSU-23-4 "Shilka". Gare gare, Strela-1 yakatsiviwa ne 9K35 Strela-10 macomplexes ane kupfura kweanosvika 5 km uye sarudzo dzekusimudzira kwavo, uye, pakupedzisira, mukutanga 80s, 2S6 Tunguska inozvifambisa roketi-artillery inokwira ine maviri 30 - mm artillery mounts. mapatya pfuti uye sere rocket launchers ane huwandu hwe8 km. Iyo yaitevera yaitevera yaive pfuti yekuzvifambisa 9K33 Osa (yakazotevera 9K330 Tor), inotevera - 2K12 Kub (gare gare 9K37 Buk), uye yakakura kwazvo yaive 2K11 Krug system, yakatsiviwa muma80s ne9K81 S-300V.
Kunyange zvazvo Tunguska yakanga yakanyanyisa uye inobudirira, yakave yakaoma kugadzira uye inodhura, saka havana kutsiva zvachose chizvarwa chekare Shilka / Strela-10 pairs, sezvazvaiva muzvirongwa zvepakutanga. Mishonga yeStrela-10 yakakwidziridzwa kakawanda (yakakosha 9M37, yakakwidziridzwa 9M37M / MD uye 9M333), uye pakutanga kwezana ramakore kunyange kuedza kwakaitwa kuvatsiva ne9M39 makomba e9K38 Igla inotakurika kits. Rudzi rwavo rwakanga rwakaenzana ne9M37/M, nhamba yezvombo zvinokandwa zvakagadzirira kutangwa zvakakura zvakapetwa kaviri, asi sarudzo iyi inorambidza chinhu chimwe - kushanda kwehondo. Zvakanaka, huremu hweIgla warhead hunodarika zvakapetwa kaviri pane 9M37 / M Strela-10 makomba - 1,7 kupesana ne3 kg. Panguva imwecheteyo, mukana wekurova chinangwa unotarirwa kwete chete nekunzwa uye ruzha kudzivirirwa kweanotsvaka, asiwo nekubudirira kwehondo yehondo, iyo inokura maererano nesquare yehuwandu hwayo.
Kushanda pamusara mutsva wechikamu chevazhinji 9M37 yeStrela-10 complex yakatangwa kare munguva dzeSoviet. Chimiro chayo chekusiyanisa yaive nzira yakasiyana yekunongedza. Mauto eSoviet akafunga kuti kunyangwe kana paine makomba emagetsi ekudzivirira ndege, kuenda kunzvimbo yekupisa yaive nzira "yengozi huru" - zvaive zvisingaite kufanotaura kuti muvengi achagadzira riini chizvarwa chitsva chezvishandiso zvejamming izvo zvaizoita kutungamira kwakadaro. zvombo zvinokandwa hazvishandi zvachose. Izvi zvakaitika nemakomba e9M32 e9K32 Strela-2 yakaoma. Pakutanga kwema60s uye 70s muVietnam, vakashanda zvakanyanya, muna 1973 kuMiddle East vakaratidza kuti vanoshanda zvine mwero, uye mushure memakore mashoma kushanda kwavo kwakaderera kusvika kunenge zero, kunyangwe panyaya yekukwidziridzwa 9M32M missile. set Strela- 2M. Mukuwedzera, pakanga paine dzimwe nzira munyika: redhiyo control uye laser kutungamira. Yekutanga yaiwanzo shandiswa kugadzira maroketi akakura, asi pakanga paine zvimwe, senge British portable blowpipe. Nhungamiro pamwe nelaser gidhi danda yakatanga kushandiswa mukuisirwa kweSweden RBS-70. Iyo yekupedzisira yaionekwa seyakanyanya kuvimbisa muUSSR, kunyanya sezvo inorema zvishoma 9M33 Osa uye 9M311 Tunguska mabhomba aive neredhiyo rairo yekuraira. Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutungamira mabhomba dzinoshandiswa mune yakawanda-level yekudzivirira mhepo chimiro inoomesa kurwisa muvengi.