komputa yakakurumbira
Zviri mukati
Zita remuchina uyu rakatotaurwa pano, uye mumamiriro ezvinhu asingafadzi: sekombuta inonakidzwa zvisina kufanira kubwinya kwekuve wekutanga munyika. Chokwadi, vamwe vakamubata? kusanganisira Konrad Zusi zvakavanzika British colossi nemichina; Ndatonyora nezvavo pano. Zvisinei, ngatimukudzei; kunyanya sezvaanoswedera pedyo nekupemberera zuva rekuzvarwa kwake makumi matanhatu neshanu. Uye hazvina basa kuti ave ari pamudyandigere kwemakore mazhinji. ENIAC.
Kubva pakugadzirwa kwemotokari iyi, nyika yava nzvimbo yakasiyana zvachose. Pamwe hapana aitarisira mhedzisiro yakadaro nemudziyo uyu sezvatinoona nhasi. Zvimwe chete... vatori venhau vanofadza vakadaidza muchina uyu "uropi hwemagetsi." Nenzira, vakamupa uye?Serious? sainzi yekombuta inoita zvisina basa, zvichikonzera kutsoropodza kunotyisa neshoko iri zvese kubva kune orthodox materialists (vanoona hupenyu sechimiro cheprotein kuvapo) uye, vakatsamwa nekungotaura kuti munhu anogona kugadzira chero rudzi rwehungwaru, fideists ...
Nokudaro, muna 1946, nguva yemakombiyuta yakatanga zviri pamutemo. Zuva chairo rakaoma kuziva: pamwe yaive Kukadzi 15, 1946, apo veruzhinji vakaziviswa nezve kuvapo kweENIAC? Zvichida June 30 wegore rimwe chete, apo nguva yekuverenga kuverenga yakavharwa uye motokari yakapiwa kumuridzi wayo, i.e. Mauto eUS? Kana kuti pamwe unofanirwa kudzoka mwedzi mishoma kusvika munaNovember 1945, apo ENIAC yakabudisa maakaundi ayo ekutanga?
Chero zvatinofunga, chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi: makore makumi matanhatu nemashanu ari kumashure kwedu.
ELECTRONIC MONSTRUM
ENIAC payakaratidzwa vatapi venhau, zvaive pachena kuti hapana aive ambovaka chikara chakadaro, zvirinani mumunda wemagetsi. Yakarongedzerwa muU-shaped rectangle 12 ne 6 m, makabati makumi mana nemaviri emucheka mutsvuku wesimbi - imwe neimwe yakareba mamita matatu, 3 cm yakafara uye 60 cm yakadzika - yakazadzwa ne30 vacuum tubes yemarudzi gumi nematanhatu; ivo vaivewo ne18 800 switch, 6000 1500 relay uye 50 000 resistors. Zvose izvi, sokuudzwa kwakaitwa muchina wokudhinda, zvaida mawelds ane mamiriyoni 0.5 aifanira kugadzirwa nemaoko. Chikara chairema matani makumi maviri nemana uye chakapedza 30 kW yesimba. Yayo yekufemesa system yakaratidza maviri Chrysler injini ine yakazara kuburitsa ye140 hp; Kabati imwe neimwe yakanga ine humidifier yaishandiswa nemaoko, uye thermostat yakamisa kushanda kwese “kunotyisa” kana tembiricha yemukati chero ipi zvayo yaipfuura 24°C. Kupfuurirazve, mukamuri rairongerwa mota, maive neatatu ekuwedzera - zvakare akazara nemagetsi - akakura kupfuura mamwe ese, anotsvedza mawadhiropu pamavhiri, akasungirirwa sezvinodiwa munzvimbo chaiyo yekuseti. Vakawedzerwa nemuverengi uye punchers yemakadhi akarohwa.
Aifungei?
ENIAC() yakaverengerwa - kusiyana nemakomputa emazuvano - mudecimal system, inoshanda nenhamba dzegumi-manhamba, yakanaka kana yakaipa, iine chinzvimbo chegumi chegumi. Kumhanya kwaro, kudzungudza masayendisiti enguva iyoyo uye kusingafungidziriki zvachose kumunhuwo zvake wepanguva iyoyo, kwakaratidzwa mukuwedzera zviuru zvishanu zvenhamba dzakadaro pasekondi; uye funga kuti makomputa emunhu, anotorwa seasina kukurumidza kwazvo nhasi, ane zviuru zvenguva nekukurumidza! Kana zvichidiwa, muchina uyu unogona kushanda nenhamba? (makumi maviri-manhamba) ine shanduko yedesimali poindi nzvimbo; hongu, munyaya iyi yakanga ichinonoka, uye simba rayo rekuyeuka rakaderedzwa maererano.
ENIAC yaive neyakajairika modular chimiro. Matauriro aanoita Robert Ligonier mubhuku rake renhoroondo yesainzi yekombuta, dhizaini yake yaive yakavakirwa pahurongwa hwehumambo hwekuoma kwakasiyana. Mukati memakabati ataurwa pamusoro apa aive nyore nyore kutsiviwa mapaneru aive neakasiyana siyana ezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi. Yakadaro yakajairika pani yaive, semuenzaniso, "makore gumi" ayo aigona kurekodha nhamba 0 kusvika 9 uye kugadzira chiratidzo chekutakura kana chawedzerwa kune inotevera sisitimu yakadai - rudzi rwemagetsi akaenzana nemadenderedzwa edhijitari kubva kuPascal's 550th-century adder. Zvinhu zvikuru zvemuchina zvaive "mabhatiri" aigona "kurangarira?" nhamba dzedesimali, wedzera wodzipfuudza; bhatiri rimwe nerimwe raiva nemarambi mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu. Nhamba yakachengetwa mubhatiri rakapihwa yaigona kuverengerwa nekurongeka kwemwenje weneon kumberi kwekabati inoenderana.
Pedigree
Pfungwa ye ENIAC yakazvarwa kunze kwezvinodiwa zvekombuta hondo. Rimwe rematambudziko eakaunzi eiyo XNUMXs kwaive kugadzirira kwematafura ebhora epfuti. Tafura yakadaro ingori seti yekurongeka kweiyo projectile nzira yekubhururuka, ichibvumira musoja kuti amire zvakanaka (kutarisana) purojekiti, achifunga nezverudzi rwayo, projectile modhi, chimiro chemakemikari uye saizi yekuchajisa, tembiricha yemhepo, simba remhepo. uye nzira. , kumanikidzwa kwemhepo uye mamwe maitiro akafanana.
Kubva pamaonero emasvomhu, kuunganidzwa kwematafura akadaro mhinduro yenhamba yerumwe rudzi, runonzi. hyperbolic differential equations ine maviri akasiyana. Mukuita, iyo track yakazoverengerwa makumi mashanu epakati mapoinzi. Kuti uwane hunhu hunoenderana mune chimwe chazvo, zvaive zvakafanira kuita kuwanda kwegumi neshanu, izvo zvaireva kuti kuverenga munzira imwe chete kwaitora maminetsi gumi kusvika makumi maviri ekushanda pakombiyuta yehunyanzvi hwepamusoro panguva iyoyo, yaive differential analyzer. Tichifunga nezvemamwe matanho anodiwa kuunganidza tafura yezviito, imwe tafura yakakwana inoda 50-15 maawa ekombuta, i.e. 10-20 mavhiki. Uye makumi ezviuru zvemapuranga akadaro aifanira kuvakwa! Dai takashandisa IBM's state-of-the-art multiplier nekuda kwechinangwa ichi, zvingadai zvakatora makore ekushanda!
Vagadziri
Nyaya yekuti mauto eUS akaedza sei kubata nedambudziko iri rinotyisa rakakodzera firimu resainzi. Nyanzvi yemasvomhu yeNorway yakatanhamara, kunyangwe isiri mudiki, yakaunza kubva kuPrinceton kuti itungamire chirongwa Oswald Vebelenuyo akaita kuverenga kwakafanana muna 1917; uyezve, 7 dzimwe nyanzvi dzemasvomhu, 8 nyanzvi dzefizikisi uye 2 nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzakashanda. Chipangamazano wavo aive muHungary akangwara, John (Janos) von Neumann.
Vanenge 100 vechidiki masvomhu vakanyorerwa muuto semacalculator, zvese zvinogoneka zvekushandisa komputa zvakatorerwa mauto ... Zvakanga zviri pachena, zvisinei, kuti zvinodiwa nepfuti hazvingagutsikane zvizere nenzira iyi. Sezvineiwo - zvimwe nemukana - yaive panguva ino iyo nzira dzehupenyu dzevechidiki vatatu dzakasangana. Vaive: Chiremba wePhysics. John Mauchly (akaberekwa 1907), injiniya wemagetsi John Presper Eckert (b. 1919) uye Chiremba weMasvomhu, US Army Lieutenant German Heine Goldstein (b. 1913).
J. Mauchly, shure muna 1940, akataura nezvebviro yokushandisa magetsi kugadzira muchina wokuverengera; akabuda nepfungwa iyi nekuda kwekuverenga kukuru kwaaifanira kuita paakafarira mashandisirwo enhamba dzemasvomhu mune zvemamiriro ekunze. Pashure pokunge anyoresa muzvidzidzo zvinokosha paYunivhesiti yePennsylvania, achigadzirira nyanzvi dzakanyatsokwanisa nokuda kwechiuto, akasangana naJ.P. Eckert. Izvi, zvakare, zvaive zvakafanana ne "handyman", mugadziri ane hunyanzvi uye mutambi: pazera re8 akakwanisa kuvaka miniature redhiyo receiver, yaakaisa ... pamagumo epenzura; Pazera ramakore 12 akavaka ngarava duku inodzorwa neredhiyo, uye makore maviri gare gare akagadzira ndokugadzira gadziriro yegudzanzwi yechikoro chake. Vadzidzi vese vaifarirana zvakanyanya ... uye mumaminetsi avo emahara vakagadzira karukureta hombe, muchina wekuwedzera wepasi rose.
Nekudaro, chirongwa ichi chaive pedyo nekusamboona chiedza chezuva. Vese vesainzi vakaripa zviri pamutemo, muchimiro chememorandamu yemapeji mashanu inoenderana, kune mumwe J. G. Brainerd, nhengo yebhodhi revatungamiriri veYunivhesiti yePennsylvania, ane mutoro wehukama nehurumende yeUS. Wekupedzisira, zvisinei, akaisa gwaro racho mudhesiki rake (rakawanikwa imomo makore 20 gare gare - rakanga rakasimba) uye angadai akavhara nyaya yacho kana isiri yechitatu? Baba? ENIAC, Dr. G. G. Goldstein.
Dr. Goldstein akashanda pane yambotaurwa yeUS Army Computing Center () uye akakurumidza kutsvaga mhinduro kudambudziko raitozivikanwa reballistic arrays. Sezvineiwo, paaiita nzvero yenguva dzose paUniversity of Pennsylvania muzinda wemakombiyuta emasoja, akaudza mudzidzi wacho nezvezvinetso zvake. Aiva mudzidzi waMauchly aiziva memorandamu ... Goldstein akanzwisisa zvinoreva pfungwa itsva.
Izvi zvakaitika muna March 1943. Anenge mazuva gumi nemaviri gare gare, Goldstein naMauchly vakagamuchirwa nevatungamiriri veBRL. Oswald Vebelen akanga asina mubvunzo: akarayira kugoverwa kwekukurumidza kwemari inodiwa yekuvaka muchina. Pazuva rokupedzisira raMay 1943, zita racho rakatangwa ENIAC. Musi waJune 150, iyo yepamusoro-chakavanzika "Project PX" yakasayirwa, iyo mari yakagadziriswa pa $ 486 (chaizvoizvo $ 804 cents). Basa rakatanga zviri pamutemo muna Chikunguru 22, mabhatiri maviri ekutanga akaiswa muna Chikumi wegore rakatevera, mota yese yakaiswa muongororo yerabhoritari mukudonha kwa1, uye yekutanga masvomhu akaitwa munaNovember 1945. Sezvatakambotaura, muna Chikumi 1945, ENIAC yakapihwa kumauto, izvo zvakasimbisa kugamuchirwa kwe "PX Project".
Naizvozvo, ENIAC haina kutora rutivi muhondo. Uyezve, kushandiswa kwayo neuto kwakapfuurira kusvika July 29, 1947. Asi yakambotangwa uye mushure mekugadzirisa kwakakosha, yakaiswa mukushanda - pakutungamira kwavon Neumann - yakashanda muuto kwenguva yakareba, isingaverenge matafura ebhora chete, asiwo nekuongorora sarudzo dzekugadzira bhomba rehydrogen, kugadzira nyukireya ine hunyanzvi. zvombo, kudzidza mwaranzi yemuchadenga, kugadzira migero yemhepo kana kuti, pakupedzisira, “vanhuwo zvavo”? - nekuverenga kukosha kwenhamba chaiyo kusvika kune chiuru chenzvimbo dzedesimali. Yakapera sevhisi muna Gumiguru 2, 1955 na23.45:XNUMX p.m., payakapedzisira yabviswa kubva kunetiweki uye kubviswa kwakatanga.
Yaifanira kutengeswa sezvimedu; asi masayendisiti akaushandisa akapikisa, uye zvikamu zvikuru zvemuchina wacho zvakaponeswa. Mukurusa wavo nhasi ari muSmithsonian Institution muWashington.
Nekudaro, mumwedzi ye148, ENIAC yakabva pabhodhi yekudhirowa kwemugadziri kuenda kune tekinoroji museum, zvichibva zvaunza nguva yekubudirira kukuru mukuvandudza tekinoroji yemakomputa. Uye hazvina basa kuti pamberi pake zita rekombuta rakawanikwa nemakina akagadzirwa neakangwara wechiGerman Konrad Zuse, uyezve - sezvazvakazoitika mushure mekuvhurwa kwekuvanzika kweBritish archive muna 1975 - makomputa eChirungu kubva ku "Colossus" series.
Muna 1946, nyika yakaunzwa kuENIAC uye ichagara iri yekutanga kune veruzhinji ...
