Munhu achatora nhanho mbiri mberi mudenga uye rini?

Kutumira vanhu muchadenga kwakaoma, kunodhura, kune njodzi, uye hazvireve kuti zvine pfungwa yesainzi kupfuura mamishini otomatiki. Zvisinei, hapana chinhu chinofadza fungidziro yacho sokufamba kwomunhu kuenda kunzvimbo dzisina munhu akamboenda.

Ikirabhu yemasimba emuchadenga yakatumira munhu kune imwe nzvimbo yepasi (kwete kuti ivhiringidzwe nekutiza kwemugari wenyika ino pasi pemureza wekunze) ichiri kungosanganisira USA, Russia neChina. India ichakurumidza kupinda muboka iri.

Mutungamiriri wenyika, Narendra Modi, akazivisa nemoyo wese kuti nyika yake inoronga kuve nendege ine vanhu kana 2022, pamwe nendege yakarongwa. Zvichava zvakadaro (1). Munguva pfupi yapfuura, vezvenhau vakashumawo nezvebasa rekutanga pachikepe chitsva cheRussia. Federationiyo inotarisirwa kubhururuka kupfuura iyo Soyuz (zita rayo richachinjwa kuti "rakakodzera" pasinei nokuti yazvino yakasarudzwa mumakwikwi enyika). Hazvina zvakawanda zvinozivikanwa nezveChina nyowani ine manned capsule kunze kwekuti ndege yayo yekuyedza yakarongerwa 2021, kunyangwe kungangove pasina vanhu vari muchikepe.

Kana chiri chinangwa chenguva refu chemisheni ine vanhu, ndizvo chaizvo zveizvi march. Iyo Agency inoronga zvichibva pa gateway station (iyo inonzi gedhi) gadzira yakaoma Kufambisa munzvimbo yakadzika (nguva yezhizha). Inosanganisira Orion pods, dzimba dzekugara, uye yakazvimirira propulsion modules, inozopedzisira yaendeswa kune (2), kunyangwe iro richiri kure kure.

2. Kuona zvifambiso zvemuchadenga zvakadzika zvichisvika pedyo neMars, zvakagadzirwa naLockheed Martin.

Chizvarwa chitsva chezvikepe

Pakufamba kwechinhambwe chirefu, zvinodikanwa kuve nemota dzakati pfuurei zvishoma pane dzakanyatsoshandiswa macapsules ekufambisa muLEO (yakaderera Earth orbit). Basa reAmerica rakafambira mberi kubva kuOrion (3), akatumwa naLockheed Martin. Iyo Orion capsule, sechikamu cheEM-1 isina kurongwa mishoni yakarongerwa 2020, inofanirwa kuve neiyo ESA system inopihwa neEuropean agency.

Ichanyanya kushandiswa kuvaka uye kutakura vashandi kuenda kuchiteshi cheGateway chakatenderedza Mwedzi, icho, maererano nechiziviso, chichava chirongwa chepasi rose - kwete muUS chete, asiwo muEurope, Japan, Canada uye pamwe Russia zvakare. . .

Basa pazvitundumuseremusere zvitsva riri kuenderera mberi, sekutaura, mumativi maviri.

Imwe iri kuvaka capsules kuitira kuchengetedza orbital zviteshisenge International Space Station ISS kana mutevedzeri wayo wekuChina. Izvi ndizvo zvinofanira kuitwa nemasangano akazvimiririra muUS. Dhiragoni 2 kubva SpaceX uye CST-100 Starliner Boeing, munyaya yeChinese Shenzhouuye vokuRussia Union.

Rudzi rwechipiri chido. ndege dziri mhiri kwekutenderera kwepasi, ndiko kuti, kuMars, uye pakupedzisira kuMars. Idzo dzakagadzirirwa chete kubhururuka kuenda kuBEO (kureva kupfuura miganhu yepasi pasi orbit) ichataurwa. Saizvozvo, iyo Russian Federation, sezvakangotaurwa neRoskosmos.

Kusiyana nemacapsules akamboshandiswa, ayo aive akaraswa, vagadziri, pamwe nemunhu mumwe chete, vari kutaura kuti ngarava dzenguva yemberi dzichashandiswa zvakare. Imwe neimwe yadzo ichave ine dhiraivha module, iyo ichange iine simba, shunting injini, mafuta, nezvimwe. Iwo akakura zvakare ari ega, sezvo achingoda nhovo dzinoshanda pavari. Ngarava dzakanangidzirwa kumishini yeBEO dzinofanirwa kunge dzakashongedzerwa nemafambisirwo akakura, sezvo dzichida mafuta akawanda, injini dzine simba uye shanduko huru yehurongwa.

2033 kusvika kuMars? Zvinogona kusashanda

Gunyana rapfuura, NASA yakazivisa zvakadzama Chirongwa cheNational Space Exploration (). Inovavarira kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvakakwirira zveMutungamiriri weAmerica, VaDonald Trump, sezvakarongwa muna Zvita 2017 Space Policy Directive, kuunza vazivi venyeredzi vekuUS kuMars, uye kazhinji kusimbisa hukuru hweUS munzvimbo yekunze.

Vaongorori vakatsanangura ramangwana rinofungidzirwa mumushumo wepeji 21, vachipa nguva yechinangwa chimwe nechimwe. Nekudaro, pane kuchinjika mukufungidzira chero ipi yeizvi, uye inogona kuchinja kana chirongwa chikapinda muzvipingamupinyi kana kupa data nyowani. NASA inoronga, semuenzaniso, kumirira kuti mhedzisiro yemishoni ipere kudzamara zvabuda zvemishoni ine bhajeti yakarongwa yeMartian mission yapera. March 2020panguva iyo rover inotevera ichaunganidza uye kuongorora samples pamusoro. Rwendo rwemunhu pacharwo rwaizoitika muma30s, uye zviri nani - pamberi pa2033.

Chirevo chakazvimiririra chakagadzirwa neNASA neSainzi neTekinoroji Policy Institute (STPI) chakaburitswa muna Kubvumbi 2019 chinoratidza kuti matambudziko etekinoroji ekuvaka nzvimbo yakadzika yekutakura chiteshi kutora vazivi venyeredzi kuenda nekubva kuMars, pamwe nezvimwe zvakawanda zveMars Expedition. Ronga, kuisa pasi pemubvunzo wakakomba mukana wekuzadzisa chinangwa kutanga kwa2033.

Chirevo ichi, chakapedzwa pamberi pekutaura kwaMike Pence kwaKurume 26 uko Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weUS akapotsa araira NASA kuti idzosere vanhu kumwedzi panosvika 2024, inoratidza kuti ingaite marii kudzoka kumwedzi uye kuti zvinorevei refu. -urgent mamiriro anoronga kutumira vashandi.

Iyo STPI yakanga ichifunga nezve kushandiswa kwezvirongwa zvino pasi pekuvandudzwa, mwedzi uye gare gare Mars landers, Orion uye Gateway yakarongwa kuti ivakwe mu20s Mushumo unoratidza kuti basa iri rose richatora nguva yakareba kuti ripedzwe munguva. Uyezve, imwe hwindo rekuvhura muna 2035 rakanziwo risingaite.

"Isu tinoona kuti kunyangwe pasina zvipingamupinyi zvebhajeti, basa re orbital March 2033 haigone kuitwa zvinoenderana nehurongwa hwazvino uye hwekufungidzira hweNASA, "gwaro reSTPI rinodaro. "Ongororo yedu inoratidza kuti inogona kuitwa isati yasvika 2037, zvichienderana nekusakanganiswa kwekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji, pasina kunonoka, kukwira kwemitengo uye njodzi yekushaikwa kwebhajeti."

Sekureva kwe STPI mushumo, kana iwe uchida kubhururuka kuenda kuMars muna 2033, uchafanirwa kuenda nendege dzakaoma panosvika 2022, izvo zvisingaite. Tsvagiridzo ye "chikamu A" cheiyo Deep Space Transport purojekiti inofanira kutanga kutanga kwa2020, izvo zvakare hazvigoneke, sezvo kuongororwa kwemutengo wepurojekiti yese kusati kwatanga. Chirevo ichi chakayambirawo kuti kuyedza kumhanyisa nguva nekutsauka kubva kune yakajairwa NASA maitiro kungagadzira njodzi huru mukuzadzisa zvinangwa.

STPI yakafungidzirawo bhajeti yekutumwa kuMars munguva "yechokwadi" ye 2037. Mari yose yekuvaka zvinhu zvose zvinodiwa - kusanganisira motokari inorema yekutanga. Space Launch System (SLS), Orion ship, Gateway, DST uye zvimwe zvinhu uye masevhisi zvinoratidzwa pa $ 120,6 bhiriyoniyakaverengerwa kusvika 2037. Pamari iyi, 33,7 bhiriyoni yakatoshandiswa pakuvandudzwa kweSLS neOrion masisitimu uye yakabatana nepasi masisitimu. Zvakakodzera kuwedzera kuti mishoni yeMartian chikamu chehurongwa hwese hwekubhururuka kwemuchadenga, mutengo wazvo kusvika 2037 unofungidzirwa kuti $ 217,4 bhiriyoni. Izvi zvinosanganisira kutumira vanhu kuRed Planet, pamwe nekushanda kwepasi-pasi uye kugadzirwa kweMars ground systems inodiwa kune ramangwana mishoni.

Musoro NASA Jim Bridenstine Zvisinei, muhurukuro yakaitwa muna Kubvumbi 9 pa35th Space Symposium muColorado Springs, haana kuita seanodziviswa neshumo idzva. Akaratidza kufarira kumhanyisa kwemwedzi kwaPence. Mukufunga kwake, inotungamira yakananga kuMars.

- - Akati.

China: Martian base muGobi Desert

MaChinese zvakare ane hurongwa hwavo hweMartian, kunyangwe zvechinyakare hapana chinozivikanwa nezvechokwadi nezvavo, uye marongero endege dzakaitwa nevanhu hazvizivikanwe. Chero zvazvingaitika, iyo yekuChina yekushanya neMars ichatanga gore rinouya.

Basa rinozotumirwa muna 2021 kuti riongorore nzvimbo yacho. China yekutanga rover HX-1. Lander uende parwendo urwu, wakasimudzwa roketi "Changzheng-5". Pakusvika, rover inofanira kutarisa-tarisa uye inosarudza nzvimbo dzakakodzera dzekutora masampuli. Kana izvi zvaitika zvakaoma zvikuru Yakareba Kurume 9 yekutanga mota (mukuvandudza) ichatumira imwe lander ikoko neimwe rover, iro robhoti richatora samples, kuendesa kune roketi, iro richavaisa mu orbit uye zvese zvishandiso zvichadzokera kuNyika. Zvese izvi zvinofanirwa kuitika panosvika 2030. Kusvika pari zvino, hapana nyika yakwanisa kupedza basa rakadaro. Nekudaro, sezvaungafungidzira, iyo Return kubva kuMars bvunzo sumo yechirongwa chekutumira vanhu ikoko.

MaChinese haana kuita basa ravo rekutanga rakaitwa nevanhu kunze kwenyika kusvika 2003. Kubva ipapo, vakatovaka musimboti wavo uye vakatumira zvikepe zvakawanda muchadenga, uye pakutanga kwegore rino, kekutanga munhoroondo yeastronautics, yakapfava. vakamhara kurutivi ruri kure rwomwedzi.

Zvino vanoti havamire pasetiraiti yedu yechisikigo, kana kuMars. Panguva yekufamba nendege kunzvimbo idzi, pachavawo mishoni kune asteroids uye Jupiter, nyika huru. Iyo National Space Administration yeChina (CNSA) inoronga kuvepo muna 2029. Kushanda paroketi uye injini dzengarava kuchiri kuenderera mberi. Zvinofanira kudaro injini yenyukireya chizvarwa chitsva.

Zvishuwo zveChina zvinomiririrwa nezvikonzero zvakaita senzvimbo inopenya, yenguva yemberi yakavhurwa muna Kubvumbi gore rino. Mars Base 1 (4) iri pakati peGobi Desert. Chinangwa chayo ndechekuratidza vashanyi kuti hupenyu hunogona kunge hwakaita sei kuvanhu. Chimiro chine sirivheri dome uye mapfumbamwe mamodule, anosanganisira ekugara, imba yekudzora, greenhouse, uye gedhi. Nepo nzendo dzechikoro dzinounzwa pano.

4. Chinese Mars Base 1 muGobi Desert

kubata mapatya bvunzo

Mumakore achangopfuura, mamwe mamishini ane vanhu haana kugamuchirwa zvakanaka nevezvenhau nekuda kwemitengo uye kutyisidzira kune zvisikwa zvipenyu zviri muchadenga. Paive nekugumbuka pamusoro pekuti tinofanira kumboregedza kuongorora kwepasi uye kwakadzika nzvimbo kumarobhoti. Asi ruzivo rutsva rwesainzi rwuri kukurudzira vanhu.

Mhedzisiro yerwendo rweNASA yakaonekwa seinokurudzira maererano nenzendo dzakaitwa nevanhu. edza ne "twin brother in space". Vazivi venyeredzi Scott naMark Kelly (5) akatora chikamu muyedzo, chinangwa chayo chaive chekuona pesvedzero yenguva refu yenzvimbo pamuviri wemunhu. Kwerinenge gore rose, mapatya aya akaongororwa nachiremba, mumwe ari muchikepe, mumwe ari paNyika. Mhedzisiro ichangoburwa inoratidza kuti gore riri muchadenga rine chinhu chakakosha, asi chisiri chekutyisidzira hupenyu, pamuviri wemunhu, zvichisimudza tariro yekugona kuita mishoni kuMars mune ramangwana.

5. Mapatya Scott naMark Kelly

Kwekufamba kwegore, Scott akaunganidza marudzi ese ezvinyorwa zvekurapa nezvake. Akatora ropa neweti ndokuita cognitive tests. PaNyika, mukoma wake akaita zvimwe chetezvo. Muna 2016, Scott akadzokera kuPasi kwaakadzidziswa kwemwedzi mipfumbamwe yakatevera. Iye zvino, makore mana mushure mekutanga kwekuedza, vakabudisa migumisiro yakazara.

Kutanga, vanoratidza kuti pane hunhu mumakromozomu aScott kukuvara kwemwaranzi. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera zvirwere zvakaita segomarara.

Zvisineyi, gore riri muchadenga rinoitawo zviuru zvemajini ane hukama nemasoja edziviriro, ayo paPasi anogona kungoitika pasi pemamiriro akanyanya. Apo patinozviwana tiri mumamiriro ezvinhu anotambudza, kukuvadzwa zvakanyanya kana kurwara, mhinduro yekudzivirira zvirwere inotanga kushanda.

Twin cell structures inonzi telomeres. Kune zvivharo pamagumo emakromosomes. kubatsira kuchengetedza DNA yedu kubva mukukuvadzwa uye kuderera pamwe kana pasina kushushikana. Kukushamisika kwevatsvakurudzi, matelomere eScott ari muchadenga akanga asina kupfupika, asi kwenguva refu. Mushure mekudzoka kuPasi mukati memaawa makumi mana nemasere, vakave vapfupi zvakare, uye mwedzi mitanhatu gare gare, anopfuura makumi mapfumbamwe muzana emagetsi avo ekudzivirira ekudzivirira akadzimwa. Mushure memwedzi mipfumbamwe, ma chromosomes akange asina kukuvadzwa zvishoma, zvichireva kuti hapana shanduko yakaonekwa nevaongorori yaive nenjodzi kuhupenyu.

Scott akadaro mubvunzurudzo.

-

Susan Bailey, muongorori paColorado State University, anotenda kuti muviri waScott wakaita maererano nemwaranzi. stem cell mobilization. Kuwanikwa kwacho kunogona kubatsira masayendisiti kugadzira matanho ekurapa kumhedzisiro yekufamba muchadenga. Muongorori haatomborambi kuti rimwe zuva achatowana nzira kuwedzera hupenyu panyika.

Saka, kufamba kwenguva refu kwenzvimbo kunofanirwa kuwedzera hupenyu hwedu here? Izvi zvingava mhedzisiro isingatarisirwe yechirongwa chekuongorora nzvimbo.