DIY pachiyero chepuraneti

Kubva pakudyarwa kwemasango pamwero wekondinendi kusvika pakunaya kwemvura, masayendisiti atanga kupa zano, kuyedza, uye mune dzimwe nguva kuita mapurojekiti makuru e geoengineering kushandura nyika zvakanyanya (1). Aya mapurojekiti akagadzirirwa kugadzirisa matambudziko epasi rose akadai segwenga, kusanaya kwemvura kana kuwandisa kabhoni dhaikisaidhi mumhepo, asi ari kunetsa mazviri.

Iyo yazvino inonakidza pfungwa yekudzosera kumashure mhedzisiro yekudziya kwepasirese inodzinga pasi redu kunzira iri kure neZuva. Mufirimu richangoburwa reSainzi rekuChina rinonzi The Wandering Earth, vanhu vanoshandura kutenderera kwePasi nemarovero makuru kudzivirira kuwedzera (2).

Zvakafanana zvinobvira here? Nyanzvi dzakabatanidzwa mukuverenga, migumisiro yaro inenge inotyisa. Kana, semuenzaniso, SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket engines dzaishandiswa, zvaizotora 300 bhiriyoni yakazara-simba "launch" kuti Nyika ipinde muMartian orbit, nepo yakawanda yePasi nyaya yaizoshandiswa kuvaka uye simba. Ichi chi. Zvishoma kushanda zvakanaka ingave injini yeion yakaiswa mukutenderera kwePasi uye neimwe nzira yakanamatira pasi - yaizoshandisa 13% yehuremu hwePasi kuendesa iyo 87% yasara kune imwezve orbit. Saka pamwe? Inofanira kunge yakapetwa kamakumi maviri pakufara kwePasi, uye rwendo rwekuenda kuMartian orbit rwaizotora ... bhiriyoni yemakore.

2. Frame kubva mufirimu "The Wandering Earth"

Nokudaro, zvinoratidzika kuti purojekiti ye "kusundira" Nyika mumhepo inotonhora inofanira kumiswa nekusingaperi mune ramangwana. Pane kudaro, imwe yemapurojekiti yatove kuitika munzvimbo dzinopfuura imwe, kuvakwa kwegirinhi zvipingamupinyi panzvimbo huru dzepasi. Iwo anoumbwa nezvinomera zvomunzvimbomo uye anodyarwa pamipendero yamagwenga kumisa kumwezve kuva gwenga. Madziro maviri makuru anozivikanwa nezita reChirungu muChina, iyo, ye4500 km, iri kuedza kuvhara kupararira kweGobi Desert, uye. rusvingo rukuru rwegirini muAfrica (3), kusvika makiromita masere pamuganhu weSahara.

3. Kugara kweSahara muAfrica

Zvakadaro, kunyangwe fungidziro dzine tariro dzinoratidza kuti tichada mahekita bhiriyoni emamwe masango kuti tive nemhedzisiro yekudziya kwepasi nekuderedza huwandu hunodiwa hweCO2. Iyi inzvimbo yakakura seCanada.

Sekureva kwemasayendisiti kubva kuPotsdam Institute for Climatic Research, kudyara kwemiti kunewo kashoma pamamiriro ekunze uye kunomutsa kusava nechokwadi kuti inoshanda zvachose here. Geoengineering vanofarira vari kutsvaga dzimwe nzira dzakasimba.

Kuvhara zuva negrey

Technique yakakurudzirwa makore mazhinji apfuura kumwaya mishonga inovava mumhepo, inozivikanwawo se SRM (solar radiation management) kubereka kwemamiriro ezvinhu anoitika panguva yekuputika kukuru kwegomo kunoburitsa zvinhu izvi mu stratosphere (4). Izvi zvinobatsira, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kuumbwa kwemakore uye kuderedzwa kwemwaranzi yezuva inosvika paPasi. Masayendisiti akaratidza, somuenzaniso, kuti mukuru Pinatubo muPhilippines, zvakatungamirira muna 1991 kukuderera kwetembiricha yenyika yose kweinenge 0,5°C mumakore maviri.

4. Mhedzisiro yesarufa aerosols

Muchokwadi, indasitiri yedu, iyo yanga ichiburitsa huwandu hukuru hwesarufa dioxide setsvina kwemakumi emakore, yakagara ichibatsira mukuderedza kutapurirana kwechiedza chezuva. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinosvibisa izvi muchiyero chekupisa zvinopa anenge 0,4 watts ye "mheni" yePasi pa square metre. Zvisinei, kusvibiswa kwatinoita necarbon dioxide uye sulfuric acid hakusi zvachose.

Zvinhu izvi hazvisimuke mu stratosphere, kwazvaigona kuumba zvachose anti-solar firimu. Vatsvagiri vanofungidzira kuti kuti kuenzanisa mhedzisiro yekuisa pfungwa mumhepo yePasi, angangoita 5 miriyoni matani kana kupfuura aifanira kupomba mu stratosphere.₂ nezvimwe zvinhu. Vatsigiri venzira iyi, vakadai saJustin McClellan weAurora Flight Sciences muMassachusetts, vanofungidzira kuti mari yokuvhiyiwa kwakadaro ingangoita mabhiriyoni gumi emadhora pagore - yakawanda, asi isingakwani kuti iparadze vanhu zvachose.

Zvinosuruvarisa, iyo nzira yesarufa ine imwe dhizaini. Kutonhodza kunoshanda zvakanaka munzvimbo dzinodziya. Munharaunda yematanda - inenge isina. Saka, sezvaungafungidzira, nzira yekunyunguduka kwechando uye kukwira kwemvura yegungwa haigoni kumira nenzira iyi, uye nyaya yekurasikirwa kubva kune mafashamo emvura yakadzika-yakadzika nzvimbo dzegungwa icharamba iri kutyisidzira kwechokwadi.

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, masayendisiti kubva kuHarvard akaita kuyedza kuunza nzira dzeaerosol pakakwirira makiromita makumi maviri - haina kukwana kuve nemhedzisiro yakakosha paPasi stratosphere. Ivo (SCOPEx) vakaitwa nebharumu. Iyo aerosol yaive new.i. sulfates, iyo inogadzira mhute inoratidza chiedza chezuva. Iyi ndeimwe yeakawanda mashoma-chikero geoengineering mapurojekiti ari kuitwa papasi redu nenhamba dzinokatyamadza.

Space maamburera uye kuwedzera kwePasi albedo

Pakati pemamwe mapurojekiti emhando iyi, iyo pfungwa inokwezva kutarisa giant umbrella launch munzvimbo yekunze. Izvi zvaizoganhurira huwandu hwemwaranzi yezuva kusvika paNyika. Pfungwa iyi yanga iripo kwemakumi emakore, asi iko zvino yave mudanho rekuvandudza rekugadzira.

Chinyorwa chakaburitswa muna 2018 mujenari Aerospace Technology uye Management inotsanangura chirongwa ichi, icho vanyori vanodana. Zvinoenderana nazvo, zvakarongwa kuisa ribhoni yakaonda yakafara kabhoni paLagrange point, inova nzvimbo yakagadzikana muhurongwa hwakaoma hwekudyidzana pakati pePasi, Mwedzi uye Zuva. Shizha rinovharira chikamu chidiki chemwaranzi yezuva, asi izvo zvinogona kukwana kuunza tembiricha yepasirese pasi pe1,5°C inogumira yakatarwa neInternational Climate Panel.

Vanopa imwe pfungwa yakafanana magirazi makuru emuchadenga. Ivo vakakurudzirwa kutanga kwekutanga neanoongorora nyeredzi Lowell Wood weLawrence Livermore National Laboratory muCalifornia. Kuti iyo pfungwa ishande, kuratidzwa kunofanirwa kuwira pane inokwana 1% yechiedza chezuva, uye magirazi anofanirwa kuve nenzvimbo ye1,6 miriyoni km².².

Vamwe vanoda kuvhara zuva nekukurudzira uye nekudaro kushandisa nzira inozivikanwa se cloud seding. "Mbeu" inodiwa kugadzira madonhwe. Nomuzvarirwo, madonhwe emvura anoumba akatenderedza guruva, mukume, munyu wegungwa, uye kunyange mabhakitiriya. Izvo zvinozivikanwa kuti makemikari akadai sesirivha iodide kana yakaoma ice inogona kushandiswa kune izvi. Izvi zvinogona kuitika neavo vakatozivikanwa uye vakashandiswa nzira. makore anopenya nekuchena, yakakurudzirwa nenyanzvi yefizikisi John Latham muna 1990. Iyo Sea Cloud Lightning Project paYunivhesiti yeWashington muSeattle inokurudzira kuita bleaching maitiro nekupfapfaidza mvura yegungwa mumakore pamusoro pegungwa.

Zvimwe zvikumbiro zvinozivikanwa kuwedzera muPasi albedo (kureva kuti, reshiyo yemwaranzi inotaridza kune chiitiko mwaranzi) inoshandawo pakupenda dzimba chena, kudyara zvirimwa zvinopenya, uye pamwe kunyange kuisa machira anovhenekera mugwenga.

Isu munguva pfupi yapfuura takatsanangura nzira dzekunyudza dziri chikamu cheiyo geoengineering arsenal kuMT. Ivo kazhinji havasi pasi rose muhukuru, kunyangwe kana nhamba yavo ikawedzera, mhedzisiro inogona kuve yepasirese. Nekudaro, kutsvaga kuri kuenderera mberi kwenzira dzakakodzera zita re geoengineering. CO kubviswa₂ kubva mumhepo, maererano nevamwe, inogona kupfuura kudzvara mumakungwaiyo, mushure mezvose, ndeimwe yeakanyanya kabhoni inonyura papasi redu, ine basa rekudzikisa angangoita makumi matatu muzana eCO.₂. Pfungwa yacho ndeyekuvandudza kushanda kwavo.

Nzira mbiri dzakanyanya kukosha ndeyekuisa manyowa mumakungwa nesimbi uye calcium. Izvi zvinokurudzira kukura kwe phytoplankton, iyo inosveta carbon dioxide kubva mumhepo uye inobatsira kuiisa pasi. Kuwedzerwa kwecalcium makomisheni kuchakonzera kuita ne CO.₂ yakatonyungudika mugungwa uye kuumbwa kweiyo bicarbonate ion, nokudaro ichideredza acidity yemakungwa uye kuita kuti igamuchire kutora yakawanda CO.₂.

Mazano kubva kuExxon Stables

Vatsigiri vakuru vegeoengineering research iThe Heartland Institute, Hoover Institution, uye American Enterprise Institute, ese anoshandira indasitiri yemafuta negasi. Naizvozvo, pfungwa dze geoengineering dzinowanzoshoropodzwa nevamiriri vekudzikisa kabhoni avo, mumaonero avo, vanotsausa pfungwa kubva pachinhu chedambudziko. Besides kushandiswa kwegeoengineering pasina kudzikisa kuburitswa kunoita kuti vanhu vatsamire panzira idzi pasina kugadzirisa dambudziko chairo..

Kambani yemafuta ExxonMobil yave ichizivikanwa nemapurojekiti ayo epasirese akashinga kubvira kuma90. Pamusoro pekuisa fetiraiza mumakungwa nesimbi uye kuvaka madhora matiririyoni gumi ekudzivirira kwezuva muchadenga, akakurudzirawo kuita kuti pasi pegungwa pacheneswe nekuisa marara akajeka, furo, mapuratifomu anoyangarara, kana mamwe “maratidziro” pamusoro pemvura. Imwe nzira yaiva yokukweva makomo echando eActic kuti adzikise latitude kuitira kuti kuchena kweaizi kuratidze mwaranzi yezuva. Chokwadika, ngozi yokuwedzera kukuru mukushatiswa kwegungwa yakakurumidza kucherechedzwa, tisingatauri nezvemitengo yakakura.

Nyanzvi dzeExxon dzakarongawo kushandisa pombi hombe kufambisa mvura kubva pasi peAntarctic Sea ice uye yobva yapfapfaidza mumhepo kuti iiswe sechando kana zvidimbu zvechando paEast Antarctic ice sheet. Vatsigiri vaiti kana matani matrillioni matatu pagore akapombwa nenzira iyi, ipapo paizova nemamita 0,3 mamwe sinou pachando, zvisinei, nekuda kwemari yakawanda yesimba, chirongwa ichi hachina kuzotaurwa.

Imwe pfungwa kubva kuExxon stables itete-firimu helium-yakazadzwa mabharumu ealuminium mu stratosphere, akaiswa kusvika 100 km pamusoro pePasi kuti aparadzire chiedza chezuva. Pakarongwawo kuti mvura ikurumidze kufambiswa kwemvura mumakungwa epasirese nekugadzirisa munyu kune mamwe matunhu akakosha seNorth Atlantic. Kuti mvura iwedzere kuva nemunyu, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, zvainzi kuchengetedzwa kweaizi yeGreenland, yaizodzivirira kunyungudika kwayo nokukurumidza. Zvakadaro, mhedzisiro yekutonhodza kweNorth Atlantic ingave yekutonhodza Europe, zvichiita kuti zviome kuti vanhu vararame. A trifle.

Data yakapiwa Geoengineering Monitor - chirongwa chakabatana cheBiofuelwatch, ETC Group uye Heinrich Boell Foundation - inoratidza kuti akawanda mapurojekiti ejeengineering akaitwa kutenderera pasirese (5). Mepu inoratidza inoshanda, yakapedzwa uye yakasiiwa. Zvinotaridza kuti hapasati pasisina manejimendi epasi rese echiito ichi. Saka hazvisi zvepasi rose geoengineering. Zvakawanda se Hardware.

5. Mepu yemapurojekiti e geoengineering zvinoenderana nesaiti mepu.geoengineeringmonitor.org

Zvizhinji zvezvirongwa izvi zvinodarika zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe zvakatoitwa. carbon sequestration, kureva kabhoni kubatwa uye kuchengetedza (CCS), uye nezve 80 - kabhoni kubata, kushandiswa uye kuchengetedza (, KUSS). Pave nemapurojekiti makumi matatu neshanu ekuberekesa fetiraiza yemugungwa uye mapurojekiti anopfuura makumi maviri estratospheric aerosol injection (SAI). Mune iyo Geoengineering Monitor rondedzero, isu tinowanawo zvimwe zvine chekuita nemakore. Nhamba huru yemapurojekiti akagadzirirwa kugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze. Iyo data inoratidza kuti pakanga paine zviitiko zve35 zvine chekuita nekuwedzera kwekunaya uye 20 zviitiko zvine chekuita nekuderera kwekunaya.

Nyanzvi dzinoramba dzichikakavadzana

Nguva dzese, kushingairira kwevakatanga kuvandudzwa kwemamiriro ekunze, emuchadenga nemakungwa papasi rose kunomutsa mibvunzo: isu tinonyatsoziva zvakakwana kuti tizvipire kune geoengineering pasina kutya? Zvakadini kana, semuenzaniso, kukura kwegore kwakachinja kuyerera kwemvura uye kunonotsa mwaka wekunaya kwemvura muSoutheast Asia? Zvakadini nezvirimwa zvemupunga? Zvakadini kana, somuenzaniso, kukandira matani esimbi mugungwa kuchiparadza hove dziri mumhenderekedzo yeChile?

mugungwa, yakatanga kushandiswa kubva kumahombekombe eBritish Columbia kuNorth America muna 2012, yakakurumidza kudzoserwa nemaruva makuru ealgal. Pakutanga muna 2008, nyika zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe neshanu dzeUN dzakabvumidza kurambidzwa kwekusangana kwemakungwa nekutya kusazivikanwa mhedzisiro, zvinogoneka kugadziridzwa kune cheni yechikafu, kana kusikwa kwenzvimbo dzeokisijeni yakaderera mumvura. Muna Gumiguru 191, anopfuura zana maNGOs akashora geoengineering se "ine njodzi, isina basa uye isina kunaka".

Sezvinoita pakurapwa uye nemishonga yakawanda, geoengineering inotsamwisa mhedzisiroizvo, zvakare, zvinoda matanho akaparadzana ekudzivirira. Sezvakataurwa naBrad Plumer muThe Washington Post, kana mapurojekiti e geoengineering atanga, zvakaoma kumira. Kana, semuenzaniso, patinomira kupfapfaidza zvimedu zvinoratidzira mumhepo, Nyika inotanga kupisa nekukurumidza. Uye dzakaerekana dzakaipa zvikuru kupfuura dzinononoka.

Ongororo yazvino yakaburitswa muJournal yeGeoscience inojekesa izvi. Vanyori vayo vakashandisa gumi nerimwe mhando dzemamiriro ekunze kekutanga kufanotaura zvingaitika kana nyika ikashandisa solar geoengineering kudzikamisa chikamu chimwe chete muzana mukuburitswa kwepasi rose kabhoni gore negore. Nhau dzakanaka ndedzekuti modhi inogona kudzikamisa tembiricha yepasirese, asi zvinoita sekunge kana geoengineering ikamira kana zvangoitwa, paizove nenjodzi yekupisa tembiricha.

Nyanzvi dzinotyawo kuti inonyanya kufarirwa geoengineering purojekiti - kupomba sulfur dioxide mumhepo - inogona kuisa mamwe matunhu munjodzi. Vatsigiri vezviito zvakadaro vanopikisa. Chidzidzo chakaburitswa mujenari Nature Climate Change muna Kurume 2019 inovimbisa kuti zvakaipa mhedzisiro yemapurojekiti akadai ishoma. Mumwe munyori wechidzidzo ichi, Prof. Harvard's David Keith, nyanzvi yeinjiniya uye neruzhinji mutemo, anoti masayendisiti haafanire kungobata geoengineering, kunyanya solar.

- - Akati. -

Bepa raKeith rakatoshoropodzwa nevaya vanotya kuti masayendisiti ari kuwedzeredza matekinoroji aripo uye kuti tariro yavo pamusoro penzira dze geoengineering inogona kuodza mwoyo nzanga kuita nhamburiko dzekudzikisa kuburitswa kwegasi rinopisa.

Pane zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinoratidza kushungurudza kushandiswa kwegeoengineering. Muna 1991, mamegatoni 20 e<em>sulfur dioxide akabudiswa mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi, uye pasi rose rakanga rakafukidzwa norutanda rwe<em>sulfate, richiratidzira chitsama chikuru chechiedza chinooneka. Nyika yakatonhodzwa neinenge hafu yedegree Celsius. Asi pashure pemakore mashomanana, ma<em>sulfate akadonha mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi, uye kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kwakadzokera kumuitiro wayo wekare, usingagadziki.

Sezvineiwo, munyika yakadzikama, inotonhorera yepashure pePinatubo, zvinomera zvaiita sezviri kuita zvakanaka. Kunyanya masango. Imwe ongororo yakawana kuti pamazuva ekupisa kwezuva muna 1992, photosynthesis musango reMassachusetts yakawedzera ne23% zvichienzaniswa nekuputika kusati kwaitika. Izvi zvakasimbisa fungidziro yekuti geoengineering haityisidzire kurima. Zvakadaro, ongororo dzakadzama dzakaratidza kuti mushure mekuputika kwegomo, chibage chepasi rose chakadonha ne9,3%, uye gorosi, soya bhinzi nemupunga ne4,8%.

Uye izvi zvinofanirwa kutonhodza vatsigiri vekutonhora kwepasirese kwepasi.